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Topic: Carpatho-Ukraine

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Ukraine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ukraine ( Україна, Ukrayina in Ukrainian ; Украина in Russian) is a republic in eastern Europe which borders Russia to the east, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the south-west and the Black Sea to the south. Ukraine was eventually integrated into Russia as a consequence of the controversial Treaty of Pereyaslav. Ukraine concluded presidential elections in November, 2004; as of November 26, the results of this election are highly contested, leading to massive street protests in Kiev. phatnav.com /wiki/index.php?title=Ukraine

history Ukraine page 2 It was divided accordingly: Western Ukraine with Poland under the General Government; Reichskomissariat Ukraine / central Ukraine; Eastern Ukraine with Kharkiv was under German Army zone of administration; Southern Ukraine with Odessa was renamed Transnistria and put under Romanian occupation; and Hungary occupied Carpatho-Ukraine. Stalin argued,"This new Poland should be reborn, not by seizing Ukraine and White Russia (Belorussia), but by the return of Polish lands taken by German." The Polish Prime Minister Mikolajczyk could not accept the Curzon Line and abandon 40% or more of the Polish territory and five million Poles (again claiming the Ruthenians as Poles). The story of Ukraine's role and suffering in World War II is generally unknown to the world because it was in the interest of the USSR to emphasize the struggles of the Russian people. www.dpcamps.org /dpcamps/histukr2.html

357.html German Reichsmarks were used in the western part of Ukraine, Lei were used in the parts of Ukraine occupied by Romania, and Forints were ised in Carpatho-Ukraine occupied by Hungary. The People’s Republic was absorbed by Soviet Ukraine on May 7, 1921, and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became a founding member of the Soviet Union on December 30, 1922. Western Ukraine gained its independence from Austria on November 1, 1918, and was incorporated into Ukraine on January 22, 1919. www.globalfindata.com /gh/357.html

Ukraine - History of the Flag After World War II, Carpatho-Ukraine was incorporated into Ukraine. It was in Lviv and Western Ukraine that the use of the flag was revived in the Spring of 1989, mostly by nationalist and human rights organizations, such as 'Rukh', 'Ukrainian Helsinki Union' and others [ Krawchenko, 1990 ]. Under Communism, the light blue and yellow flag of Ukraine was almost forgotten in the Eastern and Central parts of the country, the parts that belonged to the USSR from the time this union was formed. www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/ua-flhis.html

Central Europe Review - Trans-Carpathia: Multi-ethnic outpost Ukraine will undertake a census in 2001, and early signs seem to indicate that Kiev will actually allow "Rusyn" to be listed among the possible choices under the question of ethnicity, either as an independent group or as a sub-group of the Ukrainian nation. Ukraine, suspicious of the project from the start, has not been able to put much into it due to its economic crisis. Ukraine, facing a general election that year, transferred large amounts of emergency aid, and the international community did the same. www.ce-review.org /00/40/pozun40.html

Page1012 Ukraine and the Ukrainian Experience in World War II Following is the text of a speech given recently by Andrew Gregorovich, Senior Researcher with the Ukrainian Canadian Research Foundation, to the Royal Canadian Legion Ukrainian Branch # 360 in Toronto. Himmler said, "It is necessary that after the retreat from the regions of Ukraine, there should be no head of cattle, not a bushel of grain, not a rail; no house should be left undamaged, no mine fit to operate for years to come, no well unpoisoned. Within twenty years the German government planned that Ukraine would be entirely German in population with only some Ukrainians working as slaves for their Nazi German superiors. www.infoukes.com /newpathway/Page1012.htm

Ukrainian Collections: Overviews of the Collections (European Reading Room, Library of Congress) Needless to say, much information on Ukraine and Ukrainians also can be found under the heading "USSR." This is especially the case with regard to various reference tools such as bibliographies, directories, indexes and gazetteers, in which information on Ukraine is included in chapters on the USSR. Finally, because parts of Ukraine belonged at various times to Austria-Hungary and later to Poland, Czechoslovakia, Rumania and Hungary, much material concerning Ukraine and Ukrainians can be found under the headings "Austria-Hungary," "Poland," "Czechoslovakia," "Rumania," and "Hungary" in works on these countries. Ukraine, as a central Slavic country, plays a significant role in the development not only of its own language, but in that of other Slavic languages spoken in neighboring or nearby countries: Russian, Belarussian, Polish, Slovak, Czech, and even Serbo-Croatian. www.loc.gov /rr/european/coll/ukra.html

