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	GENERAL SURENA - (The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies - CAIS)©
		Surena was the tallest and finest looking man himself, but the delicacy of his looks and effeminacy of his dress did not promise so much manhood as he really was master of; or his face was painted, and his hair parted after the fashion of the Medes.
		’s victory at Carrhae against the Romans and his personal "feat of arms there was certainly the most celebrated of the whole Arsacid era" (Bivar), but it is not directly attributed to him in the Shahnameh, the Iranian national epic.
		There were no supplies in Carrhae for a long siege, nor hope of relief from the outside, since Crassus had concentrated all the forces in the Roman East in his army.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/History/ashkanian/surena.htm (2277 words)

	Qwika - Battle of Carrhae
		Battaglia di Carrhae era una battaglia decisiva combattuta durante l'anno
		Nel re di Parthian di rappresaglia Orodes II, diviso il suoi esercito e metà trasmessa che erano truppe della fanteria per punire i armenians e trasmesso l'altra metà che erano unità del cavalry per incontrare Crassus.
		I due eserciti hanno incontrato vicino alla città di Carrhae.
	wikipedia.qwika.it /en2it/Battle_of_Carrhae (649 words)

	b. Ardashir I to Shapur II. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		In 232 his forces were repulsed by Alexander Serverus, after whose murder in 235 Ardashir took Nisibis, Carrhae, and the strategic city of Hatra.
		The Roman emperor Gordian recaptured Carrhae and Nisibis and then defeated the Persians near Resaina.
		A Roman army under Galerius (See 297) was defeated near Carrhae and Narseh recaptured Mesopotamia (297).
	www.bartleby.com /67/272.html (717 words)

	The Deadly Banners of Carrhae
		He had marched from Syria across the Euphrates river and had driven the enemy deep into the billowing sand dunes of what is now Iran.
		Near the city of Carrhae, his seven legions of men-at-arms and horsemen - some 40,000 in all - had just caught up with the Parthians.
		If so, the battle of Carrhae provided another link with the history of silk because these foreign mercenaries were almost certainly the first "westerners" to set foot on the mighty Silk Road.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/carrhae.shtml (1064 words)

	Carrhae \| THG Lexikon
		Carrhae fungierte denn auch spätestens seit der altbabylonischen Zeit als Reise- und Handelsstation zwischen Mesopotamien und Anatolien.
		fand in der Nähe von Carrhae die Schlacht zwischen dem Sassanidenkönig Schapur I. und dem römischen Kaiser Valerian statt, bei der letzterer geschlagen und gefangen genommen wurde.
		In der Spätantike war Carrhae lange Zeit ein Hort der alten Religion inmitten eines nun weitgehend christianisierten Reiches.
	www.thgweb.de /lexikon/Carrhae (467 words)

	ARRHAE (H®arra@n), town in Mesopotamia, where in May 53 B
		This was the Arab trade route that crossed the Euphrates at Bambyce (Membij), passed to the southwest, crossed the Balicha river between Carrhae and Ichnae, and tilted down towards Babylonia (details of topography in Günther, pp.
		Crassus himself, having been misguided by a certain Andromachus (Plutarch), from Carrhae, was surrounded by Parthians when he and his two battalions finally reached the town at daybreak.
		Unfortunately, Surena, the victor at Carrhae suffered the worse fate, for his popularity so increased that Orodes felt threatened by him and ordered him executed (Plutarch, “Crassus,” 33).
	www.iranica.com /newsite/articles/v5f1/v5f1a001.html (2865 words)

	Battles: The Battle of Carrhae :: 0 A.D. :: Wildfire Games
		The Battle of Carrhae was the worst defeat in Roman military history and was the first time the famous eagle standard of the Roman Legionnaire was lost in battle.
		Crassus and the main body of the ruined army arrived at Carrhae in the wee hours of June 10, one wing of the army under Varguntius got lost in the dark and dawn found them on a hill with Parthians circling around them like wolves, only 20 survived.
		At Carrhae the 20 survivors told Crassus that Suren Surena is coming, Cassius begged Crassus to make a deal with the Parthians, but Crassus instead decided to flee to the mountains.
	wildfiregames.com /0ad/page.php?p=1517 (1552 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| Military History \| Roman-Persian Wars: Battle of Carrhae
		Whether Crassus knew it or not, the battle of Carrhae was lost, but his legions, seeing no better option, fought on, suffering heavy losses, until nightfall.
		That night, Plutarch wrote, he led Crassus out of Carrhae and "into the midst of morasses and places full of ditches," so that the Romans were hopelessly lost as morning broke, then disappeared.
		In the aftermath of Carrhae, Surena led his army back to Seleucia in a procession he mockingly called a "triumph." A captured Roman soldier who physically resembled his late commander was placed at the head of the army, forced forced to wear women's clothes and to answer to the name of Crassus.
	www.historynet.com /magazines/military_history/3035186.html?page=3&c=y (1215 words)

