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	Carlism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Beside this political evolution, the years before the Carlist wars were marked with a deep economic crisis in Spain, partly spurred by the loss of the American colonies and by the bankruptcy of the state.
		As the Carlist Pretender, then Don Jaime, was also Head of the House of Bourbon, he stood for France and the Allies, but was living under house-arrest in Austria, with almost no communication with the political direction in Spain.
		But according to the theory of legitimacy in exercise, many Carlists thought that Alfonso XIII and his heir Juan de Borbón were radically disqualified to head the "Cause".
	newlenox.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Carlists (3226 words)

	Carlist Wars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Carlist Wars in Spain were the last major European civil wars in which pretenders fought to establish their claim to a throne.
		The Carlists were the supporters of Carlos, a pretender to the throne and brother of the deceased Ferdinand VII, who denied the validity of the Pragmatic Sanction that abolished the Salic Law.
		The First Carlist War lasted over seven years and the fighting spanned most of the country at one time or another, although the main conflict centered around the Carlist homelands of the Basque Country and Aragon.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Carlist_Wars (329 words)

	1833-40 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Determined to spread the Carlist insurrection to Catalonia, Brigadier Manuel Carnicer crossed the Ebro and was met at Mayals, southwest of Lerida, by General José Carratalá, commanding in Tarragona, and Governor Manuel Bretón of Tortosa (Saiz, 1999).
		The Carlist's main force was position in the cottages and tower at the top of their hill, however, snipers based in the furze lower down regularly shot British sentries on the far side of the morass.
		The Carlist sentries raised the alarm and the main piquet descended from the tower to skirmish with the 6th in the brush.
	www.balagan.org.uk /war/1833/chronology1833.htm (15213 words)

	Carlism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		From the start there were serious troubles, between the Carlists, especially their then political head Manuel Fal Conde, and the military government.
		Francisco Navarro-Villoslada was a Carlist writer that published a historic novel, Amaya o los vascos en el siglo VIII, in the fashion of Walter Scott, presenting the legendary origins of Spanish monarchy as the start of Reconquista.
		The Spanish philosopher Miguel de Unamuno suffered as a child the siege of Bilbao during the Third Carlist War.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carlists (3270 words)

	Carlism - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		But according to the theory of legitimacy in exercise, many Carlists thought that Alfonso XIII and his heir Juan de Borbón where radically disqualified to head the "Cause".
		The Carlists wanted a monarchical Spain, where the king would effectively rule, without limitations beyond the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church and the Laws and Usages of the Kingdom.
		The Carlists have traditionally been strong in Navarre (Estella was their capital), Basque Country and Valencia region.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Carlist (2241 words)

	AllRefer.com - Carlists (Spanish And Portuguese History) - Encyclopedia
		The Carlists' conservative and clericalist tendencies gave the dynastic conflict a political character, since the upper middle classes profited from the sale of church lands and supported Isabella.
		In 1839 the Carlist commander Rafael Maroto yielded, but in Catalonia the Carlists under RamOn Cabrera continued the struggle until 1840.
		The ensuing chaos and brutal warfare of this Second Carlist War ended in 1876, over a year after Alfonso XII, son of Isabella, was proclaimed king.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Carlists.html (413 words)

	First Carlist War 1833-1839
		The Carlist wars...The dynastic war between Isabelline liberalism and Carlism was a savage civil war between urban liberalism and rural traditionalism, between the poorly paid and equipped regular army of the liberal governments, supporting Isabella, and the semi-guerrilla forces of the Carlists.
		The Carlist strength lay in the north, especially in the Basque provinces and Navarre, where there was strong support for the fueros against liberal centralism and for the traditional Roman Catholic order represented by the religious bigotry of Don Carlos and his circle.
		During the 19th century the Carlists frequently resorted to armed rebellion: a second Carlist War was unsuccessfully waged in the late 1840s, an abortive attempt made at a military coup d'etat in 1860, and full-scale war resumed between 1872 and 1876 during the political upheavals following the deposition (1868) of Isabella II.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/sierra/spain1833.htm (775 words)

	The First Carlist War - The Troubled Monarchy - History - Spain - Europe
		Carlist support came largely from the rural areas of northern Spain, especially the Basque regions and Catalonia, where the clergy’s influence was strong.
		Strongly Roman Catholic, the Carlist movement was also fiercely protective of traditional laws, known as fueros, which had long governed many aspects of life in the northern provinces.
		Despite this defeat, Carlist sentiment remained a potent political force in the Basque provinces.
	www.countriesquest.com /europe/spain/history/the_troubled_monarchy/the_first_carlist_war.htm (482 words)