H-Net Review: Katrin Boeckh on Politics and Society in Ukraine But in Ukraine the development of the nation has not been completed, for in the eyes of many observers, Ukraine inherited from the former Soviet Union the features of a "quasi-state" and of a "quasi-nation." Because of its historical background, a Ukrainian consciousness is much more developed in western than in eastern Ukraine. In historical perspective, Ukraine and the Ukrainians long stood in the shadow of Russia: beginning with the treaty of Pereiaslav in 1654, the right bank Cossack state was ruled by the Russians tsars, while Galicia came to the Habsburgs after the first partition of Poland in 1772. It becomes evident that on its way "back to Europe" not all of Ukraine's problems can be regarded and excused as "Soviet legacy." In many respects, Ukraine's transformation does not differ from other post-socialist countries. www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=112851018457310

Ukraine information facts and data Ukraine was the center of the first Slavic state, Kievan Rus, which during the 10th and 11th centuries was the largest and most powerful state in Europe. Following the collapse of czarist Russia in 1917, Ukraine was able to bring about a short-lived period of independence (1917-1920), but was reconquered and forced to endure a brutal Soviet rule that engineered two artificial famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died. In World War II, German and Soviet armies were responsible for some 7 to 8 million more deaths. www.ciaworldfactbook.info /ukraine.html

History - the story of a turbulent land and its people Ukraine is also building close ties to the European Economic Union and has begun a series of economic reforms. In Ukraine, actual revolt was limited and sporadic, although the Ukrainians siezed on the opportunity to strengthen their national identity. A key province such as Ukraine, flushed with victory after driving the Germans out and fielding a substantial army, was something that Stalin could not accept for a moment. www.ukrainepostalexpress.com /history.htm

History of Ukraine Ukraine soon awakened to the stark realization that Hitler was there to rape Ukraine of all it's food, rid it of people and annex the rich, black earth for his own people. United in their goal, the Ukrainians were divided as to what kind of government should prevail in their country, freed from Russian rule," wrote George S. Luckyj in the introduction of book, "Stories from the Ukraine," by Mykola Khvylovy, 1960, pg. When the Russian tsar was overthrown in 1917, leaders in the Dnieper Ukraine (Eastern) formed a central council (Rada under Professor Mykhailo Hrushevs'kyi) and declared their independence for Ukrainian state on Nov. 1, 1918. www.dpcamps.org /dpcamps/histukr.html

Trotsky, Ukrainian nationalism and Kosovo The Ukraine, the North Caucasus, the two Volga regions, and other grain-producing areas, according to archives quoted by a modem author, 'dropped out of the organized influence of the Party and government,' and the government responded by transforming these areas into a vast arena of an unprecedented repressive operation. Since the Ukraine was the "breadbasket" of the USSR, Stalin's war against the peasantry was felt most grievously in this republic. A review of Trotsky's treatment of "the Ukraine question", which has been taken by many Trotskyists as ideological justification for their defense of Kosovar nationalism, might suggest a completely different political imperative. www.columbia.edu /~lnp3/mydocs/fascism_and_war/trotsky.htm

Rusyn Minority - Ruthenian Language In Ukraine's Transcarpathia, the region with the largest number of Carpatho-Rusyns, the situation is more complex. Together with the Society of Carpatho-Rusyns in Ukraine and the Carpatho-Rusyn Research Center in the United States, these organizations form the World Congress of Rusyns, which since March 1991 has met periodically to formulate common goals for the preservation of Carpatho-Rusyns as a distinct people. The Carpatho -Rusyns were distinguished as well from fellow Eastern Christians (Ukrainians, Belorusans, Russians) by certain practices and rituals borrowed from their Latin-rite neighbors, but in particular by their liturgical music. www.geocities.com /prosvieta/min_rth.htm

Articles - Carpathian Ruthenia Slovakia, or in the distant corner of Ukraine or as a forgotten piece of Hungary, was one original of the 19th century's imaginary " Ruritania " the most rural, most rustic and deeply provincial tiny province lost in forested mountains that could be imagined. In a Ukrainian context, has been known as Transcarpathia or Transcarpathian Ukraine ( Закарпаття, Закарпатська Україна, Zakarpattia, Zakarpats'ka Ukraina ; Slovak: Zakarpatsko, Zakarpatská Ukrajina), after which the modern province The latter became the independent state of Ukraine in www.kamero.net /articles/Carpatho-Ukraine

