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Topic: Carotene

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Vitamin D

Vitamin

Xanthophyll

Carotenoid

Pigment

Terpene

Human skin color

Conjugated system

Melanin

Chlorophyll

Lycopene

Cantonese Romanization

Vegetable

Anthocyanin

Pumpkin

	It:Beta Carotene - ChemWiki
		Beta-carotene belongs to a family of natural chemicals known as carotenes which is widely found in plants, fruits and vegetables which are orange red in colour.
		As excessive amounts of dietary vitamin A is toxic, beta carotene is a safer supplement because the body will only convert the need amounts of carotene into vitamin A, thus not poisoning the body.
		It is a symmetrical reaction using two C19 chains combined with a C2 Grignard reactant to give a C40 carotene chain.
	www.ch.ic.ac.uk /wiki/index.php/It:Beta_Carotene (311 words)

	Beta Carotene Chemoprevention Trials: Q & A - National Cancer Institute
		The purpose of the study was to see if the combination of beta carotene and vitamin A (a retinol) supplements would prevent lung and other cancers in men and women ages 50 to 69 who are smokers or former smokers, and men ages 45 to 69 who have been exposed to asbestos.
		The purpose of the study was to test whether a beta carotene supplement reduced the risk of cancer and heart disease as well as whether low-dose aspirin reduced the risk of heart disease.
		Beta carotene, which is found in plants, is a precursor of vitamin A. The body converts beta carotene to vitamin A. It occurs mainly in fruits and vegetables that are deep yellow, orange, or dark green in color, such as carrots, squash, yams, peaches, apricots, spinach, collard or mustard greens, and broccoli.
	www.cancer.gov /cancertopics/factsheet/Prevention/betacarotene (1485 words)

	carotene. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Carotene is thought to assist in trapping light energy for photosynthesis or to aid in chemical reduction.
		It is important in animal biology as the main dietary source of vitamin A (see vitamin), which is produced by splitting one molecule of carotene into two molecules of vitamin A. Carotene that is thus converted is called provitamin A. This reaction occurs in either the liver or intestinal wall.
		Carotenes are the simplest of a group of natural pigments called carotenoids, of which there are more than 600.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ca/carotene.html (194 words)

	Carotene - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Carotene is responsible for the orange colour of the carrots and many other fruits and vegetables.
		Carotene is an orange photosynthetic pigment important for photosynthesis.
		Carotene can be stored in the liver and converted to vitamin A as needed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carotene (467 words)

	Beta Carotene: Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine
		Beta carotene is one of the major dietary carotenoids and one of the most biologically active of approximately 800 carotenes and more than 1,000 carotenoids present in food.
		High beta carotene levels in the blood may be associated with a reduced risk of asthma.
		Beta carotene in food is found within an oil or a matrix of sugars and proteins; and, therefore, the absorption of beta carotene by the body varies greatly.
	health.enotes.com /alternative-medicine-encyclopedia/beta-carotene (1877 words)

	Carotenodermia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Carotenodermia (also carotenaemia, carotenemia or hypercarotenemia) is a yellowish/orange discoloration of the skin, most often occurring in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet as a result of high levels of carotene in the body.
		Though all pigmented fruits and vegetables contain some amount of carotene, especially large amounts of it are in breast milk, carrots, squash, sweet potato, pumpkin, spinach, beans, egg yolks, corn and yams.
		Excessive consumption of lycopene, a plant pigment similar to carotene and present in tomatoes, can cause a deep orange discoloration of the skin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carotenemia (418 words)

	beta carotene vitamin herbal supplements
		The human body can readily convert beta carotene into vitamin A. In 1830, the yellow pigment in carrots was isolated and named carotene, however, it was not until 1919 that the connection between carotene and vitamin A was known.
		It is now known that people with high levels of beta carotene in their diets have less chance of developing certain types of cancers than those with a lower intake of the nutrient.
		Deficiency symptoms of beta carotene are the same as for vitamin A. The only known side effect occurring with high levels of beta carotene is "carotenemia," a harmless condition in which the skin turns a slight orange color.
	www.onlinefitnesstrainer.com /vitamins/beta_carotene.htm (432 words)

	BETA-CAROTENE
		Carotene: though carotene is the simplest of a group of natural pigments called carotenoids, it has an unsaturated and long aliphatic hydrocarbon chain.
		Carotene is thought to transport light energy for photosynthesis or contribute to reduction reaction.
		Carotene occurs in several isomeric forms: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, and zeta of which the form of beta acts as an antioxidant nutrient protecting the body from damaging molecules called free radicals and an immune system booster as it is converted to vitamin A (retinol), important in animal biology as the main dietary source.
	www.chemicalland21.com /arokorhi/lifescience/foco/BETA-CAROTENE.htm (528 words)

