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	Caroline Herschel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Caroline Lucretia Herschel (March 16, 1750 – January 9, 1848) was a German-born English astronomer.
		Caroline became his constant assistant in his observations, and also executed the laborious calculations which were connected with them.
		Herschel crater in the Sinus Iridium on the Moon was named in her honor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Caroline_Herschel (445 words)

	Caroline Herschel - First Female Astronomer - Astronomy
		Born in 1750 in Germany, Caroline was the daughter of a musician in the Hanoverian Guards.
		Caroline, scarred by smallpox and her growth stunted by a childhood bout with typhus, was told by her father that she would never marry.
		Caroline and her brother made a number of notable contributions to the still-fledgling science of astronomy, chiefly expanding the field to include not just the solar system, but also the stars, the nebulae and the cosmos.
	www.bellaonline.com /articles/art32051.asp (465 words)

	Untitled Document
		Caroline was rescued by her prince of a brother and found salvation through the glass of a telescope.
		Caroline Herschel, who assisted her brother William in many of his observations, was quite an achiever in her own right, making the original discoveries of many of the clusters and nebulae in the Herschel catalog.
		Caroline's comet discoveries not only established a precedent for female astronomers, but remained a record for comet discoveries by women until the 1980s, when another female astronomer with a similar first name not only beat her record but firmly established herself in the history of comets.
	freespace.virgin.net /p.thompson/history/carolineherschel.html (2263 words)

	Herschel, Caroline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Caroline Herschel was the daughter of Isaac Herschel and Anna Ilse Moritzen.
		Caroline Herschel's four brothers were all brought up to be musicians while Caroline showed an enthusiasm for knowledge which her father tried to satisfy despite all her mother's efforts to ensure that she did nothing but household tasks.
		Caroline kept a diary into which she had recorded her thoughts, in particular she had recorded her great distress at the change in relationship with her brother and she also recorded her bitterness towards his wife.
	www.astro-tom.com /biographies/herschel,_caroline.htm (1849 words)

	Caroline Lucretia Herschel
		Caroline was born in Hannover, Germany on 1750 March 16, and was ultimately one of 10 children.
		Caroline's father was a military musician and her older brothers, William and Alexander, as well as Caroline, showed exceptional talent.
		Caroline was then 7 years of age and her 19-year-old brother William escaped to England where he became a music teacher.
	cometography.com /biographies/herschelc.html (1346 words)

	Herschel Club - Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel
		The instruments Herschel had lacked clock drives to keep them trained on the moving sky, so the method he used was to direct his telescope to a point on the meridian and watch what crossed the field of view.
		Herschel's son John took his father's instrument to South Africa where he was able to survey the southern skies.
		Herschel believed that all nebulae are clusters of stars which he called island nebulae.
	www.astroleague.org /al/obsclubs/herschel/fwhershs.html (766 words)

	Caroline Herschel
		Caroline Herschel was born in 1750 into a working class family in Hanover, Germany.
		But Caroline's mother wanted something else-- Caroline was destined to be her house servant, a virtual Cinderella.
		Caroline's first experience in mathematics was her catalogue of nebulae.
	www.agnesscott.edu /lriddle/women/herschel.htm (891 words)

	[No title]
		Herschel, standing at the front of the telescope, directed his sister to make a certain alteration in the lateral motion, which was done by machinery, on which the point of support of the tube and mirror rested.
		Herschel discerned symptoms of a rotatory movement both in the comet and its tail; a movement which carried unequal shreds from the centre towards the border, and the border towards the centre.
		Herschel was now bordering upon the ripe old age of eighty, and it is no wonder that, after a life of incessant study, his strength should daily diminish.
	www.gutenberg.org /files/12340/12340.txt (16752 words)

	ESA - Science - Home - Revealing the invisible: Caroline and William Herschel
		Herschel moved to England to become a teacher in 1755, eventually settling in Bath in 1766.
		Caroline worked hard in her own right, and in 1797 she published the 'Index to Flamsteed's Observations of the Fixed Stars' and a list of his mistakes.
		After William's death in 1822, Caroline returned to Hanover and re-organised his catalogues into one extensive book, for which she was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, and was later elected a member, in 1828.
	www.esa.int /esaSC/SEM8600P4HD_index_0.html (701 words)