	Battle of Carrhae - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Battle of Carrhae - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Carrhae, Battle of, disastrous defeat in 53 bc of the invading Roman governor of Syria Marcus Licinius Crassus by the Parthians at the ancient town...
		Windows Live Search results on "Battle of Carrhae"
	encarta.msn.com /Battle_of_Carrhae.html (66 words)

	America's Carrhae by Eric Margolis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		A local chieftain, secretly working for Parthia, assured Crassus he would be greeted as a liberator, and the Parthian army would flee.
		At Carrhae, close to where U.S. Marines were fighting in Iraq’s Anbar province this week, Crassus’ plodding army was outmanoeuvred and annihilated by Parthian mailed knights and horse archers, whose deadly arrow fire gave posterity the wonderful term for a parting zinger, Parthian shaft.”
		Carrhae, one of Rome’s worst defeats, bears many resemblances to America’s modern debacle in Iraq.
	www.lewrockwell.com /margolis/margolis26.html (593 words)

	Marcus Licinius Crassus at AllExperts
		One of the richest men of the era, he was killed after a defeat at Carrhae.
		It would have been had he not also sought military glory and crossed the Euphrates in an attempt to conquer Parthia.
		His legions were defeated at Carrhae (modern Harran in Turkey) in 53 BC by a numerically inferior Parthian force consisting mainly of armoured heavy cavalry and horse archers, against which Crassus was unable to manouvre.
	en.allexperts.com /e/m/ma/marcus_licinius_crassus.htm (613 words)

	RedRampant.com
		As the Romans approached the town of Carrhae (modern-day Haran) their scouts raced back, saying that most of their felllows had been killed and the Parthians were at hand in full force and preparing to give battle.
		All were killed with the exception of 20 men who were allowed to go for showing such courage in tryingf to fight past the Parthians.
		Surena soon learned that Crassus and his men had reached the safety of the Carrhae town walls.
	www.redrampant.com /roma/carrhae.html (1334 words)

	Roman to Julian Conversion: AUC 701 = 53 BC
		According to Plutarch, Crassus 29.4, after Crassus' lieutenant Cassius failed in his attempt to escape from Carrhae on the second night following the battle, he was advised by his Arab guides to wait until the moon entered Scorpio.
		This account is somewhat contradicted by Dio Cassius 40.25.3, who says that Crassus was not able to attempt to escape immediately from Carrhae because the moon was full, and that he had to wait till the new moon.
		Clearly, when the Roman survivors fled to the city of Carrhae on the night of the battle, there was enough moonlight to navigate by, and Dio presumably concluded that the escape attempts over the next few days failed due to too much light rather than too little.
	www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk /egypt/ptolemies/chron/roman/053bc.htm (582 words)

	Rome Unleashed - The Parthian Wars
		In 53 BC, the Parthians had defeated Crassus (a Roman general) at Carrhae.
		This conquest gave the Parthians a distinct advantage in the ongoing struggle between themselves and the Romans.
		Caracalla had been murdered on the way from Edessa to Carrhae.
	www.classicsunveiled.com /romeh/html/parthianwars.html (227 words)

	AUB - Berytus Archeological Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		27) that Carrhae and Edessa were in the hands of the Romans before the battle of Edessa.
		After the battle of Edessa Carrhae, but not Edessa and probably not Rhesaena, fell.
		We know that Nisibis and Carrhae, but not Edessa and Rhesaena, were re-captured by Odenath soon after the battle of Edessa (SHA, Gall.
	almashriq.hiof.no /ddc/projects/archaeology/berytus-back/berytus08/34.html (436 words)

	Harran (Carrhae)
		Harran (Akkadian Harrânu, "intersecting roads"; Latin Carrhae): town in northern Mesopotamia, famous for its temple of the moon god Sin.
		The descendants of the Macedonians sided with him, but nonetheless, he was defeated by a Parthian commander who is called Surena in the Greek and Latin sources, and must have been a member of the Parthian Sûrên clan.
		The battle of Harran -or Carrhae as the Romans called it- was the beginning of a series of border wars that were to last for almost three centuries.
	www.livius.org /ha-hd/harran/harran.html (1028 words)

	Battle of Carrhae
		They rode first to Carrhae to inform the garrison of the battle and then hurried on to Zeugma to avoid the disaster that was sure to come.
		In the confusion and desperation of the Roman retreat, as many as 4,000 wounded legionaries were put to the sword as the Parthians came in pursuit the following morning.
		Crassus and the remaining Roman army reached the relative safety of Carrhae and probably prepared for a siege.
	www.unrv.com /fall-republic/battle-of-carrhae.php (829 words)

	CoinArchives.com Search Results
		Your search for "carrhae" matched 60 lots in the database.
		Chr., Colonia Patricia, auf die Rückgabe der in der Schlacht bei Carrhae verlorenen Feldzeichen durch die Parther.
		RÖMISCHE PROVINZIALPRÄGUNGEN MESOPOTAMIEN CARRHAE Objekt-Nr.: 320 Caracalla, 211 - 217 n.
	www.coinarchives.com /a/results.php?results=100&search=carrhae (1238 words)

