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	History of Art: From Carolingian to Romanesque A
		The history of the Carolingian dynasty is inextricably linked to the evolution of early medieval civilization in western Europe.
		The most important innovations of Carolingian church architecture were clearly influenced by the idea of joining church and empire in a single enterprise.
		Indeed, Charlemagne's decision to restore the imagery of the Roman Empire at all levels was a striking feature of the was a striking feature of the new culture, and several works attest to the way in which classical forms permeated the new religious and imperial ideals.
	www.all-art.org /history144.html (1171 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Carolingian Schools
		Later, as Archbishop of Mainz, he continued to sustain the programme of the Carolingian revival, and by his efforts for the improvement of popular preaching, and by his advocacy of the use of the vernacular tongue, earned the title of the "Teacher of Germany".
		Carolingian schools was maintained by the proscholus, and that the medieval scholar dreaded the rod is clear from an episode in the history of the school of
		Thus the educational influence of the Carolingian revival of learning was continued in some way down to the dawn of the era of university education in the thirteenth century.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03349c.htm (2107 words)

	Carolingian minuscule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Carolingian or Caroline minuscule is a script developed as a writing standard in Europe so that the Roman alphabet could be easily recognized by the small literate class from one region to another.
		Though the Carolingian minuscule was superseded by Gothic hands, it later seemed so thoroughly 'classic' to the humanists of the early Renaissance that they took these Carolingian manuscripts to be true Roman ones and modelled their Renaissance hand on the Carolingian one, and thus it passed to the 15
		Indeed 'Carolingian minuscule' is a style of typographic font, which approximates this historical hand, eliminating the nuances of size of capitals, long descenders, etc..
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carolingian_minuscule (1106 words)

	Carolingian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Carolingian Dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians or Karlings) was a dynasty of rulers who began as mayors of the palaces and eventually became kings of the Franks (751).
		In the Middle, with the empty title of Emperor and that which would be the kingdoms of Lotharingia and Provence, as well as the Iron Crown of Lombardy (Italy), the major branch of the family ruled till 875, but further division occurred with the Treaty of Mersen in 870.
		In the East, the kernel of later Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, the Carolingians ruled until 911, the death of Louis the Child.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carolingian (593 words)

	Royalty.nu - The Carolingian Empire - Charlemagne and His Heirs
		Carolingian Chronicles: The Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories translated by Bernard W. Scholz and Barbara R. Rogers.
		Essays exploring the legacy of Rome in Carolingian culture and the enormous creativity of the Franks.
		Baptism and the education of the clergy in the Carolingian empire.
	www.royalty.nu /history/empires/Carolingian.html (3097 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Carolingians
		Toward the beginning of the Carolingian Period, in the 8th cent., a gradual change appeared in Western culture and art, a change that later reached its apex under Charlemagne.
		Carolingian empire The collection of territories in Western Europe ruled by the family of CHARLEMAGNE (768–814 AD) from whom the dynasty took its name.
		Carolingian renaissance Cultural revival in France and Italy under the encouragement of Charlemagne.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Carolingians (802 words)

	Carolingians.html
		Carolingian fortunes were initially advanced by the Merovingian king Clotar II (r.
		Despite this temporary setback for the Carolingians, Pepin I's grandson and duke of Austrasia, Pepin II of Heristal, managed to gain the mayoralty of both Austrasia and Neustria in 687.
		In 843 the treaty of Verdun ended the ideal of a united empire by dividing it into separate kingdoms for Louis the Pious's surviving sons: to Charles went the western regions, to Louis the German the eastern territories, and to Lothaire the middle section.
	www.utexas.edu /depts/french/web/Vessely/vessely/Carolingians.html (2240 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Also a crucial contribution was the Carolingian rediscovery of Priscian's Institutiones grammaticae and their early attempts to apply techniques derived from the study of dialectic to the study of grammar.
		Carolingian political polemic was truly innovatory, they suggest, in successfully marrying the conventions of classical rhetoric with a Christian teleological sense of the past.
		Extremely interesting is her discussion of the methods used by the Carolingians to bring about such uniformity in chant before the invention of musical notation, although she does then go on to talk in detail about the creation and uses of musical notation itself.
	www.infomotions.com /serials/bmmr/bmmr-9410-stacey-carolingian.txt (1842 words)

