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Topic: Carnot cycle

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	Carnot Cycle
		The Carnot Cycle has been described as being the most efficient thermal cycle possible, wherein there is no heat losses, and consisting of four reversible processes, two isothermal and two adiabatic.
		The Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle used to generate electricity in many power stations, and is the real-world approach to the Carnot cycle.
		Carnot envisioned a cycle in which a gas is compressed, heated, allowed to expand, and then cooled.
	www.cogeneration.net /Carnot_Cycle.htm (740 words)

	Carnot, (Nicolas Leonard) Sadi (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Carnot was born in Paris and educated there and at the Ecole Genie in Metz.
		This cycle consists of the isothermal expansion and adiabatic expansion of a quantity of gas, producing work and consuming heat, followed by isothermal compression and adiabatic compression, consuming work and producing heat to restore the gas to its original state of pressure, volume, and temperature.
		The Carnot cycle differs from that of any practical engine in that heat is consumed at a constant temperature and produced at another constant temperature; no work is done in overcoming friction at any stage; and no heat is lost to the surroundings.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/C/Carnot/1.html (330 words)

	Thermodynamics Carnot Cycle
		Carnot in 1824 arrived at the "carnot cycle" which is an idealised gas cycle that obtains the maximum amount of work from and engine working in a thermodynamically reversible manner.
		However theoretical cycles based on the hypothesis that air is the working fluid in a closed system receiving an rejecting energy to external sinks allows provide very crude estimations on the theoretical efficiencies possible internal combustion engines.
		This hypothetical cycle is one with heat being rejected at constant pressure.
	www.roymech.co.uk /Related/Thermos/Thermos_Carnot.html (637 words)

	Understanding Refrigeration - Carnot Cycle
		Carnot was the first person to realize that temperature difference is the key to understanding the power available from a steam engine, and his name is used to describe a reversible heat pump or engine cycle.
		The overall effect of the complete cycle is to transfer heat from the fluid from C at the lower temperature to the fluid at H, the higher temperature.
		Like the bouncing ball, this cycle is an idealisation because in practice heat will only flow in measurable quantities if there is a temperature difference, but for the sake of argument we have supposed the temperature differences to be infinitely small.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /guy.hundy/ref/ccycle.htm (940 words)

	Carnot Cycle Online Encyclopedia Article About Carnot Cycle
		The fundamental thermodynamic cycle proposed by French engineer Sadi Carnot in 1824, in an attempt to explain the working of the steam engine.
		Because of physical and metallurgical problems, the Carnot cycle is not practical, and other cycles have been developed that meet the needs of real engines.
		Such cycles reflect more closely the way heat is actually added to and taken from the gases of a real engine.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /Cambridge/entries/025/Carnot-cycle.html (146 words)

	Untitled
		Carnot was a real scientist and a study of his text serves to increase one's appreciation of his clear conception of the heat cycle in spite of lack of physical and experimental data.
		Carnot was in error in assuming no loss of heat in a completed cycle and in thus ignoring the permanent transformation of a definite proportion into mechanical energy; but his proposition that efficiency increases with increase of temperature-range is still correct; as is his assertion of its independence of the nature of the working substance.
		Carnot was thus a discoverer of the equivalence of the units of heat and work, as well as the revealer of the principles which have come to be known by his name.
	www.history.rochester.edu /steam/carnot/1943/Section1.htm (5938 words)

	Thermodynamic cycle - NewMars
		Some common thermodynamic cycles are the Carnot Cycle, the Auto Cycle, the Diesel Cycle, the Sterling Cycle, the Rankine Cycle and the refrigeration cycle.
		The Carnot Cycle is the theoretical limit as to what is possible in terms of converting a temperature difference into electricity, but it is unrealizable since it requires an infinite amount of time to extrate a finite amount of power over a finite area.
		The sterling cycle is one of the first types of heat engines and the preferred method of converting solar power to electricity for dish shaped solar thermal power.
	www.newmars.com /wiki/index.php/Thermodynamic_cycle (639 words)

	The Carnot Cycle
		Carnot also believed that the efficiency of a heat engine depended on the difference between the highest and lowest temperature reached in one cycle.
		This conception was proved with his thermodynamic cycle (thermodynamic processes that after numerous stages return a system to its initial state) known as the Carnot cycle, which is the basis cycle of all heat engines.
		This idea is also presented in the second law of thermodynamics stating that there is a limit, less than a hundred percent, in the efficiency of engines.
	www.massengineers.com /Documents/carnot_cycle.htm (384 words)