	Lean and Hungry Cassius
		He first appears in the literature in 53 BC as one of the commanders in the army of Marcus Crassus at Crassus disastrous defeat by the Parthians (ex-Seleucids) at the Battle of Carrhae (Haran) in Mesopotamia.
		Whatever the circumstances, Cassius reorganized the Roman remnant that escaped at Carrhae, arranged for their augmentation under his own command, and won a minor victory against the Parthians the next year.
		P.S. Cassius had the unusual distinction of being on the loosing side at three of the major battles of his time: Carrhae, Pharsalus, and Philippi.
	www.mmdtkw.org /VCassius.html (1100 words)

	Battle of Carrhae - Military History Wiki
		A Parthian returning X Legion standard captured at Carrhae, on a Roman coin struck in 19 BC
		The Battle of Carrhae was a decisive battle fought in the year 53 BC near the town of Carrhae (now the present-day ruins of Harran, Turkey) between the Roman Republic under the Roman general Crassus and the Parthian Empire under the Parthian Eran Spahbod Surena.
		In retaliation Parthian king Orodes II, divided his army and sent half which were infantry troops to punish the Armenians, and sent the other half which were cavalry units to encounter Crassus.
	www.militaryhistorywiki.org /wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae (679 words)

	Crassus by Plutarch
		The Parthians, although they perceived their dislodgment in the night, yet did not pursue them, but as soon as it was day, they came upon those that were left in the camp, and put no less than four thousand to the sword and with their light horse picked up a great many stragglers.
		Soon after a false report was brought to Surena, that Crassus, with his principal officers, had escaped, and that those who were got into Carrhae were but a confused rout of insignificant people, not worth further pursuit.
		And at last Cassius himself returned to Carrhae, and his guides, the Arabians, advising him to tarry there till the moon was got out of Scorpio, he told them that he was most afraid of Sagittarius, and so with five hundred horse went off to Syria.
	www.4literature.net /Plutarch/Crassus/9.html (788 words)

	Life of Gaius Julius Caesar
		He would have to do this anyway at some point, but it was wiser to follow Cassius' advice and continue down the river where the journey was longer but supplies could be shipped down river and it was defendable.
		Towards the town of Carrhae, a long desert was in the way.
		Quickly marching they were now at the vicinity of Carrhae.
	www.geocities.com /caesarkevin/caesar4.html (4445 words)

	Carrhae - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		Carrhae, Roman name for the ancient Mesopotamian city of Haran.
		The name Carrhae is best known because of the battle of Carrhae in 53 BC M. Licinius Crassus (see Crassus, family) was defeated by the Parthians, who by their archery routed the Roman force.
		Copyright 2006 Columbia University Press For permission to reuse this article, contact Copyright Clearance Center.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Carrhae.html (301 words)

	Caracalla
		Executive summary: Roman Emperor, 198-217 AD Roman emperor, eldest son of the emperor Septimius Severus, was born at Lugdunum (Lyons) on the 4th of April 186.
		In 216 he ravaged Mesopotamia because Artabanus, the Parthian king, refused to give him his daughter in marriage.
		He spent the winter at Edessa, and in 217, when he recommenced his campaign, he was murdered between Edessa and Carrhae on the 8th of April at the instigation of Opellius (Opilius) Macrinus, praefect of the praetorian guard, who succeeded him.
	www.nndb.com /people/854/000107533 (430 words)

	Die Niederlage des Crassus bei Carrhae
		von Carrhae von den Parthern (unter Führung des Surenas) geschlagen, zog sich nach Carrhae zurück und wurde beim Versuch, seine Truppen nach Syrien zurückzuführen, überfallen und nach Verrat getötet.
		Der wirkliche Weg führte den ein wenig einfältigen Rechner, dessen Wünsche in einem auffälligen Mißverhältnis zu seinem Können standen, aber ganz woanders hin: in die Katastrophe von Carrhae (53 v.
		Die Schmach von Carrhae wurde zur schwärenden Wunde des römischen Selbstgefühls und war nach römischer Auffassung nur durch einen überwältigenden Revanchesieg zu heilen." [3]
	www.ewetel.net /~martin.bode/Carrhae.htm (508 words)

	53 BC - Battle of Carrhae
		However, he strayed from the river into the open desert.
		Near Carrhae (Harran), the Parthians approached with 10,000 mounted archers.
		The Romans held a theoretical advantage, but lacked desert warfare experience (fighting at midday in June?), and staggered before the Parthian arrows, fired from compound bows.
	www.livescience.com /history/top10_iraq_battles-6.html (139 words)

	Amazon.com: Carrhae: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		When the two sides clashed for the first time at Carrhae the cavalry army proved superior, although not by as big...
		much of his reign campaigning, he was killed near Carrhae in April 217 by the prefect of the praetorian guard,...
		In their most famous encounter, the great battle of Carrhae (Harran) in north- ern Iraq in 53 B.C. › See more references to Carrhae in this book.
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Carrhae&tag=benlopark&index=books&link_code=qs&page=1 (1094 words)

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