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Topic: Carolingian minuscule

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	Minuscule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Minuscule, or lower case, is the smaller form (case) of letters (in the Roman alphabet: a, b, c,...).
		It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the half-uncials and cursive minuscule, which no longer stay bound between a pair of lines.
		The minuscule script for the Greek alphabet has its origins in the seventh century and acquired its quadrilinear form in the eighth century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Minuscule (427 words)

	Carolingian minuscule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Carolingian or Caroline minuscule is a script developed as a writing standard in Europe so that the Roman alphabet could be easily recognized by the small literate class from one region to another.
		Though the Carolingian minuscule was superseded by Gothic hands, it later seemed so thoroughly 'classic' to the humanists of the early Renaissance that they took these Carolingian manuscripts to be true Roman ones and modelled their Renaissance hand on the Carolingian one, and thus it passed to the 15
		Indeed 'Carolingian minuscule' is a style of typographic font, which approximates this historical hand, eliminating the nuances of size of capitals, long descenders, etc..
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carolingian_minuscule (1106 words)

	Caroline Minuscule
		The development of Caroline Minuscule, or Carolingian minuscule, was a reform which increased the uniformity, clarity and legibility of handwriting.
		Accompanying the reform of the minuscule scripts was a return to standard Classical forms of the majuscule scripts such as uncial, and also half uncial, for display headings.
		Insular minuscule disappeared from the German monasteries of Anglo-Saxon foundation around the mid 9th century and was replaced by Caroline minuscule.
	medievalwriting.50megs.com /scripts/history5.htm (971 words)

	Carolingian minuscule
		Carolingian minuscule is a font or script developed as a writing standard in Europe so that the roman alphabet could be easily recognized by all.
		Scrolls, Christian texts, and educational material were written in Carolingian minuscule throughout the Renaissance.
		The Freising manuscripts, the first Roman-script record of any Slavic language, which contain the oldest Slovene language are written in Carolingian minuscule.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ca/Carolingian_minuscule.html (97 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It is not until the final breakup of the Carolingian Empire in the 10th and 11th centuries that it becomes possible to trace out the local history of the Alps.
		During the Carolingian epoch the custom grew up of granting these as regular heritable fiefs or benefices, and by the 10th century, before the great Cluniac reform, the system was firmly established.
		It was not uncommon for the Merovingian, Carolingian, or later kings to make laymen abbots of monasteries; the layman would often use the income of the monastery as his own and leave the monks a bare minimum for the necessary expenses of the foundation.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/Carolingian.htm (981 words)

	Carolingian minuscule - One Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The new minuscule was disseminated first from Aachen, and later from the influential scriptorium at Tours, France, where Alcuin "retired" as abbot.
		In Austria, Salzburg was the major centre of Carolingian script, while Fulda, Mainz, and Wurzburg were the major centres in Germany.
		Outside the sphere of influence of Charlemagne and his successors, however, the new legible hand was resisted by the Roman Curia; nevertheless the Romanesca type was developed in Rome after the 10th century.
	www.onelang.com /encyclopedia/index.php/Carolingian_minuscule (1205 words)

	Minuscule letter - Wikipedia
		Minuscule, or lowercase, refers to the smaller form of letters: a,b,c.
		Traditionally more important letters - those beginning sentences or nouns - were made larger; now they were written in a different script, although there was no fixed capitalization system until the early 18th century (and even then all nouns were capitalized, a system still followed in German but not in English).
		The Greek alphabet was put in minuscule form around the same time that the Roman alphabet was, although uncial letters were not mixed in until about a century later.
	nostalgia.wikipedia.org /wiki/Minuscule (263 words)

	Oct (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Now the Carolingians were kings of the Franks ordained by God’s representative, the Pope.
		We still use the Carolingian minuscule in our lower case letters; the Romans had only used upper case letters.
		Second reason the Carolingian Empire disintegrated, was because two ethnic groups - the Vikings and the Magyars - invaded it.
	www.luc.edu /faculty/ldossey/carolingiansoct18.htm (1514 words)

	Pakistan encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Pakistan politics and officials, Pakistan History. Travel to ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As early as the 11th century, different forms of Carolingian were already being used, and by the mid-12th century, a clearly distinguishable form, able to be written more quickly to meet the demand for new books, was being used in north-eastern France and the Low Countries.
		The term Gothic was first used to describe this script in 15th century Italy, in the midst of the Renaissance, because Renaissance Humanists believed it was a barbaric script (Gothic was a synonym for barbaric).
		English flletter developed from the form of Caroline minuscule used there after the Norman Conquest, sometimes called "Romanesque minuscule." Textualis forms developed after 1190 and were used most often until approximately 1300, afterwards being used mainly for de luxe manuscripts.
	www.pakistaneworld.com /wiki-Blackletter (2106 words)

