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	Carnation Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Carnation Revolution (Portuguese, Revolução dos Cravos) was an almost bloodless, left-leaning, military-led revolution started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon, Portugal, that effectively changed the Portuguese regime from an authoritarian dictatorship to a liberal democracy after a two-year process of a Left-wing semi-military administration.
		The revolution was closely watched from neighbouring Spain, where democrats and totalitarians were planning for the succession of Francisco Franco, who died a year later, in 1975.
		The carnation is the symbol of this revolution, since soldiers put these flowers in their guns, in what came to symbolise the absence of violence in changing the regime in Portugal — a regime that had been one of the longest single right-wing party regimes of the 20th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carnation_Revolution (1536 words)

	Carnation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) is a flowering plant native to the Near East and has been cultivated for the last 2,000 years.
		The carnation is also the symbol of the Portuguese Carnation Revolution.
		In Oxford University, carnations are famously worn to final year examinations- white for the first one, pink for most of them, and red for the last one.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carnation (416 words)

	Learn more about Revolution in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Social and political revolutions can both be characterised by violence, and the vast changes in power structures that result can often result in further, institutionalised, violence, as in the Russian and French revolutions (with the "Purges" and "the Terror", respectively).
		A political revolution is the forcible replacement of one set of rulers with another (as happened in France and Russia), while a social revolution is the fundamental change in the social structure of a society; many would point to the Spanish Revolution, which occurred parallel to the Spanish Civil War, as an example of this.
		A revolution is normally considered to be a relatively swift change: for example, in Spain, in 1936, anarchist and communist groups quickly took control of many areas on the first day of the Civil War (triggered by Franco's attempted coup).
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /r/re/revolution.html (651 words)

	Revolution: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Political revolutions are often characterised by violence (violence: An act of aggression (as one against a person who resists)), and the vast changes in power structures that result can often result in further, institutionalised, violence, as in the Russian (Russian: the russian revolution of 1917 was a political movement in russia that climaxed in...
		Generally the former take revolution to be one strategy, possibly accompanied by the use of electoral politics to take over, rather than overthrow, the institution of government, their aim being to create a centralised state (centralised state: centralization is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly...
		Belgian Revolution (Belgian Revolution: the belgian revolution was a conflict in the united kingdom of the netherlands that began...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/revolution (2459 words)

	Revolution - Voyager, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		English Revolution – (1642-1653) – Commenced as a civil war between Parliament and King, culminating in the execution of Charles I and the establishment of a republican Protectorate.
		French Revolution – (1789) – Regarded as one of the most influential of all Revolutions, frequently associated with the rise of the bourgeoisie and the downfall of the aristocracy.
		German Revolution – (1918) – Overthrow of the Kaiser by a workers' revolution, establishment of the Weimar Republic.
	www.voyager.in /Revolution (1010 words)

	Rose Revolution - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Rose Revolution refers to a peaceful 2003 revolution in the country of Georgia that displaced president Eduard Shevardnadze.
		While the West considers the Rose Revolution a move towards democracy, its opponents including several Russian and pro-Russian politicians claim the revolution to be a “made-in-America coup” emphasizing the role of the Open Society Institute of George Soros in financing of Georgian opposition.
		The Orange Revolution that followed the disputed November 2004 Ukrainian presidential election is said to have been partly inspired by the Georgian Rose Revolution.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Rose_Revolution (1306 words)

	Chavez Frias has already had four years ... and time is running out (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		By the guideline that I mentioned, that force and harm to non-combatants are to be minimized, surely the Chavez revolution deserves the plaudits of the world for the lack of repression, the preservation of liberal freedoms, the relative lack of bloodshed.
		Progress comes about in the aftermath of revolutions, but it comes about slowly, and in the immediate aftermath of revolutions there is as much frustration of hope as there is ground for exaltation.
		The French and the Cuban revolutions were both undertaken in the name of justice for the poor and suffering; and indeed, in the long run, the French and Cuban regimes managed to greatly improve the health, education, nutrition, and social solidarity of their poorest citizens.
	www.vheadline.com /printer_news.asp?id=8423 (1159 words)

	ipedia.com: Carnation Revolution Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Carnation Revolution was a bloodless left-leaning revolution started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon, Portugal, that effectively changed the Portuguese regime from a fascist dictatorship to a liberal...
		The Carnation Revolution (Portuguese: Revolução dos Cravos or 25 de Abril) was a bloodless left-leaning revolution started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon, Portugal, that effectively changed the Portuguese regime from a fascist dictatorship to a liberal democracy at the end of a two-year process.
		The carnation is the symbol of this revolution, since soldiers put these flowers in their guns, in what came to symbolise the absence of violence for changing the regime in Portugal—a regime that had been one of the longest dictatorships of the 20th century.
	www.ipedia.com /carnation_revolution.html (324 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Europe \| Revolutions: What's in a name?
		In Ukraine itself, as well as in Russia, the action is becoming known as the Chestnut Revolution after the trees lining the capital Kiev's main thoroughfare, the leaves of which are virtually a national symbol.
		In Ukraine, the colour orange was chosen to represent a broad coalition of opposition parties purely on the strength of it being a vibrant colour, instantly distinguishable from the traditional blue and yellow Ukrainian colours.
		The Carnation Revolution was a left-leaning revolution in Portugal in 1974, which ushered in a liberal democracy.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/europe/4041157.stm (606 words)

