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Topic: Carotenoid

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	Carotenoid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Carotenoids are characterized by a large (35-40 carbon atoms) polyene chain, sometimes terminated by rings.
		Carotenoids where some of the double bonds have been oxidized such as lutein and zeaxanthin, are known as xanthophylls; the un-oxidized carotenoids such as alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lycopene are known as carotenes.
		Carotenoids are used in ornamental traits because, given their physioloigcal and chemical properties, they can be used as honest indicators of individual health, and hence they can be used by animals when selecting potential mates.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carotenoid (374 words)

	Carotenoid -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Carotenoids are characterized by a large (35-40 carbon atoms) (Click link for more info and facts about polyene) polyene chain, sometimes terminated by rings.
		Carotenoids where some of the double bonds have been oxidized are know as (Yellow carotenoid pigments in plants and animal fats and egg yolks) xanthophylls, the un-oxidized carotenoids are known as carotenes.
		Probably the most well-known carotenoid is the one that gives this group its name, (Yellow or orange-red fat-soluble pigments in plants) carotene, found in carrots and responsible for their bright orange colour.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ca/carotenoid.htm (289 words)

	Mechanisms of Carotenoid Antioxidant Behavior
		Carotenoids "quench" singlet oxygen primarily by a physical mechanism, in which the excess energy of singlet oxygen is transferred to the carotenoid's electron-rich structure.
		With individual carotenoids added at a level of 1.0 mole percent relative to the fatty acid, hydroperoxide formation rates compared to the control (no antioxidant added) were ~2-fold slower for beta-carotene and zeaxanthin and ~3-fold slower for canthaxanthin and astaxanthin, respectively.
		Carotenoid levels in epidermis (measured non-specifically by spectrophotometry) were highest for mice supplemented with astaxanthin (~25-fold and ~125-fold higher than for mice supplemented with beta-carotene or lycopene, respectively).
	www.astaxanthin.org /carot-antiox.htm (7168 words)

	Are Carotenoid Displays Costly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Many of the brilliant red, orange, and yellow color displays of vertebrates are the result of carotenoid pigments deposited in the integument.
		Lozano (1994) suggested that carotenoid-based coloration evolved because of the immunoenhancing properties of carotenoids - they have been found to directly bolster the immune systems of some vertebrates.
		Result: Birds differed in resulting carotenoid-based coloration, but all birds responded similarly to all three immune challenges, suggesting that these birds are not directly trading off the use of carotenoids for display over immune function.
	www.auburn.edu /~navarkr/Krispage7.htm (218 words)

	Transgenic potato boosts carotenoid levels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The carotenoid profile was radically altered, with ß-carotene enhanced from zero to a nutritionally significant 30 per cent of the total.
		Evidence for regulation of biosynthesis was revealed in measurements of expression levels of major carotenoid pathway genes — phytoene desaturase, involved in conversion of phytoene to ß-carotene, being reduced.
		Carotenoid enhancement could have an impact on health, but Taylor is guarded about the practical implications.
	www.rsc.org /chemistryworld/Issues/2005/March/Trans.asp (321 words)

	Encyclopedia: Carotenoid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Lycopene is a bright red carotenoid pigment found in tomatoes and other red fruits, and is the most common carotenoid in the human body.
		Given their structure (above) carotenoids are efficient free-radical scavangers, and they enhance the vertebrate immune system.
		Carotenoids, are used in ornamental traits becasue, given their physioloigcal and chemical properties< they can be used as honest indicators of individual health, and hence they can be used by animals when selecting potential mates.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Carotenoid (934 words)

	Auk, The: Carotenoid pigments in male house finch plumage in relation to age, subspecies, and ornamental coloration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Most 4-keto (red) carotenoids were positively correlated with plumage redness, and most yellow carotenoid pigments were negatively associated with plumage redness, although the strength of the relationship for specific carotenoid pigments varied among age groups and subspecies.
		The carotenoid pigments responsible for colorful plumage in the House Finch and the pigmentary basis for variation among males in expression of that coloration were first studied by Brush and Power (1976).
		Moreover, after molting in captivity under conditions of standardized carotenoid access, males from populations that are typically drab in coloration grow ornamental plumage coloration that is indistinguishable from that grown by males from populations that are typically bright in coloration (Hill 1993a).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200110/ai_n8971206 (1306 words)

	Persistence of carotenoid pigments in the blood of concentrate-finished grazing sheep: Its significance for the ...
		Persistence of carotenoid pigments in the blood of concentrate-finished grazing sheep: Its significance for the traceability of grass-feeding -- Prache et al.
		Persistence of carotenoid pigments in the blood of concentrate-finished grazing sheep: Its significance for the traceability of grass-feeding
		Carotenoid and retinal concentrations in serum, adipose tissue and liver and carotenoids transport in sheep, goats and cattle.
	jas.fass.org /cgi/content/full/81/2/360 (3806 words)