	Biographies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Herschel spent a holiday with his father during the summer of 1816, during which he decided to turn to astronomy, almost certainly influenced by the fact that at 78 years of age his father's health was failing and there was nobody else to continue his father's work.
		To say that Caroline Herschel was not totally devoted to her brother William, would be a travesty of truth, and a great injustice to Caroline.
		Caroline Herschel's four brothers were all brought up to be musicians while Caroline showed an enthusiasm for knowledge which her father tried to satisfy despite all her mother's vigorous protests.
	www.belmontnc.4dw.net /AstroBio.htm (16917 words)

	Caroline Herschel's Deep Sky Objects
		Besides and before assisting her brother, William Herschel, in his great Deep Sky survey starting in late 1782, Caroline Herschel herself was an avid astronomical observer, and discoverer of comets (she originally found 8 of them) and deepsky objects.
		Caroline Herschel's objects include the conspicuous galaxy NGC 253, and the famous M110 (NGC 205), the second satellite of the Andromeda galaxy, M31.
		A look into her diary, published by her niece-in-law, Mary, the wife of John Herschel (Herschel 1876), finds her remark that to the end of 1783, she already had found 14 (this is quite probably the source for Buttmann's number).
	www.seds.org /messier/xtra/similar/cher.html (846 words)

	Caroline Herschel
		Caroline Herschel was born on March 16, 1750 in Hanover, Germany.
		Caroline's mother did not see the need for a girl to become educated and preferred to make Caroline a house servant to the rest of the family.
		Caroline began to help her brother in the manufacture of telescopes and to share his passion for astronomy.
	starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/herschel.html (392 words)

	Great Creation Scientists
		His sister Caroline, who shared his love of music (she was a singer) and astronomy, came to live with him in Bath.
		Caroline was her brother William’s devoted and invaluable assistant for 50 years.
		Caroline was humble, dedicated, and self-sacrificing — ‘Her cometary discoveries she made light of, counting them as nothing compared with the assistance that she had been able to give William.
	www.answersingenesis.org /creation/v22/i3/scientists.asp (1843 words)

	The Caroline Herschel Objects
		William kept his telescope aimed at the meridian; Caroline noted the elevation of each object he sighted and the sidereal time, as well as his spoken comments, and the next day she reduced the many readings into right ascensions and declinations.
		Caroline discovered it in the fall of 1783, and it is cataloged in the William Herschel list as H VI-30, the 30th object in his Classification VI: "very compressed and rich clusters of stars?"
		William's son John Herschel, however, later called it a "poor straggling cluster" and took its position as that of a double star some 50 seconds of right ascension (12.4') west of the object observed by his father and his aunt.
	www.aanc-astronomy.org /ArticlesForAANC/janeherschel.html (2046 words)

	Bio: Caroline Herschel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Caroline Herschel was a pioneer of her time — an educated woman who would catalogue stars and nebula and discover comets.
		The two were deeply devoted to one another, and Caroline quickly became involved in her brother’s new obsession — telescopes and astronomy.
		Caroline became famous for her scientific work and was awarded a gold medal by the Prussian Academy of Sciences, presented to her by the King of Prussia.
	amazing-space.stsci.edu /resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/bios/herschel/index.php (244 words)

	Herschel, Caroline Lucretia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Caroline Lucretia Herschel was born in Hannover, Germany, on March 16, 1750.
		There, Caroline was given a telescope by her brother, and she spent hours on end searching the skies for flying comets.
		In 1786, Caroline and William moved to the "Observatory House", the place where Caroline spotted her first comet, sometimes called "first lady's comet." Also in this year, William got married, and this dramatically changed Caroline's lifestyle, although she never wavered from astronomy.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/H/Herschel/1.html (343 words)

	No. 221: Caroline Herschel
		illiam and Caroline Herschel were brother and sister, born in 1738 and 1750 in Hanover.
		Caroline's father assured her that she was was not pretty enough to marry, and her mother discouraged her bookishness.
		Caroline Herschel's epitaph, which she composed herself, is quoted in
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi221.htm (582 words)

	Caroline Herschel
		Caroline Herschel was a singer, mathematician and astronomer!
		Caroline Herschel was born in Germany in 1750.
		Caroline's mother thought it was a waste of time for a girl to become educated.
	starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/StarChild/whos_who_level1/herschel.html (247 words)

	Caroline Lucretia Herschel -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		German-born British astronomer noted for her contributions to the astronomical researches of her brother, Sir William Herschel; she executed many of the calculations connected with his studies and, on her own, detected by telescope three nebulae in 1783 and eight comets from 1786 to 1797.
		The founder of modern stellar astronomy was a German-born organist, William Herschel.
		Herschel developed theories of the structure of nebulas and the evolution of stars, cataloged many binary stars, and made significant modifications in the reflecting telescope.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9040233 (659 words)

