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Topic: Carnitine

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	Carnitine Therapy for Fatty Acid Oxidation Defects
		Carnitine is a natural substance important to the transport of fat into the mitochondria where it is "burnt" for energy.
		Carnitine is eaten in the diet in red meats and dairy products, including breast milk, and is also made in the body from breaking down muscle protein and converting it to carnitine.
		Carnitine deficiency is also seen in children with kidney disorders affecting the reabsorption of needed chemicals from the filtered urine, renal Fanconi syndrome.
	www.fodsupport.org /carnitine_therapy.htm (972 words)

	L-Carnitine, Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center
		Carnitine acetyl-transferase (CAT) catalyzes the transfer of the acetyl group from acetyl CoA to L-carnitine, freeing CoA to participate in the PDH reaction (diagram).
		Also known as carnitine carrier deficiency, the underlying cause is a mutation in the gene coding for the protein that transports L-carnitine into cells.
		Carnitine depletion may lead to a number of conditions observed in dialysis patients, including muscle weakness and fatigue, plasma lipid abnormalities, and refractory anemia.
	lpi.oregonstate.edu /infocenter/othernuts/carnitine (3771 words)

	Carnitine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The role of carnitine in the ketogenic diet is not well understood; some hospitals do not recognise any need for carnitine, some prescribe carnitine only when there is a measured "deficiency" and one or two prescribe carnitine as a routine supplement.
		The carnitine level we are presumably interested in is that in the brain tissue, and this may not be well correlated with carnitine levels in other tissue, nor with blood serum carnitine levels.
		Carnitine is one of the wonder biochemicals of the nineties, and is being recommended as a treatment for many things.
	www.mynchen.demon.co.uk /Ketogenic_diet/Supplements/Carnitine.htm (2094 words)

	Carnitine (L-Carnitine)
		Carnitine is a nutrient responsible for the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the energy-producing centers of the cells (known as the mitochondria).
		Carnitine deficiencies may be caused by genetic disorders, liver or kidney problems, high-fat diets, certain medications, and low dietary levels of the amino acids lysine and methionine (substances needed to make carnitine).
		Carnitine (administered intravenously in the hospital) may be helpful in treating shock from loss of blood, a sizeable heart attack, or a severe infection of the bloodstream known as sepsis.
	www.umm.edu /altmed/ConsSupplements/CarnitineLCarnitinecs.html#AvailableForms (2588 words)

	carnitine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The heart in particular is highly dependent on carnitine, and taking it in supplement form is currently being explored as an option for speeding recovery after a heart attack as well as for treating angina (chest pain), arrhythmia (irregular heartbeats), and congestive heart failure.
		Carnitine plays a critical role in metabolizing a number of other important substances as well, which helps to explain why it holds promise for so many disorders.
		Carnitine supplements are particularly valuable for people with conditions that can interfere with its absorption, including various liver and kidney problems, metabolic stress, long-term alcohol use, and in some cases, a high-fat diet.
	www.wholehealthmd.com /refshelf/substances_view/1,1525,10012,00.html (459 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 1, Ch. 2, Malnutrition
		The amino acid carnitine is a methylated and further modified derivative of lysine; it is required for the transport of long chain fatty acyl coenzyme A (CoA) esters into mitochondria.
		Carnitine palmitoyltransferase catalyzes transesterification of the fatty acyl group from CoA to carnitine, which is then transported through the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
		Carnitine deficiency can result from a reduced capacity for its biosynthesis; subnormal levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase; alteration in cellular mechanisms for carnitine transport; excess loss of carnitine due to diarrhea, diuresis, or hemodialysis; increased requirements for carnitine in states of ketosis and high demand for fat oxidation; and inadequate intake during long-term TPN.
	www.merck.com /mrkshared/mmanual/section1/chapter2/2d.jsp (263 words)

	eMedicine - Carnitine Deficiency : Article by Fernando Scaglia, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Carnitine deficiency is a metabolic state in which carnitine concentrations in plasma and tissues are less than the levels required for normal function of the organism.
		Carnitine deficiency may present in children being treated with valproic acid and may be associated with fulminant liver failure and presentation similar to that in Reye syndrome.
		Carnitine deficiency is observed in disorders of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, such as cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, in which the ATP depletion may compromise the energy-dependent carnitine uptake.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic321.htm (6247 words)

	Carnitine
		The major biochemical function of carnitine is to act as a trans-membrane carrier of long-chain fatty acids to the interior of mitochondria.
		The critical role of acetyl-carnitine for the metabolism and function of the peripheral nerves supports the view that the acetyl-carnitine deficiency found in these subjects may contribute to the neurotoxicity of ddl, ddC and d4T, even though the interference with mitochondrial DNA synthesis is regarded as the main cause of their toxicity.
		Primary carnitine deficiency is a treatable disorder and therefore skeletal muscle biopsy and blood chemistry should be performed in all children with undiagnosed cardiomyopathy.
	home.caregroup.org /clinical/altmed/interactions/Nutrients/Carnitine.htm (5480 words)