	Carolingian Renaissance Summary
		Despite the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne's successors, the cultural revival that he inspired continued until the Vikings put an end to it, and even then something of the achievement of the eighth and ninth centuries survived to foster the renaissance of the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
		The Carolingian Renaissance was a period of intellectual and cultural revival occurring in the late 8th and 9th century, with the peak of the activities occurring during to the reigns of the Carolingian rulers Charlemagne and Louis the Pious.
		Other contributions from this period was the development of Carolingian minuscule, a "book-hand" first used at the monasteries of Corbie and Tours that introduced the use of lower case letters.
	www.bookrags.com /Carolingian_Renaissance (1783 words)

	The Carolingian Empire (Site not responding. Last check: )
		One of the greatest accomplishments of the monasteries of the Carolingian era was the preservation of manuscripts.
		With the Carolingian Renaissance there was a new emphasis on accuracy, and this drew attention to the need for better handwriting.
		Carolingian miniscule was revived during the Renaissance and has survived as our lower case letters (the capital letters come from ancient Rome).
	history.boisestate.edu /westciv/charles/16.shtml (288 words)

	Carolingian
		An innovation of Carolingian builders, which was to be of incalculable importance for the later Middle Ages, was the emphasis given to the western extremity of the church.
		The outstanding structure of the Carolingian period still in existence is the palatine chapel at Aachen, dedicated by Pope Leo III in the year 805.
		Representative of Carolingian achievements in the arts are Charlemagne’s palace church at Aachen, illuminated manuscripts, and religious carvings; these works are in a new style, one derived from a mixture of classical, Byzantine, Germanic, and Celtic styles.
	www.neu.edu.tr /tr/staff/301/carolingian.htm (1328 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Carolingian
		The Carolingians (also known as the "Carlovingians") were a dynasty of rulers that eventually controlled the Frankish realm and its successors from the 8th to the 10th century, officially taking over the kingdoms from the Merovingian dynasty in 751.
		After the division of the empire among Charlemagne's three grandsons in the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the Carolingians initially continued to hold the throne in all three sections that were created.
		In the Middle, with the empty title of "Emperor" and the kingdom of Lotharingia which included Northern Italy, the major branch of the family ruled till 887, but further division was based on the Treaty of Mersen in 870.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Carolingian (379 words)

	Carolingian Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Carolingian dynasty were rulers that controlled the Frankish realm from the 8th to the 10th century, taking over the kingdoms from the Merovingian dynasty in 751.
		Charlemagne, Pippin's son, became King of the Franks in 768 and was crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800.
		Louis V was the last Carolingian king of France and reigned in Laon from March 2, 986 until his own death, at the age of 20, in 987.
	www.paris-walking-tours.com /carolingiandynasty.html (3674 words)

	AllRefer.com - Carolingian architecture and art : Carolingian Architecture (European Art To 1599) - Encyclopedia
		The new architecture, inspired by the forms of antiquity, abandoned the small boxlike shapes of the Merovingian period and used instead spacious basilicas often intersected by vast transepts.
		An innovation of Carolingian builders, which was to be of incalculable importance for the later Middle Ages, was the emphasis given to the western extremity of the church.
		The outstanding structure of the Carolingian period still in existence is the palatine chapel at Aachen, dedicated by Pope Leo III in the year 805.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/CarolingANA-carolingian-architecture.html (354 words)

	Caroline Minuscule
		The development of Caroline Minuscule, or Carolingian minuscule, was a reform which increased the uniformity, clarity and legibility of handwriting.
		It was evidently developed in the late 8th century scriptorium of Charlemagne, or in those of the monasteries under his patronage, in the course of his conscious efforts to revive the literate culture of Classical Rome.
		The Merovingian chancery script and its Carolingian successor were retained in Germany until around the mid 9th century and in France until the 10th century.
	medievalwriting.50megs.com /scripts/history5.htm (971 words)

