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	Carneades
		Carneades (214–129/8 B.C.E.) was a member and eventually scholarch or head of the Academy, the philosophical school founded by Plato, for part of its skeptical phase.
		Carneades became head or scholarch of the Academy sometime before 155 B.C.E., when, together with Diogenes and Critolaus, the head of Aristotle's school, the Peripatos, he was sent to Rome to represent Athens in a petition before the senate.
		Carneades' defense of this theory is the main reason why he was thought to have departed from or moderated the stricter skepticism thought to have been espoused by Arcesilaus and the Middle Academy (S.E. Pyrrhoneae hypotyposes [henceforward PH] 1.227–30; M 7.166–89 = LandS 69DE).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/carneades (4153 words)

	Ancient Skepticism
		In Arcesilaus and Carneades, the method of antithesis is evident in their famous arguments against the Stoic claim that "cataleptic" impressions are a guide to truth, which oppose purported examples of such impressions with equally convincing impressions which are nonetheless mistaken.
		Carneades illustrates how arguments can nurture equanimity in a famous speech in which he argued that the wise man will not be distressed at the fall of his own country -- a speech given for the sake of Clitomachus when he had to bear the destruction of his native city of Carthage (Tus Dis 3.54).
		Carneades completes his account of plausibility by stipulating that different levels of plausibility are appropriate to different kinds of circumstances.
	www.seop.leeds.ac.uk /archives/spr1998/entries/skepticism-ancient (10451 words)

	Ancient Greek Skepticism [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It seems then that Carneades was motivated primarily by the Socratic goal of relieving others of the false pretense to knowledge or wisdom and that he pursued this goal dialectically by arguing both for and against philosophical positions.
		Carneades listed all of the defensible candidates, including some that had not actually been defended, in order to argue for and against each one and show that no one in fact knows what the summum bonum is, if indeed there is one (de Finibus 5.16-21).
		Cicero translates Carneades' pithanon with the Latin terms probabile and veri simile, and he claims that this criterion is to be employed both in everyday life and in the Academic dialectical practice of arguing for and against philosophical views (Luc.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/s/skepanci.htm (11197 words)

	Carneades [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		But Carneades went beyond criticizing the arguments of other philosophers by trying to propound equally convincing arguments for incompatible conclusions, which would have the effect of leaving his interlocutor suspending judgement as to which is true.
		Stoics, Carneades argued that no deterministic consequences follow from the principle of bivalence (the principle that for any statement P, either P is true or P is false).
		Carneades left no writings, other than a few letters, and Clitomachus, who was Carneades' closest associate and succeeded him as head of the Academy, said he did not know what Carneades really thought.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/c/carneade.htm (645 words)

	Carneades Biography / Biography of Carneades Biography Biography
		Carneades spent a large part of his long life as head of the so-called Third Academy, which like the second, started by Arcesilaus, was grounded in skepticism.
		He ridiculed the Stoics' belief in the gods, in providence, and in divine creation, and he undermined their belief in man's ability to predict the future by means of omens, dreams, oracles, and the like, by arguing that reference to chance alone is enough to account for any of their supposed successes.
		Carneades suggested--in contrast with Chrysippus--that there is no such thing as a law grounded in nature, and he anticipated Thomas Hobbes in arguing that man is not just by nature.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-carneades/index.html (482 words)

	Carneades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Carneades Article from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, noting Carneades' contribution to the discourse of the time, and his criterion of plausibility.
		Carneades Very short biographical article from the 2001 Columbia Encyclopedia.
		Plutarch: Carneades' Visit to Rome The Roman historian's account of this Greek philosopher's visit to Rome, during which he argued opposite sides of an argument on successive days, incurring Roman disgust.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Carneades.html (139 words)

	Ancient Skepticism
		Carneades' achievement is, on this account, not a positively skeptical philosophy but a negative skepticism which incorporates both a dialectical ability to argue against prevailing points of view, and a disinclination to think one needed any positive philosophical views in order to live a satisfactory life.
		It is difficult to decide between the claim that Carneades adopted a positive skepticism and the claim he was a pure dialectician committed to a negative skepticism, and the arguments that come down to us could have been intended in either way.
		In favour of the claim that Carneades upheld a positive skepticism, it might be argued that Carneades could have avoided inconsistency without being reduced to a purely negative philosophy by emphasizing the qualified and subjective nature of his assent.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/skepticism-ancient (9234 words)

	SKEPTICS
		Carneades (214-129 B.C.) "One has no access to objects independently of one's images or impressions--this is what the Epicureans and Stoics themselves maintained--and consequently it would be impossible for anyone to have reason to believe that sense-experience ever gives trustworthy information about objects.
		Carneades is especially notable among Skeptics for his novel response to this objection.
		VIRTUE Carneades also objected to the Stoic claim that virtue is the chief good and they were indifferent to health, good opinion of others, freedom from pain, etc.
	socsci.gulfcoast.edu /rbaldwin/skeptics1.htm (950 words)

