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	Carol Gilligan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Carol Gilligan (1936–) is an American feminist, ethicist, and psychologist best known for her work with and against Lawrence Kohlberg on ethical community and ethical relationships, and certain subject-object problems in ethics.
		Carol Gilligan received an B.A. in English literature from Swarthmore College, a masters degree in clinical psychology from Radcliffe College and a Ph.D. in social psychology from Harvard University.
		Gilligan used small samples, her findings were not peer reviewed, and decades later, Gilligan has continued to resist letting other researchers see her data.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carol_Gilligan (490 words)

	BookRags: Carol Gilligan Biography
		According to Carol Gilligan, "The spirit in which I wrote the book was to raise questions." Her research questioned traditional psychological concepts of human development that had always been drawn on a male model.
		Carol Gilligan was an associate professor in the Graduate School of Education at Harvard University where she taught adolescent and moral development.
		Gilligan suspected that the older girls began to realize that bringing in their own values would make trouble in a world where male values were considered the norm.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/carol-gilligan-soc (678 words)

	Carol Gilligan in Applied Ethics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Gilligan describes male morality as a morality of principles while female morality is a morality of care.
		Gilligan examines the play of children and interviews with children; she concludes that the morality of females is distinct from that of males.
		Gilligan does not, however, accept Kohlberg’s view that the morality of principles is higher than the morality of care.
	www.montgomerycollege.edu /~bsoderbe/gilligan.htm (142 words)

	New America Foundation : article -908- "Teen Angels" "Teen Angels" -908- (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Gilliganism came along at a time--the early 1980s--when a sluggish lack of interest in sex differences and their psychological implications was not uncommon in feminist circles.
		Gilligan dwells on the observation that little boys (one could say the same of girls) perceive their mothers' subtle shifts in mood--anger simmering beneath an even tone of voice, and so on--and wishes that men could be more like that.
		Gilligan writes admiringly of Rachel's refusal to shield her toddler from the tension that she was feeling at work because "to do so would have been to betray his love." But transparency is not the highest duty in relationships with children.
	www.newamerica.net /index.cfm?pg=article&DocID=908 (4571 words)

	Royce Carlton - Carol Gilligan Educator Birth of Pleasure
		Gilligan and her colleagues ask whether the extraordinary rise in the diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the increasingly serious violence among young boys may reflect a cultural crisis over the norms and values that have traditionally been associated with masculinity.
		From 1999-2002, Gilligan was a visiting professor at the New York University School of Law, and in June, 2002, she became University Professor at New York University with appointments in the Steinhart School of Education, the School of Law, and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
		Gilligan is the recipient of many awards and honors including the prestigious Grawemeyer Award in Education, which honors achievements in fields not recognized by the Nobel prizes, such as education and music, and the Heinz Award for her contributions to understanding the human condition.
	www.roycecarlton.com /speakers/gilligan_bio.html (964 words)

	Carol Gilligan's Haverford Doctorate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Gilligan has in the past decade transformed our appreciation of women's development and has, in the process, re-centered problems of human development.
		Carol Gilligan's deep appreciation of human discourse was formed nearby, as she completed a highest honors degree in English at Swarthmore.
		The current generation of students, whether fortunate enough to participate in Carol's courses at Radcliffe and Harvard or reading and discussing her work at the hundreds of other colleges where it has formed the basis of new courses, carry with them a commitment to hearing previously-stilled voices of mutuality and care.
	www.haverford.edu /psych/ddavis/gilligan.hford.html (308 words)

	Gilligan
		Gilligan's book is a complaint against the male centered personality psychology of Freud and Erickson, and the male centered developmental psychology of Kohlberg.
		Gilligan was a colleague of Lawrence Kohlberg at Harvard.
		Gilligan's reply was to assert that women were not inferior in their personal or moral development, but that they were different.
	www.stolaf.edu /people/huff/classes/handbook/Gilligan.html (1670 words)

	P.O.V. - Love & Diane . Interview: Carol Gilligan \| PBS
		Gilligan: Some of the more painful scenes in the film for me were watching the interaction between the world that was supposedly offering help — the social work/therapy world—and these women in their lives.
		Gilligan: What I see in the film relates to the original work I did, which was a study of women who were pregnant and were thinking about whether to have the child or not to have the child.
		Gilligan: To become a human being, or to become a good mother herself, a daughter needs to feel that she is a lovable, worthwhile, valuable and unique human being.
	www.pbs.org /pov/pov2003/loveanddiane/special_gilligan.html (1352 words)

	The Heinz Awards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Carol Gilligan receives the Heinz Award in the Human Condition for courageously challenging long-held assumptions about human development in a way that has transformed assumptions of what it means to be human.
		Gilligan did her graduate work in clinical psychology at Harvard, and it was there that she began to believe that conclusions about human psychology based only on studies of a single gender overlooked and distorted important aspects of the human experience.
		Carol Gilligan's research created a new basis for inquiry, showing that listening to different voices is fundamental to understanding the human condition.
	www.heinzawards.net /recipients.asp?action=detail&recipientID=18 (557 words)

