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Topic: Carolingian Empire

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	Holy Roman Empire - MSN Encarta
		Introduction; Background; The Carolingian Empire (800-912); The Ottonian Empire (936-1024); The Salian Emperors and the Investiture Controversy (1024-1125); The Hohenstaufens and the Peak of the Empire (1137-1254); Decline of the Empire and Ascendancy of the Habsburgs (1273-1806); The End of the Empire; Legacy of the Empire
		The Holy Roman Empire was an attempt to revive the Western Roman Empire, whose legal and political structure had deteriorated during the 5th and 6th centuries and had been replaced by independent kingdoms ruled by Germanic nobles.
		By the terms of the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the empire was split among Louis’s three sons.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761558731/Holy_Roman_Empire.html (2365 words)

	Middle Ages - MSN Encarta
		While the Roman Empire was based on the Mediterranean Sea, Charlemagne's was an empire of the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea.
		Carolingian kings also called frequent meetings of the chief men of the empire, including bishops and abbots (heads of monasteries), to discuss laws, military matters, and religious issues.
		Carolingian kings wanted every monastery to have both an internal school for future monks and an external school for the children in the neighborhood.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761578474_4/Middle_Ages.html (1626 words)

	Holy Roman Empire. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Some countries (e.g., Hungary) were ruled by the emperor or imperial prince but were outside the empire, while others (e.g., Flanders, Pomerania, Schleswig, and Holstein) were part of the empire but were ruled by foreign princes who held their lands in fief from the emperor and took part in the imperial diet.
		The defense of the empire against foreign attack was made more difficult by the repeated attempts of the emperors to maintain their authority in Italy against the opposition of the city-states (see commune), the papacy, and the petty princes.
		The struggle ended with the virtual dissolution of the empire in the Peace of Westphalia (1648; see Westphalia, Peace of), which recognized the sovereignty of all the states of the empire; the only limitation was that the princes could not make alliances directed against the empire or the emperor.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ho/HolyRoma.html (1820 words)

	Italy encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Italy politics and officials, Italy History. Travel to Italy
		The term Carolingian Empire is sometimes used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the dynasty of the Carolingians.
		The "Carolingian Empire" ended with the death of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles III the Fat in 888, although some Carolingians managed to gain the Imperial crown in later times.
		The new forces were inferior to that of the younger brothers, and following a meeting of the brothers in 842 on an island in the Saone River, the empire was partitioned in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun.
	www.italyiworld.com /wiki-Carolingian_Empire (1695 words)

	Issue of the So-called 'Holy Roman Empire'
		Charlemagne's 'empire' was a Frankish empire, forged by his personality, and there was not developed a viable system to perpetuate it as a permanent institution.
		With the end of the Carolingian empire a political separation between the east and west Franks became irreversible as their respective cultures continued to develop differently.
		The Treaty of Verdun (843) divided the Carolingian empire among the sons of Louis I. Lothar I retained title of 'emperor' and the kingdom of Italy.
	xenophongroup.com /montjoie/hre-isu.htm (2235 words)

	Vikings & their Gods - Carolingian Empire
		Carolingian, sometimes called Carlovingian, second dynasty of Frankish kings who ruled parts of Western Europe from the 7th to the 10th centuries.
		The family was descended from Pepin the Elder of Landen, a powerful landowner who served Clotaire II, the Merovingian king of the Franks, as mayor of the palace of Austrasia from around 584 to 629.
		The German line, which also ruled the Holy Roman Empire, became extinct in 911 and was replaced by the Saxons; the French line held power until 987, when it was succeeded by the Capetians.
	www.angelfire.com /realm/shades/vikings/carolingian.htm (367 words)

	Royalty.nu - The Carolingian Empire - Charlemagne and His Heirs
		Meanwhile, the former Eastern Roman empire, which we now call the Byzantine Empire, was ruled by an empress named Irene, who had deposed her son, Constantine VI, and had his eyes put out.
		The emperors of the Byzantine empire had always considered themselves to be the rightful successors to the emperors of ancient Rome, but the pope believed that Irene could not legally rule under Roman law because she was a woman, so he decided to give Charlemagne the title of emperor.
		Baptism and the education of the clergy in the Carolingian empire.
	www.royalty.nu /history/empires/Carolingian.html (3097 words)