	The Carotenoid Complex™ Story
		Introduced in 1992, Carotenoid Complex was developed to address almost two decades of scientific research which showed that people who eat more fruits and vegetables live longer, healthier lives.
		Each serving of Carotenoid Complex delivers the carotenoid profile and protective benefits of an optimal serving of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables in their most bioavailable form.
		A food supplement with pharmaceutical potential, Carotenoid Complex is the first carotenoid supplement that has been scientifically shown by government researchers to strengthen the immune system and minimize risk for disease.
	carotenoidcomplex.com /product/product1.html (362 words)

	Carotenoid Complex
		Sometimes called "nature's crayons," carotenoids are a huge family of colorful plant pigments, many of which act as precursors of vitamin A. Carotenoids are responsible for the red in tomatoes, the orange in carrots, and the yellow in squash.
		In contrast, when Daily Carotenoid Complex™ with its broad-spectrum of nutrients including alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and zeta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, cryptoxanthin, and other natural fruit and vegetable carotenoids was tested, it caused a much greater decrease in lipid oxidation than the beta-carotene alone.
		For example, two carotenoids that have generated recent interest are lutein and its role in maintaining eye health, and alpha-carotene's role in cancer prevention.
	www.thebetterhealthclub.com /carotenoidcomplex.htm (1415 words)

	Carotenoid Sources
		Carotenoid sources were: dried algal cells prepared from...
		carotenoid in tomatoes, is among themajor carotenoids in serum and tissues of Americans.
		The exogenous carotenoid biosynthesis genes were derived from the epiphytic bacterium Erwinia uredovora...
	www.boltondrug.com /Lutein-caps/lutein7.html (668 words)

	Carotenoid Complex — Is It Hot or Is It Not? - Nutrition
		Carotenoids are your best friends — always available, always there to stand up for you, always fighting for your health, your safety and even your life.
		Carotenoids are the major reason why everybody, who’s anybody, says you should eat five to nine brightly colored fruits and vegetables a day.
		In the early nineties, after seven years of intense research, Carotenoid Complex was presented and proclaimed to be a pioneer breakthrough by the New York Academy of Sciences.
	www.bellaonline.com /articles/art4881.asp (851 words)

	Accumulation of Carotenoids and Expression of Carotenoid Biosynthetic Genes during Maturation in Citrus Fruit -- Kato ...
		Carotenoid concentration in the juice sacs of three citrus varieties, Satsuma mandarin, Valencia orange, and Lisbon lemon, during fruit maturation.
		Comparisons of mRNA abundance for carotenoid biosynthetic genes between Satsuma mandarin and Valencia orange in the flavedos and juice sacs during massive xanthophyll accumulations (October and November for Satsuma mandarin and November and December for Valencia orange).
		Ronen G, Cohen M, Zamir D, Hirschberg J (1999) Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis during tomato fruit development: expression of the gene for lycopene epsilon-cyclase is down-regulated during ripening and is elevated in the mutant Delta.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/134/2/824 (5679 words)

	Carotenoid Product Benefits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Carotenoid Complex's unique formula has been specifically designed to maximize carotenoid absorption; in fact, the carotenoids in Carotenoid Complex are more readily absorbed than they would be in most foods.
		The result is that each Carotenoid Complex capsule provides a match to that carotenoid profile of the mix of fruits and vegetables which are particularly rich in carotenoids and which represent an optimal serving of carotenoid rich foods.
		Carotenoid Complex is based on "Nature's Blueprint" and provides carotenoids from sources that are part of the human food chain, just as nature intended you to have them.
	www.nasabb.com /GNLD/immuepowerproductbenefit.htm (2636 words)

	Carotenoid
		The Carotenoid Society is dedicated to promoting, supporting and encouraging all areas of carotenoid science and research.
		Carotenoid biosynthesis and its regulation during tomato fruitdevelopment and ripening is...
		Carotenoid Content of the Varieties Jaranda and Jariza (Capsicum annuum L.) and Response during the Industrial Slow Drying...
	www.boltondrug.com /Lutein-caps/lutein6.html (651 words)