	Robert Boyle, a Sceptical Chymist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Here Carneades Having Dispach't what he Thought Requisite to oppose against what the Chymists are wont to alledge for Proof of their three Principles, Paus'd awhile, and look'd about him, to discover whether it were Time for him and his Friend to Rejoyne the Rest of the Company.
		Carneades having thus finish'd his Discourse against the received Doctrines of the Elements; Eleutherius judging he should not have time to say much to him before their separation, made some haste to tell him; I confess, Carneades, that you have said more in favour of your Paradoxes than I expected.
		Carneades will focus his doubts on the existence of elements on the most plausible proposed elements, namely those of the alchemists plus water and earth (the more plausible of the Peripatetic set).
	web.lemoyne.edu /~giunta/EA/BOYLEann.HTML (3365 words)

	Directory - Society: Philosophy: Philosophers: C: Carneades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Plutarch: Carneades' Visit to Rome · cached · The Roman historian's account of this Greek philosopher's visit to Rome, during which he argued opposite sides of an argument on successive days, incurring Roman disgust.
		Carneades · cached · Article from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, noting Carneades' contribution to the discourse of the time, and his criterion of plausibility.
		Carneades · iweb · cached · Very short biographical article from the 2001 Columbia Encyclopedia.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=1158569 (85 words)

	Carneades
		Carneades was a student of the stoic Diogenes of Babylon and Hegesinus of Plato's Academy.
		The work of Carneades and his life is known from Diogenes Laertius, Cicero and Sextus Empiricus.
		Carneades rejected idea of the stoic philosophers about the decision method to determine the truth with a rational process "kataleptike phantasia".
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Bios/Carneades.html (290 words)

	Ancient Skepticism
		This is one way in which Carneades and his followers may have tried to render their acceptance of the plausible compatible with their skeptical conclusions.
		In favour of the dialectical interpretation, it might be argued that it saves Carneades from the standard complaint about the skeptical perspective: that it is inconsistent (for someone with no positive views cannot be charged with inconsistency).
		Whether or not he should be classified as a dialectician, Carneades' dexterity in argument is the most notable feature of the extant evidence about him.
	setis.library.usyd.edu.au /stanford/entries/skepticism-ancient (9224 words)

	Carneades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Epicurus, Zeno and Cleanthes, Pyrrho and Arcesilaus, Chrysippus, Carneades and Philo of Larissa, Panaetius, Posidonius, and Antiochus...
		We find, for example, no doubts about the claim that Carneades was committed to probabilism and an uncritical assumption...
		Carneades (Richard Mitchell/Anthony Tory) produces the performance of the day at Worcester, winning the novice chase by a distance.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Carneades (347 words)

	Ancient History Sourcebook: Plutarch: Carneades' Visit to Rome
		He was an important member of Plato's school, the Academy, which by this time had become a center of skepticism.
		Carneades shocked Rome by arguing convincingly for one argument one day, and then refuting all his arguments the following day.
		[Cato] was now grown old, when Carneades the Academic, and Diogenes the Stoic, came as deputies from Athens to Rome, praying for release from a penalty of five hundred talents laid on the Athenians, in a suit, to which they did not appear, in which the Oropians were plaintiffs and Sicyonians judges.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/plut_carneades.html (356 words)

	Astrology: The Manifesto 3/4 by Patrice Guinard
		Franz Boll noted that Carneades' arguments are taken up by Christian writers without any significant change [5] and David Amand underlines the parrotry of the polemic: "It is always the same refrain served up with a desperate monotony; the same traditional arguments are brought to bear without cease.
		Under this heading may be grouped the philosophical skepticism of Carneades, Panetius, Cicero or Sextus Empiricus, the Christian moralism of St. Augustine, Gregory of Nicea, Savanarola or Calvin, the individualist humanism of Petrarch or Pico della Mirandola, the ideological rationalism of Mersenne, Gassendi, Bayle or Voltaire, and modern materialism.
		The major moral argument announced for the first time by Carneades [79] has been taken up by all adversaries of astrology, all of which is an instance of confused partisanship.
	cura.free.fr /10athem3.html (10353 words)

	Scepticism - Lecture 5a
		Clitomachus, one of Carneades’ former pupils, becomes scholarch around 128 BC, and attempts to defend the view that Carneades did not regard assent as something that could be rationally justified.
		However other pupils of Carneades openly dissented from this line of interpretation and presented him as legitimising assent (‘the wise man sometimes assents’).
		In accordance with this change, Carneades’ appeals to what is plausible (pithanon) were increasingly interpreted as appeals to a notion of defeasible justification that sufficed to make assent rationally acceptable.
	www.webspawner.com /users/alanbailey/scepticism5.html (1450 words)