	Germany The Carolingian Dynasty, 752-911 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		Charlemagne, founder of an empire that was Roman, Christian, and Germanic, was crowned emperor in Rome by the pope in 800.
		The Carolingian Empire was based on an alliance between the emperor, who was a temporal ruler supported by a military retinue, and the pope of the Roman Catholic Church, who granted spiritual sanction to the imperial mission.
		The duchies were strengthened when the Carolingian line died out in 911; subsequent kings would have no direct blood link to the throne with which to legitimate their claims to power against the territorial dukes.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/germany/germany_history_the_carolingian_dynasty_752_911.html (604 words)

	Frankish Empire information - Search.com
		The Frankish Empire was the territory of the Franks, from the 5th to the 10th centuries, from 481 ruled by Clovis I of the Merovingian Dynasty, the first king of all the Franks.
		Since the term "Empire" properly applies only to times after the coronation of Charlemagne in 800, and since the unified kingdom was repeatedly split and re-united, most historians prefer to use the term Frankish Kingdoms or Frankish Realm to refer to the entirety of Frankish rule from the 5th to the 9th century.
		The term "Carolingian Empire" may be used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the dynasty of the Carolingians, but the term "Empire" applies particularly to the times after thee coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor in 800 by Pope Leo III.
	www.search.com /reference/Frankish_empire (3097 words)

	The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718-1050
		We might begin by emphasizing that at the summit of the Carolingian governmental system was the head of the Carolingian family, who bore the title of king up to 800, of emperor afterwards.
		In addition the extent of the Carolingian empire made it impossible for a monarch to supervise personally remote regions, as might have been possible had the empire been smaller.
		In the Midi, as elsewhere in the empire, are to be found a class of important landowners known as vassi dominici, who were given land belonging to the royal fisc as life benefices in return for an oath of allegiance or fidelitas.
	libro.uca.edu /lewis/sfc4.htm (7560 words)

	Holy Roman Empire
		From 1184 to 1186 the Hohenstaufen empire under Barbarossa reached its peak in the Reichsfest (imperial celebrations) held at Mainz and the marriage of his son Henry in Milan to the Norman princess Constance of Sicily.
		In the Empire, extensive sovereign powers were granted to ecclesiastical and secular princes, leading to the rise of independent territorial states.
		The causes were the conflicts between Catholics and Protestants, the efforts by the various states within the Empire to increase their power and the Emperor's attempt to achieve the religious and political unity of the Empire.
	www.germany-travels.com /holy_roman_empire.html (2184 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Carolingian Schools
		Later, as Archbishop of Mainz, he continued to sustain the programme of the Carolingian revival, and by his efforts for the improvement of popular preaching, and by his advocacy of the use of the vernacular tongue, earned the title of the "Teacher of Germany".
		Carolingian schools was maintained by the proscholus, and that the medieval scholar dreaded the rod is clear from an episode in the history of the school of
		Thus the educational influence of the Carolingian revival of learning was continued in some way down to the dawn of the era of university education in the thirteenth century.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03349c.htm (2107 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Treaty of Verdun
		Though often presented as the beginning of a devolution or dissolution of Charlemagne's unitary empire, it in fact reflected the continued adherence to the Germanic, and therefore Frankish, idea of a partible or divisible inheritance rather than primogeniture, inheritance by the eldest son.
		Map of Carolingian Empire The term Carolingian Empire is sometimes used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the dynasty of the Carolingians.
		The Treaty of Mersen (870 AD) was an agreement of the division of the Carolingian Empire by the sons of Louis I, Charles II of the West Franks (France) and Louis the German of East Franks (Germany), signed at the town of Meerssen, which is now in the Netherlands.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Treaty-of-Verdun (2297 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The "Carolingian Empire" ended with the death of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles III the Fat in 888, although some Carolingians managed to gain the Imperial crown in later times.
		Martel was also the founder of all the feudal systems that marked the Carolingian Empire, and Europe in general during the Middle Ages, though his son and grandson would gain credit for his innovations.
		Meanwhile in 817, Louis had established three new Carolingian Kingships for his sons of his first marriage: Lothar was made King of Italy and co-Emperor, Pepin was made King of Aquitaine, and Louis the German made King of Bavaria.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Carolingian_Empire (1564 words)

	Carolingian_Empire LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		The "Carolingian Empire" ended with the death of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles III the Fat in 888, although some Carolingians managed to gain the Imperial crown in later times.
		Meanwhile in 817, Louis had established three new Carolingian Kingships for his sons of his first marriage: Lothar was made King of Italy and co-Emperor, Pepin was made King of Aquitaine, and Louis the German made King of Bavaria.
		Carolingian Empire after the Treaty of Verdun partition of 843.
	www.school-explorer.com /info/Carolingian_Empire (1626 words)