	'Carnation Revolution' liberated Portugal: 4/ 25/ 2004
		The April 25 revolution would come to be known as the "Carnation Revolution" due to the flowers soldiers wore at the tips of their G3s after overthrowing the government of Marcelo Caetano, dictator Antonio Oliveira de Salazar's successor.
		I think it would have been impossible not to have a revolution," said Jose Francisco Costa, then a high-ranking military official who was part of the MFA movement.
		Celebrations continued outside the military school as the morning broke and the news of the revolution in Lisbon became known.
	www.southcoasttoday.com /daily/04-04/04-25-04/a01lo914.htm (1121 words)

	Ojo Caliente
		"A pink or reddish-pink color carnation is the symbol of this revolution, since soldiers put these flowers in their guns, in what came to symbolize the absence of violence for changing the regime in Portugal—a regime that had been one of the longest dictatorships of the 20th century
		Vendors carrying baskets of red carnations wandered through the crowd and carnations were everywhere—in buttonholes, pinned on dresses, decorating baby strollers, tied to car antennas.
		What we got was an immense "march" of people carrying banners and signs celebrating the revolution and advocating a range of political and social goals.
	blogs.salon.com /0001919/2005/05/02.html (348 words)

	Milandos de um Sonho (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Revolution is serious business, and Nhantumbo is a serious character who only wants to be taken seriously, but Adamodjy manages to make fun of their situation, he creates moments of such mirth that we can’t help laughing with the characters as they stumble towards freedom.
		Yes, there are the people, the recipients and creators of revolution and then there is the narrator, the individual, continually questioning us, forcing us to consider what revolution is really about, bringing it back to the level of me, of us, not just of the people.
		The revolution might have been hijacked, but the idealism did survive, somewhere, and in trying to explain why this novel makes such an important contribution to Mozambique almost 30 years after the revolution was victorious one must go beyond heroes, beyond idealists and opportunists.
	www.africanreviewofbooks.com /Reviews/adamodjy.html (1906 words)

	Guardian \| General Vasco Goncalves
		These governments emerged in the wake of the April 1974 "revolution of the carnations".
		Led by the Armed Forces Movement (MFA), whose members included Goncalves, then a brigadier, the revolution of the carnations marked the beginning for Portugal of a rocky transition to democracy.
		Goncalves recently recalled, in an Argentinian newspaper, the increasing student and worker resistance to the rightwing regime in the time leading up to the revolution of the carnations.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,5214158-103684,00.html (812 words)

	PORTUGAL LIVRE
		The sudden downfall of the dictatorship and tyranny released a huge sense of euphoria, but was achieved relatively peacefully.
		The symbol of this new long yearned freedom was the red carnation - and the "Revolution" became also known as the "Revolution of Flowers".
		The red carnation with its green stem typifies the colours of a great, small nation, rich in its long history and possessing an unquenchable spirit of freedom.
	portugal-livre.00freehost.com /carnation.html (206 words)

	Expatriates in Portugal » Liberty Day (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Carnation Revolution (Revolução dos Cravos) was an almost bloodless left-leaning revolution started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon, Portugal, that effectively changed the Portuguese regime from an authoritarian dictatorship to a liberal democracy at the end of a two year process of a communist dominated military administration.
		Although government forces killed four people before surrendering, the revolution was peculiar in that the revolutionaries did not use direct violence to achieve their goals.
		It is worthwhile considering how the 1974 revolution happened and what its consequences were for Portugal and the world.
	expat.drzeus.net /index.php?p=59 (862 words)

	Carnation revolution, by Mia Couto
		THIRTY years ago this month young officers ended Portugal’s 40-year dictatorship with the bloodless carnation revolution that led to independence for its African colonies.
		The revolution was a crocodile’s egg; it could develop as male or female, depending on the ambient temperature.
		They were afraid that it would reverse perceptions of the cause and effect relationship between the fall of the regime and the liberation of the African colonies.
	mondediplo.com /2004/04/15mozambique (1377 words)

	The Carnation revolution, 25 years later: 4/25/99
		The Carnation Revolution of April 25, 1974 -- so named because people stuck red carnations in soldiers' rifle barrels -- almost overnight toppled the 40-year dictatorship established by Antonio Salazar and set the colonies free.
		Although the revolution enjoys popular support today, the decolonization process is considered a shambles.
		He said the leaders of the Carnation Revolution, in turn, didn't understand the consequences of too rapid independence for the colonies.
	www.s-t.com /daily/04-99/04-25-99/a02wn014.htm (740 words)