	CARNEADES (214—129 B.C.) - Online Information article about CARNEADES (214—129 B.C.)
		Cato insisted on Carneades and his companions being dismissed from the See also:
		According to Carneades, an impression may be probable in itself; probable and uncontradicted (aaepLQaavros, lit.
		Les Sceptiques grecs (1887); C. Martha, " Le Philosophe Carneade b.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /CAR_CAU/CARNEADES_214129_BC_.html (806 words)

	Society: Philosophy: Philosophers: C: Carneades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Carneades - Article from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, noting Carneades' contribution to the discourse of the time, and his criterion of plausibility.
		Carneades - Very short biographical article from the 2001 Columbia Encyclopedia.
		Plutarch: Carneades' Visit to Rome - The Roman historian's account of this Greek philosopher's visit to Rome, during which he argued opposite sides of an argument on successive days, incurring Roman disgust.
	freshlinks.net /odp.aspx/Society/Philosophy/Philosophers/C/Carneades (126 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Carneades
		Carneades (214?-129 bc), Greek philosopher, born in Cyrene (now Shaḩḩāt, Libya).
		Induction (logic) : philosophers who used inductive reasoning: Carneades
		The school of Skepticism, which continued the Sophist criticisms of objective knowledge, dominated Plato’s Academy in the 3rd century bc.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Carneades.html (60 words)

	The Academy [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He makes Plato founder of the first Academy, Aresilaus of the second, Carneades of the third, Philo and Charmides of the fourth, Antiochus of the fifth.
		The New Academy teaching represents the spirit of an age when religion was decaying, and philosophy itself, losing its earnest and serious spirit, was becoming merely a vehicle for rhetoric and dialectical ingenuity.
		Cicero's speculative philosophy was in the main in accord with the teachings of Carneades, looking rather to the probable (illud probabile) than to certain truth (see his Academica).
	www.iep.utm.edu /a/academy.htm (433 words)

	Ektopos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy [1] has added an entry on Carneades [2], by James [3] Allen.
		James Allen is associate professor of philosophy, a fellow of the Center for Philosophy of Science and a member of the Graduate Program in Classics, Philosophy and Ancient Science the University of Pittsburgh.
		Carneades [4] (214—129/8 B.C.E.) was a member and eventually scholarch or head of the Academy, the philosophical school founded by Plato [5], for part of its skeptical phase.
	www.ektopos.com /print.php?sid=1797 (109 words)

	Carneades Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
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	www.stardustmemories.com /encyclopedia/Carneades (248 words)

	philosophy: philosophers: c: carneades Spirit And Sky
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		Article from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, noting Carneades' contribution to the discourse of the time, and his criterion of plausibility.
		The Roman historian's account of this Greek philosopher's visit to Rome, during which he argued opposite sides of an argument on successive days, incurring Roman disgust.
	www.spiritandsky.com /philosophy/philosophers/c/carneades (99 words)

	Skepticism and the Eurocentric Tradition
		Later ancient philosophers such as Arcesilaus, Carneades, Clitomachus, and Aenisidemus returned to skepticism as the pursuit of probability rather than absolute truths, and apparently without fear of persecution by their contemporaries.
		On the other hand, ancient Academic skeptics included Protagoras as an important precursor, as would be indicated by his famous axiom, "Man [not the gods] is the measure of all things, of things that are that they are, and of things that are not that they are not" [brackets and italics added for emphasis].
		Then came Arcesilaus, Carneades, Clitomachus, and Cicero among the ancients, while their modern descendants have included, whether they quite realized it or not, Bacon, Gassendi, Hume, most of the French philosophes, Bentham, Mill, Dewey, Russell, Ayer, Quine, the logical positivists, and, with qualifications, both Schopenhauer as a psychologist and Nietzsche as an evolutionist.
	www.wmich.edu /english/fac/Jayne.skeptic.html (9577 words)

	Diogenes Laertius: Life of Carneades, from Lives of the Philosophers, translated by C.D. Yonge
		He read all the books of the Stoics with great care, and especially those of Chrysippus; and then he wrote replies to them, but did it at the same time with such modesty that he used to say, "If Chrysippus had not lived, I should never have existed."
		He had a great many other disciples; but the most eminent of them was Clitomachus, whom we must mention presently.
		There was also another man of the name of Carneades, a very indifferent elegiac poet.
	www.classicpersuasion.org /pw/diogenes/dlcarneades.htm (678 words)

	Stoics and Skeptics: Zeno of Citium and the Stoa, the Stoa, Posidonius of Apamea, the Sceptics, Pyrrho of Elis, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
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