	Fathom :: The Source for Online Learning
		Gilligan gave this trend great impetus, by articulating those concerns in the form of a detailed moral perspective, one that contrasted starkly with male-generated traditions of thought in moral psychology and philosophy.
		Second, Gilligan's care/justice dichotomy contributed to a movement that was already under way in the field of ethics generally--the search for alternative moral orientations to the utilitarian and Kantian frameworks which had dominated ethical theory through the 1970s and which still loom large over the field.
		Gilligan's work was followed by a torrent of feminist-inspired writings about personal relationships, caring and nurturing, the differences between care and justice, relational self-identity and the importance of emotional responsiveness to others.
	www.fathom.com /feature/122100 (2724 words)

	NYU - Press Release (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Professor Gilligan's recent work includes the Harvard Project on Women's Psychology and Girls' Development, which she initiated, and Strengthening Healthy Resistance and Courage in Girls, a prevention project that also was expanded to include boys and men.
		In 1997, Professor Gilligan was appointed to a newly endowed professorship at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, the Patricia Albjerg Graham Chair in Gender Studies, Harvard University's first position in gender studies.
		Professor Gilligan is the recipient of many awards and honors including the prestigious Grawemeyer Award in Education, which honors achievements in fields not recognized by the Nobel prizes, such as education and music, and the Heinz Award, for her contributions to our knowledge of the human condition.
	www.nyu.edu /publicaffairs/newsreleases/b_gilligan.shtml (899 words)

	Gilligan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Carol Gilligan - American feminist ethicist and psychologist
		Gilligan may also be a golf term used to denote a second mulligan, which is a "do over" shot not counted against the score.
		Therefore, a gilligan is a third try at achieving a good shot.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gilligan (139 words)

	Notes on "In a Different Voice" by Carol Gilligan
		Gilligan has found that men and women use fundamentally different approaches.
		And since men have dominated the discussion of moral theory, women's perspective is often not taken seriously, and is considered to be less developed and sophisticated.
		Gilligan summarizes this by saying that male morality has a “justice orientation”, and that female morality has a “responsibilty orientation”.
	www.acypher.com /BookNotes/Gilligan.html (934 words)

	Borzoi Reader \| Authors \| Carol Gilligan
		Carol Gilligan is one of America’s most distinguished writers and teachers in the field of psychology.
		Gilligan draws on Shakespeare’s plays, Freud’s case histories, and the novels of Hawthorne, Proust, Toni Morrison, Michael Ondaatje, and Arundhati Roy to illuminate critical points on the map.
		Carol Gilligan is a thinker and prophet of luminous grace, courage, and compassion." --Catharine Stimpson, University Professor and Dean, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, New York University
	www.randomhouse.com /knopf/authors/gilligan (633 words)

	HGSE News: Carol Gilligan Named to Chair in Gender Studies
		Carol Gilligan, the world-renowned psychologist and writer, has been named the first Patricia Albjerg Graham Professor of Gender Studies.
		Gilligan and her colleagues ask whether the extraordinary growth of the diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and increasingly serious violence among young boys may reflect a cultural crisis over the norms and values that have traditionally been associated with masculinity.
		Gilligan and her husband, James Gilligan, are the parents of three adult sons.
	www.gse.harvard.edu /news/features/gilliganchair09101997.html (665 words)

	Communication Theory: A First Look
		Carol Gilligan is associate professor of education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education.
		Gilligan worked closely with Kohlberg at Harvard, and they coauthored an article which reported on the use of his theory in analyzing adolescent development.13 But the more she used Kohlberg’s criteria to judge moral sophistication, the more she became uncomfortable with the way women are categorized in his model of development.
		Gilligan was able toconduct extensive interviews with twenty-four of the women and successfully followed up with twenty-one of them a year later.
	www.afirstlook.com /archive/diffvoice.cfm?source=archther (3902 words)

	Amazon.ca: In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development: Books: Carol Gilligan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Gilligan's observations have generated quite a bit of controversy over the years (as indicated by some of the previous reviews on this list!), but ring true for many women (including me), and have been used as a stepping stone for the work of many later authors.
		Gilligan has suprising insights into the the critical age of adolesence for girls, and the postulation of a parallel understanding of morality is still as relevant now as it was when first written.
		Gilligan's thesis that men develop their independence before women and that women are more attune to their relationships (and hence develop a sense of self much later than men) makes a lot of sense to me. It rings true for many of the women and men I know.
	www.amazon.ca /In-Different-Voice-Psychological-Development/dp/0674445449 (1472 words)

	Critical Mass - When Carol Gilligan published In
		When Carol Gilligan published In a Different Voice in 1982, she created what might be called the Woman-as-Victim Industry.
		Although Gilligan's findings were based on research that she refused to publish and that others have not been able to replicate, the book nonetheless became a major cultural force.
		Gilligan never gave us stats to back up her original claims, and there are plenty of stats today to show that if anybody is in trouble in the self-esteem department, it's boys.
	www.erinoconnor.org /archives/2002/03/when_carol_gill.html (664 words)

	ifeminists.com > editorial > Who's Afraid of Carol Gilligan? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Gilligan concluded that men tended to focus on rules and principles, while women were more swayed by their personal experiences and emotional take of the situation.
		Gilligan reported that at the age of 11, these carefree, confident girls suddenly hit the "wall of Western culture" (read "patriarchy"), and suddenly found themselves voiceless and adrift.
		Then Gilligan warns against "reinstituting traditional codes of manhood, including a return to the patriarchal family." Read, No need to worry that 40% of American children do not live with their biological fathers, because the Nanny State can do the job better.
	www.ifeminists.net /introduction/editorials/2006/0208roberts.html (768 words)