	Benefits of L Carnitine, Acetyl L-carnitine, Carnitine
		Carnitine, in the form of L-carnitine, is a trimethylated amino acid that is essential for the transformation of fatty acids into energy for muscular activity.
		Carnitine also clears the bloodstream of ammonia and aids in creating glycogen, the form in which the body stores glucose.
		Carnitine may be of some value in treating diabetes, studies suggest, hypertension, liver disease, and immune problems.
	www.wellfx.com /InfoBase/vitamin_carnitine_.htm (949 words)

	Sloan-Kettering - About Herbs, Botanicals & Other Products: Search About Herbs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Carnitine facilitates the transport of long chain fatty acyl CoA esters across the inner mitochondrial membrane, facilitating beta-oxidation of fatty acids and acting as an intracellular energy reservoir of acetyl groups.
		Effect of carnitine on exercise capacity, cardiovascular instability, or quality of life was not assessed because of the heterogeneity in recording methods between trials.
		Carnitine (any dose) was associated with slight decreases in serum AST, ALT, GGT, SHBG, and ferritin and increases in urinary excretion of OH-P and serum osteocalcin, which are all up-regulated by TH.
	www.mskcc.org /mskcc/html/11571.cfm?RecordID=525&tab=HC (2579 words)

	L-Carnitine
		Carnitine is found in high concentrations in human heart, muscles, and liver tissue, where it participates in metabolizing fatty acids into energy by transporting long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria.
		Carnitine Eliminated Slowly: In a single dose PC study of 12 healthy students, 2 g of L-carnitine increased blood carnitine levels (the free form by 81%, and the total by 57%) to a maximum at 3.5 hours and then slowly decreased.
		Carnitine Down in Hepatitis B in Children: The plasma carnitine levels of 31 children with chronic HBV infection were significantly lower than that of 20 controls (P < 0.001) Plasma carnitine level was inversely correlated with portal inflammation (P < 0.05).
	www.modern-psychiatry.com /l-carnitine.htm (1608 words)

	Carnitine: The Science Behind a Conditionally Essential Nutrient - Conference Summary
		Carnitine is termed a conditionally essential nutrient, as under certain conditions its requirements may exceed the individual's capacity to synthesize it.
		Carnitine is also available over-the-counter as a dietary supplement, as an aid to weight loss, to improve exercise performance, and to enhance a sense of well-being.
		Carnitine is studied extensively in part because of the important role it plays in fatty acid oxidation and energy production, and because it is a well-tolerated and generally safe therapeutic agent.
	ods.od.nih.gov /news/carnitine_conference_summary.aspx (3715 words)

	Carnitine
		Carnitine may also be helpful for improving exercise tolerance in people with chronic pulmonary obstruction disease (COPD), more commonly known as emphysema.
		Carnitine is widely touted as a physical performance enhancer, but there is no real evidence that it is effective and some research indicates that it does not work.
		Carnitine is thought to affect thyroid hormone by blocking its action in cells.
	healthlibrary.epnet.com /GetContent.aspx?token=e0498803-7f62-4563-8d47-5fe33da65dd4&chunkiid=21450 (4179 words)

	The Use of Carnitine in Dogs & Cats
		Carnitine is needed by the body for the metabolism of fatty acids into energy in the cells.
		Because L-carnitine is essential in the process of converting fatty acids into energy, a deficiency may result in increased fat storage, decreased performance, and in humans, an increase of heart disease associated with mitochondrial defects.
		Carnitine is found in meat and dairy products and it is also made by the body.
	www.peteducation.com /article.cfm?cls=0&cat=1448&articleid=1341 (283 words)

	L-Carnitine
		There is less evidence to support arguments that carnitine is indicated in liver, kidney and immune disorders or in diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.
		Primary systemic carnitine deficiency is caused by mutations in a gene encoding sodium ion-dependent carnitine transporter.
		Role of carnitine in fatty acid metabolism of normal and ischemic myocardium.
	www.pdrhealth.com /drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/lca_0060.shtml (2633 words)

	Carnitine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is important to note that carnitine acyltransferase I undergoes allosteric inhibition as a result of malonyl CoA, an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis.
		-carnitine in terms of bioavailability in that it is absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, enters cells and crosses the blood-brain barrier more readily than unacetylated carnitine.
		ALCAR has a broad range of uses including combination with alpha lipoic acid to comprise a patented formulation that has been evidenced to "rejuvenate" the mitochondria of aging mice in studies conducted by Bruce Ames and others.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carnitine (423 words)

	Hereditary carnitine deficiency - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Look for Hereditary carnitine deficiency in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project.
		Look for Hereditary carnitine deficiency in the Commons, our repository for free images, music, sound, and video.
		Check for Hereditary carnitine deficiency in the deletion log, or visit its deletion vote page if it exists.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hereditary_carnitine_deficiency (166 words)