	Spain - Rule by Pronunciamiento
		The Carlists fielded an army that held off government attempts to suppress them for six years (1833-39), during which time Maria Cristina received British aid in arms and volunteers.
		A Carlist offensive against Madrid in 1837 failed, but in the mountains, the Basques continued to resist until a compromise peace in 1839 recognized their ancient fueros.
		Carlist uprisings occurred in 1847 and again from 1872 to 1876.
	countrystudies.us /spain/15.htm (508 words)

	BALDOMERO ESPARTERO - LoveToKnow Article on BALDOMERO ESPARTERO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The government sent him to the front, directly the Carlist War broke out, as commandant of the province of Biscay, where he severely defeated the Carlists in many encounters.
		Twenty thousand Carlist volunteers laid down their arms at Vergara; only the irreconcilables led by Cabrera held out for a while in the central provinces of Spain.
		Spaniards of all shades, except Carlists and Ultramontanes, paid homage to his memory when he passed away at his Logroffo residence on the 8th of January 1879.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /E/ES/ESPARTERO_BALDOMERO.htm (1254 words)

	Carlists: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		Prince Charles supporters (or "Carlists", as the historian Andrew Roberts dubbed his fellow cavaliers) were forced to defend the heir to the throne against the anger...
		A Catalan officer, he fought for Isabella II against the Carlists and became one of the chief factional leaders in the fierce political rivalry of Isabellas reign, opposing at different times...
		He went into exile with his parents at the time of the revolt of the Carlists in 1868 and was educated in Austria and England.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/101235766 (1457 words)

	The Last Crusade
		Carroll is partisan for a division of the latter called the Carlists, who were chiefly based in the province of Navarra in northern Spain.
		The losers in another, far less devastating civil war sixty years before, the Carlists combined support for an improbable pretender to the Spanish throne (vacant in any case since the founding of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931) with what appears to have been a Catholic integralist approach to social theory.
		This was the sort of sentiment which the Carlists were well-placed to organize.
	pages.prodigy.net /aesir/tlc.htm (1246 words)

	[No title]
		Carlist thought was also an ideological source for a number of other Spanish parties on the right in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.
		Carlists advocated a renewed commitment by all branches of the government to Christian beliefs and ethics.
		The Carlists rejected the many unilateral decisions about the Church's internal affairs and about her relationship to Spanish society made by the liberal governments of the nineteenth and early twentieth century and by the Second Spanish Republic in the 1930s.
	www.ewtn.com /library/HUMANITY/FR90403.TXT (3429 words)

	The Visual Front - Posters of the Spanish Civil War
		These soldiers are Carlists as indicated by their prominent red berets, which became (and are) icons of the Carlists in Spain.
		Politically, the Carlists advocated for a monarchical form of government modeled on the late-fifteenth century reign of Ferdinand and Isabel, who shared their power with the regional governments of Spain's various kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula.
		Other Carlists were more flexible and many viewed the emergence of a strong state, as the fascists ultimately realized, as a necessary step to purify Spain and bring about a decentralized Carlist utopia.
	orpheus.ucsd.edu /speccoll/visfront/newadd17.html (467 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Spain, 1833-1849
		The government not only faced the armed challenge posed by the Carlists, but a mutiny by a guard unit in Madrid (1836), criticism of her policy by both those who thought it was not radical enough and by those who thought it was too radical.
		The Carlists, for years, had been the dominant force in the northern border provinces; however, they had been incapable of taking major fortified cities such as Bilbao and Pamplona.
		The marriage of Queen Isabel in 1846 triggered the Second Carlist War 1846-1849, which, poorly organized and lacking coordination, was much less a challenge to Madrid than the first.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/spain/spain18331849.html (905 words)

	WHKMLA : Spain : First Carlist War, 1833-1840
		Early successes of the Carlists showed, that the government forces were incapable of containing the rebellion; Britain, France and Portugal sent troops to support the government.
		Carlist commander Tomas Zumalacarregui fell during the (unsuccessful) siege of Bilbao (1835).
		During the war the betrothal of the infant Queen to the son of her uncle Carlos was suggested in order to end the conflict.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/19cen/carlist1.html (408 words)

	WHKMLA : Spain : Carlist War, 1872-1876
		A Carlist army was reorganized, which in Feb. 1873 reached the strength of 50,000.
		The Carlists failed to take Pamplona by siege (1875) and suffered defeats at Trevino (July 7th 1875) and Mobtejurra (Feb. 17th 1876); the Carlist stronghold of Estella fell Feb. 19th, Don Carlos left Spain.
		The Carlist party was capable of raising volunteers, even experienced military officers, but lacked in the equipment and the skills to conduct a modern siege.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/19cen/carlist18721876.html (405 words)