	Beta Carotene
		The study was halted when it became clear that those taking beta carotene (not even a high dose—just 30 milligrams a day) actually had a higher rate of lung cancer and higher mortality rate than those taking a placebo.
		The problem is partly the smoking, partly the beta carotene, and partly the oxygen-rich environment of the lungs.
		Beta carotene is oxidized as it inactivates the free radicals from cigarette smoke, and its antioxidant capacity is "used up." In the process, it can turn into a pro-oxidant or form oxidized by-products, particularly if adequate amounts of vitamins C and E aren't present.
	www.berkeleywellness.com /html/ds/dsBetaCarotene.html (979 words)

	Palmcarotenol a beta-carotene based dietary supplement
		The long-term studies of all three isomers revealed that the b-isomer of carotene, which was actually provitamin A, had the greatest biological importance and was the most common among them.
		The use of raw plants containing carotene as food throughout the year is practically impossible because of the seasonal character of their production.
		The analysis of the data of 282 inquired patients with pulmonary cancer, standardized according to sex, age, smoking habits, etc. with a view to their nutrition, in three classes, namely high, moderate and low Beta-carotene content in the food, used for a long time, could be regarded as risk factor for cancer diseases.
	www.sopharma.com /categories/102/10205palmcarotenol.html (904 words)

	1dietstore.com - Information - Beta-Carotene
		Carotenes are found in green, orange, and yellow fruits and vegetables, but research shows that people don't eat as many servings of fruits And vegetables as is recommended, even when they think they do.
		Carotenes not only prevent cancer, but they; also protect many areas of the body from damage and disease.
		Carotenes may be helpful in recovering froma sprain or torn ligament.
	www.onedietstore.com /1ds_info-beta-carotene.htm (514 words)

	Carotene (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is responsible for the orange colour of the carrot, and can cause people who have consumed enough to turn slightly yellow.
		Carotene is the dimer of vitamin A and comes in two forms &alpha and β-carotene.
		Both types can be stored in the liver, and unlike vitamin A, excess carotene is non-toxic and can also be converted to vitamin A as needed.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Carotene.html (241 words)

	Augusta Georgia: technology@ugusta: Study: No benefit for taking beta carotene pills 12/15/99
		Cardiovascular deaths were 14 for the beta carotene group and 12 for the placebo group.
		Beta carotene was first suggested as a protection against illness when studies found that people with who ate lots of fruits and vegetables containing the nutrient were at lower risk of cancer and heart disease.
		A Finnish study, testing the effect of beta carotene among people at high risk of cancer, found that there was an 18 percent increase in lung cancer among smokers taking the nutrient compared to smokers who did not.
	www.augustachronicle.com /stories/121599/tec_124-4088.shtml (392 words)

	Beta Carotene
		Daily beta carotene (only 30 milligrams) and Vitamin A supplements appeared to increase the likelihood of cancer in smokers by 28% and increase the likelihood of death by 17%.
		Beta carotene is the nutrient that helps your body make Vitamin A. Generally it is found in abundance in dark green and orange fruits and vegetables, especially carrots and spinach.
		The results of this study demonstrated that beta carotene increased cancers in smokers by 18% and deaths by 8%.
	www.betterbodz.com /library/beta-carotene.html (623 words)

	Beta Carotene supplement : by Ray Sahelian, M.D.
		Beta carotene is thought to be useful for eyesight health or in certain eye disorders.
		We compared the erythema-protective effect of beta carotene (24 mg/d from an algal source) to that of 24 mg/d of a carotenoid mix consisting of the three main dietary carotenoids, beta carotene, lutein and lycopene (8 mg/d each).
		Serum beta carotene concentration increased three- to fourfold in the beta-carotene group, whereas in the mixed carotenoid group, the serum concentration of each of the three carotenoids increased one- to threefold.
	www.raysahelian.com /betacarotene.html (0 words)

	Vitamin A and Beta Carotene
		Carotene is derived from plants and is converted by the body to vitamin A. Preformed vitamin A is concentrated in certain tissues of animal products in which the animal has metabolized the carotene contained in its food into vitamin A. That vitamin A is essential for human health is well established.
		Although excessive intake of beta carotene does not appear to be toxic, carotenemia, a yellowish discoloration of the skin, may occur.
		Most of the beta carotene consumed in the human diet is converted in the intestine and liver to Vitamin A, but some is absorbed intact from the intestines by the lymphatics and circulates in the blood.
	www.vitasentials.com /a-25.htm (1086 words)