	Carolingia: How we communicate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Carolingian Minuscule is a publication of the Barony of Carolingia of the Society for Creative Anachronism, Inc. ("SCA Inc.").
		A year's subscription to the Minuscule constitutes 11 issues; the July and August issue are usually combined, due to Pennsic.
		The Minuscule is not a corporate publication of the SCA Inc. and does not delineate SCA policies.
	jducoeur.org /Carolingia/comm.html (376 words)

	EMC English Ballad Archive
		The fl letter and roman typefaces are both descendants of the Carolingian minuscule, the style of writing that Charlemagne decreed be used in all church books in 780.
		The Carolingian minuscule “spread throughout France, had a profound influence in Italy, Spain, and England, [and] became the dominant handwriting of western Europe” (Updike 50).
		During the same period that fl letter was becoming dominant in northern Europe, the Carolingian minuscule was being revived in southern Europe, particularly in Italy.
	emc.english.ucsb.edu /ballad_project/background_essays/blackletter.asp (1180 words)

	Palaeography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Palaeography is in many ways a prerequisite for philology, and it encounters two main difficulties: firstly, since the style of a single alphabet has changed constantly (Carolingian minuscule, Gothic, etc.), it is necessary to know how to decipher the characters that constitute a manuscript.
		Secondly, these manuscripts carry by necessity many abbreviations for the purpose of saving space—since each page was made from the skin of one sheep, one had to have a sizable flock just to produce a Bible, even an abridged one.
		His rule over a large part of the continent provided an opportunity to unify these writing styles in the hand called Carolingian minuscule.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Palaeography (507 words)

	Paleography
		Minuscules resulted from the rapid writing of majuscules under cursive influence; the letters became changed in form and reduced in size, but minuscule writing is, in most instances, distinct from cursive writing.
		The minuscule scripts that developed from cursive became the so-called national hands of the Middle Ages, each assuming an individuality in the locality in which it prevailed.
		During the 11th century Carolingian minuscule began to assume an individual form in the various nations of western Europe.
	autocww.colorado.edu /~blackmon/E64ContentFiles/LinguisticsAndLanguages/Paleography.html (1261 words)

	Creating French Culture (Library of Congress Exhibition)
		By the mid-eighth century when the Carolingian family deposed the Merovingian dynasty, the king was more than a warlord, he was also a religious figure, the Christian leader of his subjects, the new chosen people.
		Carolingian kings actively supported the study of religious texts which prepared monks, the "soldiers of Christ," to lead their people to salvation.
		As was customary for Carolingian sacramentaries, only the Preface and the Canon of the Mass are illustrated, in this case in the very beautiful, purely ornamental style that marked the end of Carolingian illumination.
	www.lcweb.loc.gov /exhibits/bnf/bnf0003.html (1959 words)

	Carolingian Scripts
		21-24: The Caroline minuscule lasted more than four centuries in its original incarnation and then, largely as the result of its introduction into printing as the roman type font in the 1460s, has lasted almost six more centuries since it was revived by the Renaissance humanists shortly after 1400.
		The earliest dated surviving examples of the script are found in a Bible copied at Corbie in the 770s at the order of Abbot Maurdramm and in some dedicatory verses added to an Evangelistary copied in the entourage of Charlemagne between 781 and 783.....
		He too was in a position to appreciate the new minuscule, whose special quality of legibility contrasted so favourably with the eccentricities of his native Anglo-Saxon hand.
	employees.oneonta.edu /farberas/arth/arth212/Carolingian_Culture/carolingian_scripts.html (832 words)

	Medieval Manuscripts: General Introduction
		Their capital letters were taken from Roman incised inscriptions and their lower case from the minuscule (small letter) manuscripts of the school of Charlemagne.
		Carolingian monasteries were important centers for the revival of learning, for it was in their scriptoria that ancient manuscripts were copied.
		The lowercase letters used today are based on the Carolingian minuscule script developed at the scriptorium of the Abbey of Saint Martin at Tours in the late eighth-early ninth centuries.
	www.umfa.utah.edu /?id=MTUw (2888 words)

	calligraphy. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A.D. the development of the half uncial or minuscule letter from the Roman capital gave rise to an extraordinarily beautiful and long-lasting calligraphy.
		Carolingian minuscule script and its splendid and complex derivative, known as Gothic, were the principal calligraphic styles from the 9th to the 14th cent.
		The humanistic handwriting style of the Renaissance, a deliberate imitation of Carolingian minuscule, was both aesthetically pleasing and extremely legible.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ca/calligra.html (623 words)