	Caroline Herschel (1750-1848)
		Caroline Herschel was born on March 16, 1750 in Hannover, Germany, as the younger sister of William Herschel.
		64, Caroline stated to have observed 14 objects until the end of 1783 alone, but the present author is only aware of a total of 13 (of which only 10 or 11 were known at that time).
		Caroline Herschel was honored lately by the astronomical community by naming a Lunar Crater after her: C. Herschel (34.5N, 31.2W, 13.0 km diameter, 1935).
	www.seds.org /messier/xtra/Bios/cherschel.html (245 words)

	Herschel, Caroline Lucretia (1750-1848)
		Sister of William Herschel and aunt of John Herschel, she was born in Hanover and raised to be the household servant, with little education.
		Her mother believed that it was her daughter's duty to look after her brothers, while her father, a musician in the Hanoverian Guards, included her in music lessons given to his sons but warned her against any thoughts of marriage because she wasn't good looking or rich and, therefore, couldn't expect an offer.
		When William was made Court Astronomer after his discovery of Uranus in 1781, Caroline was appointed the first official female assistant to this position.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/H/Herschel_Caroline.html (342 words)

	Herschel Club - Herschel Society
		The home of Sir William Herschel, in Bath, England, has been purchased by the William Herschel Society, an organization seeking to create a museum to the 18th and 19th century astronomer.
		President of the group is Patrick Moore, and its patron is Caroline Herschel.
		The society seeks to have a "Friends of Herschel House" formed in the United States as a non-profit, IRS-registered charity to enable persons who wish to contribute to the project to make deductible contributions.
	www.astroleague.org /al/obsclubs/herschel/hershsoc.html (304 words)

	Canada's Contribution to SPIRE on Herschel
		Caroline was the fifth of six surviving siblings.
		Caroline received no formal education, and her chances of leaving home by way of marriage were minimal since she had suffered from typhus in childhood, stunting her height at only 4’ 3’’.
		They made music together (Caroline was a talented singer), and they became one of the best astronomers of their time.
	spire.uleth.ca /herschelfamily.cfm (382 words)

	Caroline Herschel
		Caroline originally came to England to receive a music education, but she worked in England most of her life along side her brother, William Herschel, helping him make astronomical observations and then making her own.
		Caroline received the Gold Medel for Science from the King of Prussia in 1846.
		Caroline Herschel was 98 years old when she died.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /cgi-bin/tour_def?/people/enlightenment/herschelC.html (125 words)

	The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Story Of The Herschels, author unknown.
		In July 1783 Herschel began his observations with his large twenty-foot telescope, though it was in an unfinished state; and his sister watched and waited with much apprehension when she knew him to be elevated some fifteen feet or more on a temporary crossbeam instead of a safe gallery.
		Such was Herschel's explanation of the mode of formation of the solar spots; and allowing it to be well-founded, we must expect to find—what is, indeed, the case—that the Sun does not always and regularly pour forth equal quantities of light and heat.
		In March 1821, the younger Herschel, in conjunction with Sir James South, undertook a series of observations on the distances and positions of three hundred and eighty double and triple stars, by means of two splendid achromatic telescopes of five and seven focal length.
	www.gutenberg.org /files/12340/12340-h/12340-h.htm (17388 words)

	American Scientist Online - Stargazing Siblings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		William was encouraged in this pursuit, but Caroline was kept as a kitchen drudge by her mother, who foiled every effort by her daughter to achieve independence as a governess through an education in music and languages.
		This situation developed in Caroline a lifelong fear of being unable to fend for herself, which was intensified by her small stature, her plain appearance and a bout with smallpox that left her "totally disfigured" and damaged in the left eye.
		It is an indication of Caroline's complexities that she wrote two autobiographies, one when she was in her 70s, the other in her 90s.
	www.americanscientist.org /template/BookReviewTypeDetail/assetid/31354?&print=yes (993 words)

	Bath Preservation Trust: The William Herschel Museum
		The William Herschel Museum is dedicated to the many achievements of the Herschels, who were distinguished astronomers as well as talented musicians.
		Caroline also made a huge contribution to the field of astronomy.
		To quote from the patron of the museum Patrick Moore, "William Herschel was the first man to give a reasonably correct picture of the shape of our star-system or galaxy; he was the best telescope-maker of his time, and possibly the greatest observer who ever lived".
	www.bath-preservation-trust.org.uk /museums/herschel (193 words)

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