	Carolingian Renaissance Summary
		Despite the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne's successors, the cultural revival that he inspired continued until the Vikings put an end to it, and even then something of the achievement of the eighth and ninth centuries survived to foster the renaissance of the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
		The Carolingian Renaissance was a period of intellectual and cultural revival occurring in the late 8th and 9th century, with the peak of the activities occurring during to the reigns of the Carolingian rulers Charlemagne and Louis the Pious.
		An additional problem was that the vulgar Latin of the later Western Roman Empire had begun to diverge into the regional dialects, the precursors to today's Romance languages, that were becoming mutually unintelligible and preventing scholars from one part of Europe being able to communicate with persons from another part of Europe.
	www.bookrags.com /Carolingian_Renaissance (1783 words)

	Carolingian Empire - Definition, explanation
		The Empire of the Carolingians had been divided up into kingdoms ruled by various members of the Carolingian dynasty.
		From the inception of the Empire, these included: King Charles of Neustria (containing the Duchies of Frisia, Hesse, and Saxony), King Louis the Pious of Aquitaine, and King Pepin of Italy.
		Charles tried to annex his realm too, but was defeated decisively at Andernach, and the Kingdom of the eastern Franks was divided between: King Louis III of Saxony, King Carloman of Bavaria and King Charles the Fat of Swabia.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/c/ca/carolingian_empire.php (1239 words)

	Carolingian Empire (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The term Carolingian Empire is sometimes used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the dynasty of the Carolingians.
		When used, the term emphasizes on the coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor in 800, although this did not actually constitute a new empire because both Charles as well as his ancestors had been rules of the Frankish realm earlier.
		Because of this, most historians prefer to use the term "Frankish kingdoms" or "Frankish realm" to refer to the area covering parts of today's Germany and France from the 5th to the 9th century.
	www.wapipedia.org /wikipedia/mobiletopic.aspx?cur_title=Carolingian_Empire (137 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Carolingian (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Toward the beginning of the Carolingian Period, in the 8th cent., a gradual change appeared in Western culture and art, a change that later reached its apex under Charlemagne.
		Carolingian empire The collection of territories in Western Europe ruled by the family of CHARLEMAGNE (768–814 AD) from whom the dynasty took its name.
		Carolingian renaissance Cultural revival in France and Italy under the encouragement of Charlemagne.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Carolingian&StartAt=1 (815 words)

	Carolingian Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Carolingian dynasty were rulers that controlled the Frankish realm from the 8th to the 10th century, taking over the kingdoms from the Merovingian dynasty in 751.
		After the division of the empire among Charlemagne's three grandsons in the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the Carolingians initially continued to hold the throne in all three sections that were created.
		Arguably the founder of the Frankish Empire in Western Europe, Charlemagne was the elder son of Pepin the Short (714 — September 24, 768, reigned 751 — 768) and his wife Bertrada of Laon (720 — July 12, 783); he was the brother of the Lady Bertha mother of Roland.
	www.paris-walking-tours.com /carolingiandynasty.html (3674 words)

	The Carolingian Economy \| Book Reviews \| EH.Net (Site not responding. Last check: )
		To Verhulst, the prime mover of Carolingian economic expansion was the manor.
		But whether it was a Carolingian creature or not, the manor is a lordly creation, and to focus on it (and its characteristic documents, the polytptychs) suggests that what mattered in the Carolingian economy were the choices and strategies of the elite.
		Carolingian authors' terrifying accounts of famines fit inside moralizing discourses, and should be treated gingerly as evidence of cereal dearth: chroniclers were just as likely to mention famine as proof of divine displeasure with aristocratic politics as they were to describe actual penury.
	www.eh.net /bookreviews/library/0626.shtml (1215 words)

	Carolingian - Qwika
		Carolingian Carolingian Dynasty Pippinids Pippin the Elder (+ 640) Grimoald...
		Carolingian Empire Map of Carolingian Empire The term Carolingian Empire is sometimes used to refer to...
		Carolingian G The Carolingian G or French G is one of...
	www.qwika.com /find/Carolingian (500 words)

	Online Etymology Dictionary
		Empire style (esp. in ref. to a style of dresses with high waistlines) is 1869, from the Second Empire "rule of Napoleon III of France" (1852-70).
		Meaning "of or pertaining to an empire" (especially the Roman) is from 1390.
		In the Roman Empire, a sort of court usher; the post gradually gained importance in the Western kingdoms.
	www.etymonline.com /index.php?search=empire (1605 words)

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