	Carlists. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Ferdinand’s brother, Don Carlos, refused to recognize Isabella and claimed the throne.
		The Carlists enjoyed many early successes, especially under their great general, Tomas Zumalacarregui.
		In 1839 the Carlist commander Rafael Maroto yielded, but in Catalonia the Carlists under Ramón Cabrera continued the struggle until 1840.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ca/Carlists.html (344 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search Results - Carlists
		The Carlist party originated in the 1830s among followers of Don Carlos de...
		Spain : History : The Troubled Monarchy : The Carlist War
		In 1831 Ferdinand, who had no male heir, designated his infant daughter Isabella as his successor.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/searchdetail.aspx?q=Carlists&pg=1&grp=art (249 words)

	carlism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Carlists wanted the Spanish Inquisition back and region decentralization (Fueros).
		Juan de Borbón, the Alfonsine pretender was accepted by some Carlists as rightful heir.
		After coming to power in 1939, Franco united the Carlists with the Falange party.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /carlism.html (437 words)

	Carlist Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Several times during the period from 1833 to 1876 the Carlists -- followers of Don Carlos and his descendents - rallied to the cry of "God, Country, and King" and fought for the cause of Spanish tradition against the liberalism, and later the republicanism, of the Spanish governments of the day.
		Queen Isabel II was overthrown by a conspiracy of liberal Generals, and left Spain in some disgrace.
		The generals replaced her with a Amadeo, the Duke of Aosta (and second son of King Victor Emmanuel of Italy), Then when the Spanish elections of 1872 resulted in a swing away from the Carlists, the Carlist pretender, Carlos VII, decided that only force of arms can win him the throne.
	www.theezine.net /c/carlist-wars.html (267 words)

	Carlists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This page describes the uniforms of the Carlist Army of the North.
		Uniforms were vaguely consistent within a unit, although at times the men would be forced to wear what they could find, eg looted Cristino, British or French gear, or brown civilian jackets and pants.
		Presumably wearing the remains of their French foreign Legion uniform, but all of them would be wearing the Carlist Beret (red with yellow roundel and tassels showing company distinctions).
	www.balagan.org.uk /war/1833/painting_carlists.htm (644 words)

	Carlists (Spain)
		The flag shows the Burgundy Cross, heraldically a "saltire raguly couped gules", which from the 16th century (and up to the adoption in 1873 of the War Ensign as National Flag) was a common emblem in Spanish flags and particularly in Spanish military Colours.
		This started the First Carlist War (1833-1840), which was followed by two more (1846-1849 and 1872-1876) as Charles and his heirs (Charles VI 1855-1861, John III 1861-1868, Charles VII 1868-1909, James III 1909-1931, Alphonse-Charles I 1931-1936) claimed once and again the Spanish throne.
		Finally, several Carlist leaders considered the Carlist branch extinct with Alphonse-Charles and through the Estoril Pact (1957) gave their support to the nowadays King John Charles I.
	atlasgeo.span.ch /fotw/flags/es}car.html (486 words)

	Blood & Treasure: Cohen, Karl and Carlists
		An obvious example is his support of the Carlists in their series of wars with the Spanish state in the 19th Century, despite the fact that they wanted, amongst other things, to re-instate the Spanish Inquisition.
		Moreover, a Carlist victory would have enabled the Basques to maintain and possibly expand their autonomy, and the general principle of the self-determination of peoples as a historical motor has always been central, as far as I can tell, to Marxist thinking (though certainly not Soviet practice).
		This has obvious parallels, in the first case between the Carlists and the Sadrists, currently being ground to a pulp in Najaf and in the second between the Basques and the Palestinians.
	bloodandtreasure.typepad.com /blood_treasure/2004/08/cohen_karl_and_.html (877 words)

	Carlists on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A civil war followed (First Carlist War, 1833-40), and in the hope of autonomy, most of the Basque Provs.
		Pressure against the church by the second republic (1931-39) helped revive Carlism, and the Carlists embraced the Nationalist cause in the Spanish civil war (1936-39).
		The formation of Spanish identity and its adaptation to the age of nations.(Critical Essay)
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/C/Carlists.asp (555 words)

	Political Parties 1931-1939 (Spain) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		During the 1936-39 war, Franco forcibly joined this movement with the Carlists in order to avoid separate (and opposed) political groups on his side of the war.
		The resulting entity was called Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS and became the single state party in the 1938-1977 regime.
		Many Falangists and Carlists opposed this, and those who openly disagreed were severely repressed (namely José Antonio's successor as National Chief of Falange, Manuel Hedilla) and even shot on charges of high treason.
	flagquest.com /FOTW/flags/es}1931.html (420 words)

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