The Rusyn People and their Homeland The man was born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, went to school in Czecho-Slovakia, was married in Hungary, lived and worked most of his life in the Soviet Union, was buried in the Ukraine; but never left his village. During the 10th and 11th centuries, the region appeared to be right on the border of the medieval state of Kievan Rus, the earliest known predecessor of modern day Ukraine and Russia. Only the Ukraine where the majority of the Rusyn people in Europe live still does not recognize the Rusyns as a distinct people, but considers them a sub-ethnic group of Ukrainians. tabrenzo.tripod.com /id14.html

History - The Rusyns - Rusyn.org With the help of local Communists, the Soviets laid the groundwork for the annexation of Subcarpathian Rus’, now called * Transcarpathian Ukraine, to the “Soviet Ukrainian motherland.” No general plebiscite was ever held, and in June 1945 a provisional Czechoslovak parliament (in the absence of Carpatho-Rusyn representation) ceded Subcarpathian Rus’ to the Soviet Union. Such views are particularly widespread in Ukraine, the only country that refuses to recognize Carpatho-Rusyns as a distinct people. In an attempt to put pressure on Ukraine to fulfill the results of the December 1991 referendum a “Provisional Government of the Republic of Subcarpathian Rus’” was formed in Uzhhorod in May 1993, headed by Ivan M. *Turianytsia. www.rusyn.org /?root=rusyns&rusyns=hist

My Shtetl It is bordered by Ukraine on most of the northern side of the triangle (appx 280 km), Romania and Hungary on the Southern side (appx 200 km), and Czechoslovakia and Poland on the West (appx 120 km). Today, it is the Transcarpathian (Rus: Zakarpatskaya) Oblast of the Ukraine Republic. The region is a landlocked, mountainous triangle of land covering about 12,500 sq km (I imagine it to have been a sort of 'Ozarks of Eastern Europe'). www.geocities.com /Heartland/Trail/8095/carp.html

Canadian Slavonic Papers: Carpatho-Ukraine in the Twentieth Century: A Political and Legal History Writing in 1939, the Prime minister of Carpatho-Ukraine, Avhustyn Voloshyn, stated: "Much is written about the Great [i.e., Eastern] Ukraine, especially in the press. Many of them saw the Voloshyn government as the beginning of independence for "Great Ukraine." They crossed the border and joined the Carpathian Sich, a paramilitary detachment organized by the OUN leadership in order to take the first step towards Ukrainian statehood. Great Ukraine, however, is still a thing of the future. findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3763/is_200103/ai_n8940032

National and Ethnic - Belarus and Ukraine Czechoslovakia - The Emergence of Subcarpathian Ruthenia (Carpatho- Ukraine). The Embassy of Ukraine - Washington, D.C. Embassy of Ukraine in Canada. The Man-made Famine of 1933 in Soviet Ukraine. learning.lib.vt.edu /slav/nat_ethnic_bela_ukr.html

The Business Directory of Ukraine - Ukrainian Online Resources in English UkrAsiaBuild - Building Corporation “UkrAsiaBuild” is an association combining the largest building and industrial enterprises with the largest scientific, research and design institutes in Ukraine. Directory of Churches of Christ in Ukraine - Comprehensive information about churches and their meeting places, times of worship, statistics, directory, and a mailing list. BRAMA - Gateway Ukraine - The vanguard of Ukrainian sites. www.bizukraine.com

BOOK REVIEW: An autobiography, and an adventure, by a member of the wartime generation (10/17/99) But, first of all, he called a press conference in cooperation with the New Jersey-based organization Americans for Human Rights in Ukraine, at which he declared his innocence and challenged the Department of Justice to present the evidence against him. Stebelsky briefly joined the OUN's expeditionary groups to eastern Ukraine, but soon was back in Boryslav attending to his family. Instead, he prepared his defense by obtaining the testimony of his former Jewish employee, Lech Nowak, and the aid of Yakiv Suslensky, the well-known promoter of Ukrainian-Jewish understanding (who turned out to be acquainted with Neal Sher of the Office of Special Investigations). www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/1999/429928.shtml