	Yuk King Tan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Just as the flowers were chosen for their allusion to social, cultural or political movements, so the fireworks are intended to suggest the de-stabilising effects of attempts to overthrow entrenched ideals or systems.
		The red rose became an icon for the Georgian "Rose Revolution" labelled by the media as a reference to the rose of socialism, and Eduard Shevardnadze's fall amongst considerable constitutional confusion.
		The Carnation Revolution was named after the Portuguese leftist rebellion, and the Poppy suggests opium – a defining factor in the fraught history between China, Hong Kong and England."
	www.lunchbox.net.nz /artist/kingtan/exhibit.htm (311 words)

	Back to Enlightenment
		Known as the Carnation Revolution, it overthrown a paternalistic dictatorship that had ruled the country for more than 40 years.
		Today, it is relatively easy to say that the Carnation Revolution was a somewhat ordinary event, in the sense that if it that failed another would have followed swiftly, given that the dictatorial regime was by then completely inefficient and corrupt.
		He was clearly proud of that, and personally I think the Carnation Revolution is one of the most beautiful and poetic revolutionary moments ever to take place.
	enlightenment-back-to.blogspot.com (1565 words)

	Obituary: Alvaro Cunhal--leading betrayer of Portugal's 1974 revolution
		Consequently, the democratic tasks once associated with the bourgeois revolution could only be completed under the leadership of the working class, drawing behind it the rural masses, as a component part of a socialist revolution that must be completed on the global arena.
		One of the critical questions posed by the revolution concerned the nature of the officers’ movement, the MFA, which had adopted the slogan of “the alliance of the MFA and the people”—a slogan never challenged by the PCP, PSP and various “left” groups.
		The military wing of the PCP dominated the MFA’s Council of the Revolution.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2005/jul2005/port-j21_prn.shtml (2600 words)

	Thirty years since the Portuguese Revolution Part 1
		A key role in those events was played by Mário Soares, leader of the PSP during the revolution and president of Portugal from 1986 to 1996.
		The revolution in Portugal should have developed as part of a general European and world struggle for socialism by the working class.
		One of the most important questions of the revolution concerned the nature of the MFA and its “armed intervention” unit, the Continental Operations Command (COPCON—Comando Operacional do Continente), composed of 5,000 elite troops, with Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho as its commander.
	wsws.org /articles/2004/jul2004/prt1-j15.shtml (1777 words)

	Boston.com / Sports / European excitement building (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Rui Costa, Fernando Couto, and Luis Figo are all considered products of the Carnation Revolution of 1974, the first generation to be raised after the fall of the dictatorship.
		They won two FIFA World Junior championships, in 1989 and '91, and this is their last chance to make an impact in a senior event.
		Revolution goalkeeper Adin Brown and forward Pat Noonan could be involved, since they have been invited to the next US national team training camp next week in Carson, Calif. Defender Rusty Pierce also was selected for the camp, but opted out to undergo groin surgery.
	www.boston.com /sports/articles/2003/12/02/european_excitement_building (839 words)

	Paras Indonesia - Where Democratic Minds Meet
		From the late 1920s until the Carnation Revolution of April 1974, political freedoms in Portugal were heavily curtailed.
		The promise of decolonisation was one of the main rallying cries of this revolution in Lisbon.
		During 1975, the year after the Carnation Revolution, the war in Vietnam was fought to its conclusion with the victory of the communist north over the south and its US patron.
	www.parasindonesia.com /book.php?gid=11 (3822 words)

	IIE \| Gunter
		There is no doubt that when, on April 25, 1974, the Armed Forces Movement entered Lisbon peacefully (the tanks stopped at red lights and soldiers accepted red carnations from the well-wishing crowds), they brought with them a revolution.
		Obviously a revolution is not merely one day, it is a complicated process, and in the Portuguese case the revolution’s long-term legacy is ambiguous, and varies greatly depending on whom you talk to.
		The satirical weekly O Inimigo Publico (The Public Enemy) displayed on its “April 24” cover an illustration of the apparition of Dictator Salazar appearing like the Virgin Mary of Fátima, blessing his flock: a bunch of sleeping men next to five-liter jugs of wine.
	www.iie.org /Content/NavigationMenu/Fulbright_Demo_Site/U_S__Student_Program/Fulbright_News_and_Publicity/gunter.htm (678 words)

	Democracy and Revolution: Portugal and the Beginning of the Third Wave (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Democracy and Revolution: Portugal and the Beginning of the Third Wave
		The revolution in Portugal in 1974 was a critical event in the history of modern Europe, in the evolution of the Cold War, and - according to some analysts - in the launching of the "Third Wave" of democratization that occurred in the late twentieth century.
		Now, more than thirty years after officers from the Portuguese military initiated the "carnation revolution", a group of leading scholars from both sides of the Atlantic, including some who were in Portugal during the revolution, is gathering together to discuss those events, their repercussions, and their global significance.
	ksgnotes1.harvard.edu /ksginfo/enews.nsf/details/474B724A3E2C8E6D85256FE4005E9F17 (116 words)

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