	Carnot Cycle
		The cycle begins with a gas, colored yellow on the figure, which is confined in a cylinder, colored blue.
		During the cycle, work W has been produced by the gas, and the amount of work is equal to the area enclosed by the process curves.
		The Carnot Cycle has performed as an engine, converting the heat transferred to the gas during the processes into useful work.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/K-12/airplane/carnot.html (718 words)

	Carnot Cycle
		The cycle begins with a gas, colored yellow on the figure, which is confined in a cylinder, colored blue.
		During the cycle, work W has been produced by the gas, and the amount of work is equal to the area enclosed by the process curves.
		The Carnot Cycle has performed as an engine, converting the heat transferred to the gas during the processes into useful work.
	www.lerc.nasa.gov /WWW/K-12/airplane/carnot.html (718 words)

	What is the Carnot Cycle?
		The Carnot cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle that describes a perfect heat engine.
		In the Carnot cycle, not all heat energy is converted into mechanical work, but a large portion is -- the largest portion allowed by physical law.
		In a perfect Carnot cycle, all four steps happen very slowly, to minimize the entropy, or thermodynamic irreversibility, created by the process.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-the-carnot-cycle.htm (360 words)

	Carnot - Research the news about Carnot - from HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Carnot was the outstanding commander of the French Revolutionary Wars, his strategy being largely responsible for French victories.
		Carnot was the best-known advocate of the principle...
		Carnot was developed during a four-year MCC research project that was completed at the end of 1994.
	www.highbeam.com /search.aspx?q=Carnot,&ref_id=ency_botnm (847 words)

	Understanding Refrigeration - Carnot
		He proposed the reversible Carnot cycle, and discovered that the efficiency of a heat engine depended only on its input and output temperatures.
		Carnot proposed that work was generated by the passage of caloric from a warmer to a cooler body, with caloric being conserved in the process.
		Carnot was not completely right, because heat cannot be thought of as a substance which is conserved like Caloric.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /guy.hundy/ref/carnot.htm (405 words)

	[No title]
		Poor Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) would be be turning in his grave, if he could hear all the weird things people say about Carnot Engines and Carnot Cycles.
		In the last part of the cycle the cold sink is removed and the gas in the cylinder is allowed to heat up as the piston compresses it further.
		This cycle is called the Rankine cycle and although it is much more practical than a Carnot engine, its efficiency is considerably lower.
	www.phact.org /e/z/carnot.txt (1637 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The combined cycle gas turbines use natural-gas fired burners to heat air to near 1530 degrees Celsius, a difference of a large 1500 degrees Celsius, and so the efficiency can be large when the steam-cooling cycle is added in.
		One problem with the ideal Carnot efficiency as a criterion of heat engine performance is the fact that by its nature, any maximally-efficient Carnot cycle must operate at an infinitesimal temperature gradient.
		The Carnot Cycle limit cannot be reached with any gas-based cycle, but engineers have worked out at least two ways to possibly go around that limit, and one way to get better efficiency without bending any rules.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=heat_engine (1932 words)

	Engineering Thermodynamics: Problems and Solutions, Chapter-7
		An air standard carnot cycle is executed in a closed system between the temperature limits of 350 and 1200 K. The pressure before and after the isothermal compression are 150 and 300 kPa respectively.
		Using the PG model for air, determine (a) the maximum temperature and pressure that occur during the cycle, (b) the thermal efficiency, and (c) the mean effective pressure for the cycle.
		Assuming a mass used in the cycle is 1.5 kg, determine (a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle, (b) the amount of heat transfer in the regenerator, and (c) the work output per cycle.
	www.usc.edu /mirror/testcenter/testhome/Test/problems/chapter07/chapter07.html (4057 words)

	Carnot Cycle
		The most efficient heat engine cycle is the Carnot cycle, consisting of two isothermal processes and two adiabatic processes.
		In order to approach the Carnot efficiency, the processes involved in the heat engine cycle must be reversible and involve no change in entropy.
		It is not a practical engine cycle because the heat transfer into the engine in the isothermal process is too slow to be of practical value.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/thermo/carnot.html (374 words)

	Carnot Cycle
		The Carnot cycle, named after French engineer Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot, is the most efficient cycle possible.
		It consists of four basic reversible processes meaning that the cycle as a whole is also reversible.
		An important conclusion from Carnot cycle analysis is that the maximum theoretical efficiency of heat engines is directly related to:
	www.corrosion-doctors.org /Biographies/carnotcycle.htm (223 words)

	RF Cafe - Carnot Cycle
		An ideal cycle would be performed by a perfectly efficient heat engine—that is, all the heat would be converted to mechanical work.
		A 19th-century French scientist named Nicolas Carnot conceived a thermodynamic cycle that is the basic cycle of all heat engines.
		The limiting case is now known as a Carnot cycle.
	www.rfcafe.com /references/general/carnot_cycle.htm (180 words)