	The Carolingian Economy
		But whether it was a Carolingian creature or not, the manor is a lordly creation, and to focus on it (and its characteristic documents, the polytptychs) suggests that what mattered in the Carolingian economy were the choices and strategies of the elite.
		Carolingian authors' terrifying accounts of famines fit inside moralizing discourses, and should be treated gingerly as evidence of cereal dearth: chroniclers were just as likely to mention famine as proof of divine displeasure with aristocratic politics as they were to describe actual penury.
		The Carolingian Economy is an extremely useful compendium, orderly and deft in its presentation of a remote period's economics.
	www.eh.net /bookreviews/library/0626.shtml (1196 words)

	Vikings & their Gods - Carolingian Empire
		Carolingian, sometimes called Carlovingian, second dynasty of Frankish kings who ruled parts of Western Europe from the 7th to the 10th centuries.
		The family was descended from Pepin the Elder of Landen, a powerful landowner who served Clotaire II, the Merovingian king of the Franks, as mayor of the palace of Austrasia from around 584 to 629.
		The German line, which also ruled the Holy Roman Empire, became extinct in 911 and was replaced by the Saxons; the French line held power until 987, when it was succeeded by the Capetians.
	www.angelfire.com /realm/shades/vikings/carolingian.htm (367 words)

	Carolingian \| English \| Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
		Joososo The Carolingian Dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians or Karlings) was a dynasty of rulers who began as mayors of the palaces and eventually became kings of the Franks (751).
		The Carolingians succeeded the Merovingian Dynasty and continued to rule in France until 987 when Louis V died.
		The name Carolingian itself comes from Charlemagne, or Charles the Great (in Latin, Carolus Magnus), who was crowned emperor in 800 and is the dynasty's most prominent member.
	www.babylon.com /definition/Carolingian (176 words)

	The Carolingian Economy \| Book Reviews \| EH.Net (Site not responding. Last check: )
		To Verhulst, the prime mover of Carolingian economic expansion was the manor.
		But whether it was a Carolingian creature or not, the manor is a lordly creation, and to focus on it (and its characteristic documents, the polytptychs) suggests that what mattered in the Carolingian economy were the choices and strategies of the elite.
		Carolingian authors' terrifying accounts of famines fit inside moralizing discourses, and should be treated gingerly as evidence of cereal dearth: chroniclers were just as likely to mention famine as proof of divine displeasure with aristocratic politics as they were to describe actual penury.
	eh.net /bookreviews/library/0626 (1215 words)

	Carolingian Fencing Page
		Renaissance-style SCA fencing has had a long and active history here in the
		This page is intended to be a resource to fencers and anyone interested in SCA fencing in the greater Carolingian area (Boston, MA).
		Sundays 2-5 and Thursdays 7-9 at the Cambridge War Memorial.
	www.latourdulac.com /fencing (72 words)

	myArmoury.com: Fantasy Carolingian Broadsword
		The Carolingian Dynasty fell during a dramatic era.
		Clovis waged holy wars, and after his death came several drastic civil wars, and eventually the rise of King Charles the Great, or more commonly known as Charlemagne, which marked the complete transition between the classical and medieval era.
		Carolingian swords were longer than those of earlier times and therefore needed larger, sometimes box-shaped pommels to counterbalance their blades.
	www.myarmoury.com /review_jody_caro.html (1053 words)

	Creating French Culture (Library of Congress Exhibition)
		By the mid-eighth century when the Carolingian family deposed the Merovingian dynasty, the king was more than a warlord, he was also a religious figure, the Christian leader of his subjects, the new chosen people.
		Carolingian kings actively supported the study of religious texts which prepared monks, the "soldiers of Christ," to lead their people to salvation.
		As was customary for Carolingian sacramentaries, only the Preface and the Canon of the Mass are illustrated, in this case in the very beautiful, purely ornamental style that marked the end of Carolingian illumination.
	www.loc.gov /exhibits/bnf/bnf0003.html (1959 words)

	The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718-1050
		We might begin by emphasizing that at the summit of the Carolingian governmental system was the head of the Carolingian family, who bore the title of king up to 800, of emperor afterwards.
		Backed by the power of the Church, this Carolingian monarch was ruler by the grace of God, and rebellion against him was, in theory at least, disobedience to the Almighty.
		To control their counts the leading weapon available to the Carolingians, besides support for their potential rivals, the abbots and bishops of the local region, was removal from office.
	libro.uca.edu /lewis/sfc4.htm (7560 words)

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