	Effects of Reducing Carotenoid Levels on Humans
		The issue of carotenoid function and the consequences of reducing carotenoids in plasma is very critical.
		If we undertook a study to evaluate the effects of lowering blood carotenoids in children, pregnant women, or any adult, we would be required to give the participants extensive information and obtain their written informed consent before doing anything to lower their blood carotenoid levels.
		Procter and Gamble, in their primary review of carotenoids in their FDA application, state: "Although there have been reports suggesting a possible inverse relation between dietary carotenoid intake and cancer risk, there is no scientific consensus regarding the validity of a cause-and-effect relationship.
	www.hsph.harvard.edu /Academics/nutr/olestra/o1.html (1630 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		File 1 has the foods with analytical carotenoid values based on actual laboratory analyses with the exception of several imputed carotenoid values, which are noted as such.
		File 2 has the carotenoid estimates for multi-component foods calculated from carotenoid values for single (or individual) foods in File 1 using the Recipe File for the USDA Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys or are the same foods with their carotenoid values in file number one.
		Additional information: The carotenoid estimates for each multi-component food which contains fruits and vegetables are calculated based on analytical values in File 1 and using the Recipe File for the USDA Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys or are the actual values for the same food name in File 1.
	www.nal.usda.gov /fnic/foodcomp/Data/Carot/car_doc.txt (1120 words)

	Lycopene Antioxidant Carotenoid For Breast & Prostate Cancer
		The deep red color that is present in watermelons, pink grapefruit, guavas and tomatoes is caused by lycopene, a carotenoid.
		Carotenoids are fat soluble and so in the human body are found in fatty tissue and transported by lipoproteins.
		Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer.
	www.femhealth.com /LycopenePlus.html (1117 words)

	UNH Carotenoid Research Projects
		Lutein and zeaxanthin are xanthophyll carotenoids important to the photosynthetic processes of green plants.
		The goals of this project are to enhance carotenoid content of Brassica and Spinacia vegetable crops and predict the related health outcome for the consumer.
		Environmental and genetic factors will influence the total accumulation of lutein and beta-carotene carotenoids in plants and research is underway to determine the feasibility of carotenoid enhancement in these crops.
	luteinlab.unh.edu /researchprojects.html (1009 words)

	Maize phytoene desaturase and {zeta}-carotene desaturase catalyse a poly-Z desaturation pathway: implications for ...
		Carotenoids are a large class of yellow, red, and orange pigments
		Hausmann A, Sandmann G. A single five-step desaturase is involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway to beta-carotene and torulene in Neurospora crassa.
		Cloning and characterization of a maize cDNA encoding phytoene desaturase, an enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway.
	jxb.oupjournals.org /cgi/content/full/54/391/2215 (7746 words)

	Differential expression of two isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerases and enhanced carotenoid accumulation in a ...
		Carotenoids are essential in the normal development of photosynthetic membranes.
		Developmental sequence of Haematococcus pluvialis cells from the green stage (A), to extraplastidic carotenoid accumulation and increase in cell size (B), to the enlarged red-cyst stage (C).
		Formation of the red-colored astaxanthin and canthaxanthin occurs in the late stages of carotenoid biosynthesis and is catalyzed
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/19/11482 (4433 words)

	FHA Group - Laboratory Evolution of Carotenoid Biosynthetic Pathways
		In nature, carotenoids are assembled from a small set of specialized biosynthetic enzymes.
		Several other downstream carotenoid modification enzymes such as carotene hydroxylases, ketolases, glycosylases, and many others are known in nature.
		In order to access the diversity of carotenoid structures not yet found in nature, we have combined rational pathway assembly with directed evolution to construct novel carotenoid biosynthetic pathways in Escherichia coli.
	www.che.caltech.edu /groups/fha/carot_pathways.html (337 words)

	Serum Carotenoid Depletion Follows First-Order Kinetics in Healthy Adult Women Fed Naturally Low Carotenoid Diets -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Carotenoids are fat-soluble pigments found in fruits and vegetables (1
		Carotenoids have a variety of functions that may be of importance
		Concentrations of serum carotenoids in healthy adult women fed carotenoid depletion diets in studies 1 (upper panel) and 2 (lower panel).
	www.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/131/8/2096 (3288 words)

	Regulation of Two Carotenoid Biosynthesis Genes Coding for Phytoene Synthase and Carotenoid Hydroxylase during ...
		The expression of the phytoene synthase and carotenoid hydroxylase genes was examined by northern-blot analysis using the
		The expression of carotenoid hydroxylase and phytoene synthase during the induction of astaxanthin biosynthesis.
		Expression of carotenoid hydroxylase and phytoene synthase genes in response to increased illumination.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/125/2/810 (3881 words)

	Modulation of human T-lymphocyte functions by the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables.
		A human intervention study was conducted to determine the effect of the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables on the immune system.
		Subjects, (twenty-three men), who were non-smokers, were not restricted in their daily diet, except that they had to abstain from fruit and vegetables high in carotenoids throughout the whole study period.
		The active constituents in tomato juice as well as the biological significance of this immunomodulation remain to be determined.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/2000/apr/A0040232.html (545 words)

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