	Interview: Jean Shinoda Bolen
		What surprised me most was how much listening to Carol reaffirmed my very reason for creating The Daughters Sisters Project in the first place - because girls and boys need safe spaces to express themselves fully and stay connected, not only for their own healthy development but for the sake of life on this planet.
		Carol: After researching and writing about the strengths in girls, and the importance of girls and women joining together at the time of girls' adolescence to encourage them to develop these strengths further and prevent them from a lot of troubles, I wanted to see this kind of work done everywhere.
		Carol Gilligan, author and teacher wrote the landmark book, In A Different Voice (1982), which is described by Harvard University Press as "the little book that started a revolution." Following In A Different Voice, she studied women's psychology and girls' development and co-authored or edited 5 books with her students on women, girls and psychology.
	www.daughters-sisters.org /8_interviews/CarolGilligan.htm (2000 words)

	Carol Gilligan to Receive UAlbany Medallion at 2006 Center for Jewish Studies & School of Education Celebration
		Carol Gilligan received an A.B. in English literature from Swarthmore College, a masters degree in clinical psychology from Radcliffe College, and her doctorate in social psychology from Harvard University.
		Gilligan received a senior research scholarship award from the Spencer Foundation, a Grawemeyer Award for her contributions to education, a Heinz Award for her contributions to understanding the human condition, and was named by Time Magazine as one of the 25 most influential Americans.
		Gilligan is a visiting professor at the University of Cambridge affiliated with the Centre for Gender Studies and with Jesus College.
	www.albany.edu /news/releases/2006/apr2006/gilligan_medallion.shtml (877 words)

	Public Education Network: Crossing the River Jordan Award
		Carol Gilligan's work in human development and psychology has expanded the understanding of the development of men and women, and boys and girls.
		In 1997, Gilligan was appointed to a newly endowed chair at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, the Patricia Albjerg Graham Chair in Gender Studies, the first position in gender studies at Harvard University.
		Carol Gilligan is the recipient of many awards and honors including the prestigious Grawemeyer Award in Education, which honors achievements in fields such as education and music not recognized by the Nobel prizes, and the Heinz Award for contributions to knowledge of the human condition.
	www.publiceducation.org /crja_gilligan.asp (322 words)

	Psychotherapy Networker Interview with Carol Gilligan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In the early 1980s, soon after the publication of psychologist Carol Gilligan’s In a Different Voice, Lauren Slater, later to become the author of such daringly autobiographical works as Prozac Diary and Lying, was an unfocused psychology graduate student at Harvard, struggling (and failing) to write fiction.
		Gilligan showed how women’s voices, once heard in their own right and with their own integrity, change the conversation by drawing attention to aspects of human experience that previously were dismissed or silenced.
		Primary and secondary schools throughout the country responded to Gilligan’s call to help girls resist conventions of femininity that were psychologically and intellectually costly (conventions that required girls to be nice, to silence an honest voice, and suppress vital parts of themselves) by developing more girl-friendly curricula and teaching methods.
	www.psychotherapynetworker.com /interviews.htm (6157 words)

	Roy Sugarman reviews The Birth of Pleasure: A New Map of Love by Carol Gilligan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Gilligan moves on from her previous work In a different voice (1982), where she pointed out that the Oedipal resolution did not lead to a lower imperfect morality, but merely to a different moral ‘voice’ for girls growing up in the Freudian world.
		Or as Gilligan puts it: “ It is also true that men’s histories frequently chronicle a sacrifice of relationship made earlier in childhood, often in the name of love and for the sake of manhood.
		Gilligan reminds us of how powerful the voice is. As Freud’s father awaits burial, he is now ordered in a dream to close the eyes of the corpse, as Oedipus closes his eyes, blinding himself.
	human-nature.com /nibbs/02/gilligan.html (1066 words)

	News Article
		CAROL GILLIGAN -- ONE OF -- Carol Gilligan’s 1982 book, "In a Different Voice," is described by Harvard University Press as “the little book that started a revolution.” It articulated the shape of the interior feminine perspective and gave women’s developmental experiences their own integrity for virtually the first time in the social sciences.
		Carol Gilligan, world-renowned psychologist and author of “In a Different Voice,” will offer a free public lecture followed by an informal reception on Friday, April 8, at 7:30 p.m.
		“Gilligan’s extended visit is anticipated to spark a more profound discussion of the issues of creativity, the training of artists, and the impact of gender and psychological development on the shape of the arts and societal reception of those arts.”
	www.ncarts.edu /pressreleases/Releases2005/March2005/kenangilligan.htm (710 words)

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