WHKMLA : History of the Ukraine, 1917-1921 While peace negotiations were going on, Austro-Hungarian and German troops occupied much of the Ukraine in order to exert pressure on the Russian delegation. By December 1919 the RED ARMY took control of Ukraine (except the Crimea and the Western Ukraine) and formed an UKRAINIAN SOVIET REPUBLIC. By late July 1919, Poles had seized control of Eastern Galicia (= Western Ukraine); the Poles held on to it during the POLISH-RUSSIAN WAR of 1919-1920 and it remained part of Poland until 1939. www.zum.de /whkmla/region/russia/ukraine191721.html

Selected Literatures and Authors Pages - Ukrainian Literature Ukraine’s First Political Scientist - Progress and the degree of man’s freedom according to Mykhailo Drahomanov. Russia and Ukraine - Literature and the Discourse of Empire from Napoleonic to Postcolonial Times. Miracle of Ostroh: A beacon of hope for Ukraine's future. learning.lib.vt.edu /slav/lit_authors_ukrainian.html

Ruthenian Church Thus today there are three distinct Ruthenian Catholic jurisdictions: (1) the Ruthenian Byzantine Catholic Metropolitanate in the United States, a metropolitan church sui iuris, (2) the eparchy of Mukaèevo in Ukraine, which is immediately subject to the Holy See, and (3) the Apostolic Exarchate in the Czech Republic. The motherland of the Ruthenian Catholic Church is now in extreme western Ukraine southwest of the Carpathian mountains. In 1664 a union took place at Mukaèevo which involved the Orthodox in today's Transcarpathia in Ukraine and the Hungarian diocese of Hajdúdorog. www.faswebdesign.com /ECPA/Byzantine/Ruthenian.html

Slovak and Carpatho-Rusyn Gift Ideas It was carved from lime wood in the Carpathian Mountains of western Ukraine by Carpatho-Rusyn woodcrafters, The eagle stands 7 1/2 inches tall and 3 1/2 inches wide. Many items are imported from the Czech republic, Slovak republic or the Carpathian Mountains area of Ukraine. The eagle has wings upright and is standing on a rock. www.iarelative.com /shop

Ukrainian Gold Cross The Ukrainian Gold Cross' appeal to Ukrainians in the U. received tremendous response and tons of parcels were sent to Carpatho- Ukraine. Through the Gold Cross Page, edited by Maria Demydchuk in the ODWU weekly newspaper "THE UKRAINE", contact was maintained and readers were informed of the type of work that was being carried out. Throughout the years, the Gold Cross endeavored to furnish all the help possible to their suffering kinsmen in Ukraine: political prisoners and their families, widows, orphans and the aged. www.odwu.org /Crossx.htm

Introduction to Ukrainian Philately All of modern Ukraine's stamp issues (from 1992 onward) may be viewed on Bohdan Hrynyshyn's Ukrainian Electronic Stamp Album, which also does a good job of keeping up with all of Ukraine Post's latest releases. Although Ukraine has issued a few dozen new stamps every year since independence in 1991, there is actually a great deal more to collecting this fascinating eastern European country. On 2 September 1996, Ukraine switched to a new currency, the hryvnia; it was decreed to be 100,000 times the value of the severely deflated karbovanets. www.upns.org /intro.htm

Introduction Rusnjaks, Ruthenians, or Carpatho-Russians are different names for a people that is said to have come up out of the Ukraine to the Carpathian Mountains between Poland and Czechoslovakia. In the Ukraine these people had called themselves, "Rus'." Some scholars believe that this name was taken from the name of a valley in the Ukraine. It was around this time that the Mongols invaded from Asia, through the Ukraine, and on through into middle and southeastern Europe. home.swipnet.se /roland/maryintro.html

A political and legal history of Carpatho-Ukraine launched at Harvard (11/23/97) The author also spoke about his great hope that now, with the independence of Ukraine, people would begin to learn about the true aspirations of the Carpatho-Ukrainian people as they were before and after World War II. He also emphasized the importance that Carpatho-Ukraine has for the whole of Ukraine as Ukraine's window on the Danube Basin and gateway to the rest of Central and Western Europe. Now, as the Transcarpathian Oblast of an independent Ukraine, Carpatho-Ukraine is Ukraine's gateway to the other countries of Central Europe. www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/1997/479721.shtml

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