	Heat Engines and the Carnot Cycle
		Since the initial state of the cycle is the same as the final state we know that the change in U, the internal energy, is zero.
		for the B→ C segment of the cycle and a similar equation for the D→ A segment.
		Even though the Carnot cycle is idealized the general principles of heat engines remain the same.
	www.chem.arizona.edu /~salzmanr/480a/480ants/carnot/carnot.html (936 words)

	Trading Systems And The Carnot Cycle -- iSnare.com Articles
		Back in 1824 Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot developed a thermodynamic model called the Carnot Cycle for engines which provides the maximum output that can be expected from any given type of engine.
		This thermodynamic model was and is particularly useful for combustion engine design because in very clear mathematical terms, the Carnot cycle represents the ideal cycle possible.
		Like the Carnot engine, you can determine the maximum potential for your trading system through backtesting it under ideal conditions, when every trade is executed perfectly in the market of your choice according to the rules and indicators of the system.
	www.isnare.com /?aid=143926&ca=Business (1595 words)

	JCE Online: Mathcad in the Chemistry Curriculum: The Carnot Cycle
		With this Mathcad document students investigate the Carnot cycle with numerical calculations on an ideal, monatomic gas.
		They discover the consequences on the net work and the thermodynamic efficiency of changing variables such as the pressure to which expansion occurs, and the working temperatures of the process.
		Especially informative are indicator diagrams in color that illustrate the work associated with each step of the cycle.
	jchemed.chem.wisc.edu /JCEDLib/SymMath/collection/017 (238 words)

	carnot engines
		The area enclosed by the cycle on the P-V plot is equal to the
		Carnot Cycle Applet: this one is a bit more informative; it also shows when heat is entering and leaving the system.
		For example, a Carnot engine operating between 500 K and 300 K would have a Carnot efficiency of 40%.
	www.duguid.org /physics/temperature-heat/carnot-engines.htm (453 words)

	Rankine Cycle with Regeneration (Site not responding. Last check: )
		One of the more common ways to improve the efficiency of a steam cycle is to use regeneration, a process where heat is taken from steam between turbine stages and used to heat water as it goes through pump stages.
		The Carnot cycle is maximally efficient, in part, because it receives all of its heat addition at the same temperature, which is the highest temperature in the cycle.
		For a Rankine cycle where the steam enters the boiler as a superheated gas, we can never achieve the efficiency of the Carnot cycle, even with an infinite number of regeneration stages.
	www.qrg.northwestern.edu /thermo/design-library/regen/regen.html (1709 words)

	Photon steam engines (April 2003) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 1824 Sadi Carnot's interest in improving the performance of steam engines led him to think about the efficiency of a heat engine in a new and fundamental way.
		Carnot's conceptual heat engine operated in cycles such that there is no change in the internal energy of the working fluid - such as steam - during a cycle.
		Furthermore, extracting work from a quantum Carnot engine does not violate the second law of thermodynamics because the quantum coherence also costs extra entropy, which ensures that the overall entropy of the system is always increasing.
	physicsweb.org /article/world/16/4/6 (1136 words)

	Carnot cycle - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Carnot cycle In thermodynamics, a four-stage cycle (named after Sadi Carnot) involving alternate adiabatic and istothermal processes.
		Environmental Control Corporation Announces Carnot Emission Services as Test Facility for Upcoming Durability Test.
		Development of the adjustable proportion fluid mixture cycle.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1O142-Carnotcycle.html (371 words)

	The Carnot Cycle
		That is, in mathematical terms, E = (T1 - T2) / T1.The difference of the temperatures is directly proportional to the efficiency of the heat engine.
		This conception was proved with his thermodynamic cycle (thermodynamic processes that after numerous stages return a system to its initial state) known as the Carnot cycle, which is the basis cycle of all heat engines.
		This idea is also presented in the second law of thermodynamics stating that there is a limit, less than a hundred percent, in the efficiency of engines.
	library.thinkquest.org /C006011/english/sites/thermo3.php3?v=2 (411 words)

	Heat engine Summary
		Theoretically, the most efficient heat engine is the Carnot cycle, although the Carnot cycle is not used for practical applications because of engineering difficulties that cannot be overcome.
		An example of a thermodynamic cycle used to design practical heat engines is the Otto cycle (isentropic compression, reversible constant volume heating, isentropic expansion, reversible constant volume cooling) of which the gas engine is the most well-known application.
		A much more accurate measure of heat engine efficiency is given by the endoreversible process, which is identical to the Carnot cycle except in that the two processes of heat transfer are not treated as reversible.
	www.bookrags.com /Heat_engine (1416 words)

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