	Carolingian Renaissance - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Image:BritLibAddMS11848Fol160rText.jpg The Carolingian Renaissance was a period of intellectual and cultural revival occurring in the late 8th and 9th century, with the peak of the activities occurring during to the reigns of the Carolingian rulers Charlemagne and Louis the Pious.
		The period also saw the development of Medieval Latin and Carolingian minuscule, providing a common language and writing style that allowed for communication across most of Europe.
		Other contributions from this period was the development of Carolingian minuscule, a "book-hand" first used at the monasteries of Corbie and Tours that introduced the use of lower case letters.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Carolingian_Renaissance (683 words)

	Carolingian minuscule - ParaType help & info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It was developed in the 8–9th centuries under the influence of Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne (Carolus Magnus) and named after him.
		In Carolingian writing the two separate alphabets appeared first, what we call now upper and lowercase.
		Carolingian minuscule was the background on which the Renaissance humanist minuscule of the 14–15th centuries was based.
	www.paratype.com /help/term/terms.asp?code=60 (66 words)

	The Schoyen Collection: Palaeography -- 4.3. Latin book scripts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Commentary: From a previously unidentified and unrecorded Carolingian commentary on Matthew, written by an insular scribe in a Franco-Saxon scriptorium under the influence of the scriptorium of St. Martin's Tour.
		Commentary: The Carolingian gloss is hitherto unknown and the two fragments are the only witnesses to it.
		MS in Latin on vellum, England, 1st half of 11th c., 1 partial f., 27x9 cm, originally 27xca.22 cm, 1 of 2 columns, (25x7 cm remaining, column width 8 cm), 32 lines in Carolingian minuscule, 5 lines in red uncials, 4 red 2- to 3-line capitals.
	www.nb.no /baser/schoyen/4/4.4/443_3.html (1132 words)

	Caroline Minuscule: Products of Culture
		Scholars and other individuals can then spend time and energy on abstract thoughts and the development of arts only if they are not required to spend all of their energy on the mere elements of survival.
		The Minuscule itself was widespread by virtue of prosperity and political stability, which set the seen for another important product of culture in the era, the increased creation, dissemination and reproduction of literature.
		Carolingian Minuscule helped shape another important product of culture, which was the newfound ease of spreading knowledge, sharing ideas, and developing a culture of knowledge.
	homepage.mac.com /etherbob/projects/minuscule/Products_of_Culture.html (378 words)

	Alcuin of York - Allchin Files
		There he developed the Carolingian minuscule, a clear script which has become the basis of the way the letters of the present Roman alphabet are written.
		The development of Carolingian minuscule had a large impact on the history of mathematics, although somewhat indirectly.
		Most of the surviving works of the ancient Greek mathematicians do so because of this copying process and it is the 'latest' version written in minuscule script which has survived.
	www.allchins.com /alcuin.html (501 words)

	Carolingian minuscule - TheBestLinks.com - Caroline minuscule, Alcuin, Aachen, Charlemagne, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Carolingian minuscule - TheBestLinks.com - Caroline minuscule, Alcuin, Aachen, Charlemagne,...
		Documents written in a local language, Visigothic or Anglo-Saxon rather than Latin, tended to be expressed in traditional local handwritings.
		With his interest in learning (though he himself learned to write late in life, and maintained that his fingers had been ruined for the pen by being trained to the sword), he sent for the English scholar Alcuin of York to run his palace school and scriptorium at his capital, Aachen.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Caroline_minuscule.html (588 words)

	Lecture 20: Charlemagne and the Carolingian Renaissance
		The Carolingians inherited land that retained some of the attributes of Roman administration, specifically laws and systems of taxation.
		The letters of the new script, called the Carolingian minuscule, were written in upper and lower case, with punctuation and words were separated.
		One of the most important consequences of the Carolingian Renaissance was that Charlemagne encouraged the spread of uniform religious practices as well as a uniform culture.
	www.historyguide.org /ancient/lecture20b.html (3637 words)

	[No title]
		\par Yet after his victory, the Carolingians got noticed by one of the most important leaders of early medieval Europe \endash the pope in Rome.
		\par \par }{\b Legacy of Carolingians: \par }{- Carolingians revived the imperial title in the west \endash after Charlemagne, there would continue to be emperors, esp. in Germany \endash and as we will see next week, these emperors would come into conflict with the popes who had originally created them.
		Second reason the Carolingian Empire disintegrated, was because two ethnic groups - the }{\ul Vikings and the Magyars}{ - invaded it.
	www.luc.edu /faculty/ldossey/Carolingians-Vikings-Chivalry.doc (2806 words)

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