	Acetyl-L-Carnitine Arginate 600 mg – Anti Aging Improve Memory Improvement
		Acetyl-l-carnitine arginate is a patented form of carnitine that stimulates the growth of neurites in the brain.
		Carnitine is approved as a drug in the United States to protect against muscle wasting diseases, including heart muscle weakness and low energy levels.
		Polyol pathway hyperactivity is closely related to carnitine deficiency in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy of streptozotocin-diabetic rats.
	www.health-marketplace.com /Acetyl-L-Carnitine.htm (2211 words)

	L-Carnitine, Propionyl-L-Carnitine
		retinopathy, hyperlipidemia, or neuropathy), suggesting that carnitine deficiency may play a role in the development of these complications.
		A carnitine deficiency can also result from oxygen deprivation which can occur in some heart conditions.
		Carnitine: an overview of its role in preventive medicine.
	www.truestarhealth.com /Notes/2821002.html (1044 words)

	Carnitine (L-Carnitine) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Carnitine is an amino acid that is essential for this conversion.
		Blood levels of carnitine may be reduced by the anticonvulsant medication valproic acid and may cause carnitine deficiency.
		Treatment with carnitine also protected heart cells against the toxic side effects of doxorubicin, a chemotherapy medication, without reducing the effectiveness of the chemotherapy in studies in both animals and children.
	www.metagenics.com /resources/imc/OneMedicineCons/ConsSupplements/CarnitineLCarnitinecs.html (918 words)

	Acetyl-L-Carnitine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This substance is combined with carnitine to form acylcarnitine via carnitine palmitoyltransferase I. Entry into the mitochondrial matrix occurs through an exchange system of acylcarnitine/carnitine via carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase.
		Carnitine and its esters prevent toxic accumulations of fatty acids and acyl CoA (in the cytoplasm and mitochondria, respectively) while providing acetyl CoA for energy generation in the mitochondria.
		Carnitine prolongs the half-life of ethanol in broilers.
	www.thorne.com /altmedrev/fulltext/alc1-2.html (3113 words)

	Bulk Nutrition - L-Carnitine Description by David Tolson
		Carnitine's primary job is in the regulation of cellular metabolism, and it closely interacts with coenzyme A in a variety of reactions.
		Additionally, carnitine is a potent antioxidant (especially in combination with ALA) (21) and there is evidence that it increases exercise performance for this reason.
		Carnitine and choline supplementation with exercise alter carnitine profiles, biochemical markers of fat metabolism and serum leptin concentration in healthy women.
	www.bulknutrition.com /?ingredients_id=23 (3654 words)

	L-Carnitine
		Carnitine deficiencies are rare, even in strict vegetarians, because the body produces carnitine relatively easily.
		Among people with diabetes, carnitine deficiency is more likely to be found in persons experiencing complications of diabetes (such as retinopathy, hyperlipidemia, or neuropathy), suggesting that carnitine deficiency may play a role in the development of these complications.
		The body needs lysine, methionine, vitamin C, iron, niacin, and vitamin B6 to produce carnitine.
	www.pccnaturalmarkets.com /health/Supp/Carnitine.htm (984 words)

	Clinical Trial: Developmental Study on Fatigue in Cancer
		Our preliminary data suggest that micronutrient deficiencies, specifically carnitine deficiency, may be an important factor in fatigue.
		Objectives: a) To determine the effect of L-carnitine therapy on symptoms of fatigue in patients with terminal cancer and serum carnitine deficiency, and b) to determine the effect of L-carnitine therapy on performance status, cognitive function, mood, quality of life, and motor activity in these patients.
		Patients who have undergone antineoplastic therapy which may worsen fatigue or promote carnitine deficiency will be eligible if completed the therapy more than 90 days prior to beginning the study.
	www.clinicaltrials.gov /show/NCT00034450 (617 words)

	Acetyl L-Carnitine by Source Naturals at Acetyl L Carnitine Store (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Acetyl-L-Carnitine (acetyl carnitine) is a more bioavailable form of the amino acid L-Carnitine and is involved in many metabolic functions.
		As an antioxidant, acetyl carnitine can protect neurons from damage caused by superoxide radicals.
		L-Carnitine is an amino acid found in high concentrations in human heart and liver tissue, where it participates in metabolizing fatty acids into energy by the mitochondria.
	www.acetyl-carnitine.com (433 words)

	Carnitine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In a 1978 review on carnitine, it was noted that the carnitine content of foods had not been completely studied.
		However, by now we do know that since it is component of muscle that the greatest amount of carnitine is in meat, especially mutton, lamb and red meat.
		If you are thinking of the positive effects that carnitine has on the heart, such as in energy efficiency, stroke recovery, cholesterol reduction, etc., then you should not expect to receive enough from food (based upon the 30 - 50 mg per day in the diet).
	www.nutritionfarm.com /FAQs/FAQs/carnitine.htm (329 words)

	Bodybuilding.com - L-Carnitine Information and Product Listing! L-Carnitine FAQ!
		L-carnitine is very similar to the nonessential amino acid carnitine.
		Between two and four grams of L-carnitine should be taken one hour before exercise, for two weeks.
		Taking L-carnitine is very safe, although the DL form of carnitine may be toxic and is not recommended.
	www.bodybuilding.com /store/lcarn.html (424 words)

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