	Beta Carotene Supplements (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Beta carotene is found in fruits and vegetables, mainly the ones that are deep yellow, orange, or dark green in color.
		This beta carotene is a "precursor" of vitamin A. That is, when we consume this nutrient, our bodies converts it to vitamin A. Vitamin A, itself, is found in dairy and fatty fish (herring, sardines, and tuna among others).
		In these studies, beta carotene supplements had no effect on the cancer (or heart disease) risk of nonsmokers and may add to the risk of cancer in smokers.
	www.hhp.ufl.edu /faculty/pbird/keepingfit/ARTICLE/BETASUP.HTM (588 words)

	The Nutrition of Beta-Carotene
		Blood concentrations of all carotenes / carotenoids tend to be constant and slow to change during periods of inadequate dietary consumption.
		Carotenes are found in yellow and orange vegetables.
		As fatty tissue store most of the carotenes and carotenoids in your body, blood concentrations tend to be constant and slow to change during periods of inadequate dietary consumption.
	naturalhealthperspective.com /food/carotenes.html (1506 words)

	Carotene - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Carotene is a terpene, an orange photosynthetic pigment, important for photosynthesis.
		Carotene is the dimer of vitamin A and comes in two primary forms: α and β-carotene (also γ, δ and ε-carotene).
		These can be stored in the liver, and unlike vitamin A, excess carotene is non-toxic and can also be converted to vitamin A as needed.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/c/a/r/Carotene.html (219 words)

	Product Abstract: Beta Carotene
		Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of angina pectoris.
		The effects of a combination of 30 mg of beta carotene per day and 25,000 IU of retinol (vitamin A) in the form of retinyl palmitate per day on the primary end point, the incidence of luew cases of lung cancer were diagnosed during the 73,135 person-years of follow-up (mean length of follow-up, 4.0 years).
		In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of beta carotene (50 mg on alternate days), we enrolled 22,071 male physicians, 40 to 84 years of age, in the United States; 11 percent were current smokers and 39 percent were former smokers at the beginning of the study in 1982.
	www.lef.org /prod_hp/abstracts/php-ab387.html (8341 words)

	eMedicine - Carotenemia : Article Excerpt by: Raymond D Pitetti, MD, MPH
		Carotene derived from plant foods is the primary source of dietary vitamin A. Ingested carotenes, enclosed as crystals or amorphous solids within vegetable cells, are converted to vitamin A in the mucosal cells of the small intestine.
		Approximately 10% of ingested carotene is absorbed unchanged and is carried directly to the liver by portal circulation.
		Carotene does not readily cross the placenta, but it is found in high concentrations in human milk.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/byname/carotenemia.htm (448 words)

	ACS :: Smoking, Drinking Alter Beta Carotene’s Effects
		Beta carotene, a nutrient that is converted in the body to vitamin A, has been touted as a possible cancer preventive for years, largely because of its antioxidant properties.
		In a study led by researchers at Dartmouth Medical School, beta carotene supplements were found to reduce the risk of colon polyps (a precursor to colon cancer) by more than 40% among people who did not smoke or drink.
		More surprisingly, those taking beta carotene who smoked and had, on average, more than one drink a day were more than twice as likely to develop polyps as the group taking the sugar pill.
	www.cancer.org /docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Smoking_Drinking_Alter_Beta_Carotenes_Effects.asp (744 words)

	1996.01.18 : BETA CAROTENE AND VITAMIN A HALTED IN LUNG CANCER PREVENTION TRIAL
		Beta carotene and vitamin A were given as a combination under the hypothesis of a potentially favorable interaction between the two compounds.
		The Beta Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial or CARET is a large chemoprevention trial that is being conducted in six areas in the United States and is funded by NCI.
		The purpose of the study was to see if the combination of beta carotene and vitamin A (a retinol) supplements would prevent lung and other cancers in men and women who are smokers or former smokers ages 50 to 69 years, and men who have been exposed to asbestos ages 45 to 69 years.
	www.hhs.gov /news/press/1996pres/960118b.html (2651 words)

	UC Berkeley Wellness Guide to Dietary Supplements: Beta Carotene
		Beta carotene is one of several carotenoids, natural plant pigments found in deeply colored fruits and vegetables.
		Beta carotene and some other carotenoids are “provitamin A carotenoids,”; meaning that the body can convert them into vitamin A. Beta carotene is also an antioxidant; thus it may help deactivate free radicals, unstable molecules that are by-products of cells “burning” oxygen for energy.
		The study was halted when it became clear that those taking beta carotene (not even a high dose—just 30 milligrams a day) actually had a higher rate of lung cancer and higher mortality rate than those taking a placebo.
	www.wellnessletter.com /html/ds/dsBetaCarotene.php (464 words)

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