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Topic: Carson bandwidth rule

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	ECE-S 306 Homework#3 Solution
		As expected from the theory, as we increase Kp, the bandwidth of the PM signal grows substantially, as indicated by the increasing number of nonzero impulses in the vicinity of 100 Hz and -100 Hz.
		Carson's rule bandwidth BW = 2(delta_f+B), where B is the bandwidth of the message signal, B = 10 Hz.
		Assuming that XPM is approximately zero for f = 60 and 140 Hz, the resulting bandwidth is B=130-70=60 Hz which is close to the Carson's rule bandwidth estimated to be 55.3 Hz.
	www.ece.drexel.edu /commweb/hw3nsolution.html (462 words)

	Carson bandwidth rule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In telecommunication, Carson's bandwidth rule defines the approximate bandwidth requirements of communications system components for a carrier signal that is frequency modulated by a continuous or broad spectrum of frequencies rather than a single frequency.
		Carson's bandwidth rule is often applied to transmitters, antennas, optical sources, receivers, photodetectors, and other communications system components.
		The main drawback in Carson's rule is that it cannot be used when the modulated message signal is a square wave.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carson_bandwidth_rule (185 words)

	Amateur Radio application of Frequency Modulation
		Carson's rule is often used to estimate the occupied bandwidth of an FM signal.
		Carson's rule estimates the bandwidth as twice the sum of the peak deviation and the highest modulating frequency.
		Carson's rule estimates the bandwidth for a 3kHz voice band at 2*(3+5) or 16kHz.
	www.vk1od.net /FM/FM.htm (3127 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - FM
		A rule of thumb, Carson's rule states that nearly all (~98%) of the power of a frequency-modulated signal lies within a bandwidth of
		With a tone-modulated FM wave, if the modulation frequency is held constant and the modulation index is increased, the (non-negligible) bandwidth of the FM signal increases, but the spacing between spectra stays the same.
		Carson bandwidth rule (Estimate of RF bandwidth required for an FM signal)
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=FM (1049 words)

	Calculating FM Modulation Bandwidth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		CARSON'S RULE requires knowing the modulating frequency and the maximum frequency deviation of the transmitted carrier.
		To calculate the CARSON'S RULE bandwidth occupancy of this signal, add the highest audio frequency to the peak deviation (15KHz + 75KHz = 90KHz), then multiply by two to include both the upper and lower sideband (90KHz X 2 = 180KHz).
		The CARSON'S BANDWIDTH for this signal is 180KHz.
	www.fmsystems-inc.com /eng_fm.htm (336 words)

	Carson bandwidth rule: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		...Carson bandwidth rule Carson bandwidth rule In telecommunication, a Carson...Note 1: The Carson bandwidth rule is expressed by the relation CBR = 2(Δ f + f m)...The Carson bandwidth rule is expressed by the relation CBR = 2(Δ f + f m) where CBR is the...
		In telecommunication, a Carson bandwidth rule is a rule defining the approximate bandwidth requirements of communications system components for a carrier signal that is frequency modulated by a continuous or broad spectrum of frequencies rather than a single frequency.
		Note 2: The Carson bandwidth rule is often applied to transmitters, antennas, optical sources, receivers, photodetectors, and other communications system components.
	www.encyclopedian.com /ca/Carson-bandwidth-rule.html (324 words)

	Frequency modulation
		Frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding of information in either analog or digital form into a carrier wave by variation of its instantaneous frequency in accordance with an input signal.
		Frequency modulation requires a wider bandwidth than amplitude modulation by an equivalent modulating signal, but this also makes the signal more robust against interference.
		The harmonic distribution[?] of a simple sine wave[?] signal modulated by another sine wave signal can be represented with Bessel functions - this provides a basis for a mathematical understanding of frequency modulation in the frequency domain.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/fs/FSK.html (292 words)

	``Authority of the copyright owner'' in 1201(a), and First Sale
		Also, the studios use the terms ``decrypt'' and ``descramble'' interchangably, but standard rules of statutory construction tell us that different words apply to different things, and the range of technological measures which may be described as ``scrambling'' is so broad that it is no restriction in practice.
		Both houses of Congress wanted to maintain the rule established in the Betamax case, that any device with a legitimate purpose was legal, and that the copyright holders not be able to decide among themselves what constituted a legitimate purpose.
		Morton Salt stated this rule for patents; several circuits have extended the principle to copyrights; it is clear that similar limits should apply to whatever new ``paracopyright'' rights were granted by the DMCA.
	cyber.law.harvard.edu /openlaw/dvd/drafts/loc-copy.html (11054 words)

	Carson City - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Carson City (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Capital of Nevada, situated at an altitude of 1,425 m/4,674 ft near the eastern foothills of the Sierra Nevada, 48 km/30 mi south of Reno, and to the east of Lake Tahoe; population (2000 est) 52,500.
		In 1858, it was renamed Carson City after the Carson River, which was named after the US frontier guide Kit Carson.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Carson+City (291 words)

	Dale's (KB9JJA) TVRO Page
		Carson's Rule is an approximate method to calculate the "minimum" bandwidth in a frequency modulated satellite signal so a high-fidelity, sharp picture will be delivered.
		While reducing the bandwidth below that recommended by Carson's Rule is a common practice and does result in a higher video S/N ratio, this is at the expense of streaking in fast moving scenes and overall picture sharpness.
		The channel bandwidth is the frequency range in which the energy of a communications signal is concentrated.
	www.angelfire.com /la/tvro/TVRO_GLO.html (16826 words)

	1906 Home Page
		They determined that even with a limited overlap in the bandwidths of the two data sets the general asperity characteristics determined at longer periods were consistent with the slip distribution needed to simulate the higher frequency ground motions.
		Slightly larger dimensions are not ruled out, but for the purpose of this estimate of strong motions for the 1906 earthquake, we use a compact asperity size to produce relatively conservative strong motions predictions.
		The frequency bandwidth of the simulations is from 0.0 to 1.0 Hz.
	pasadena.wr.usgs.gov /office/wald/1906/1906.html (10121 words)

	Lab2_Angle_Mod
		The bandwidth of the frequency-modulated signal is infinity.
		Similar to the FM, the phase modulation generally expands the bandwidth so that the effective bandwidth of the PM modulated signal is usually many times the bandwidth of the message signal.
		It is called as a narrowband angle modulated signal because its required bandwidth is narrower than the bandwidth of the general angle modulated signal.
	www.eas.asu.edu /~midle/jdsp/commex/LAB2_ANGLE_MOD.htm (1277 words)

	Frequency modulation - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In other parts of the spectrum, narrowband narrow-fm (N-FM) is used to conserve bandwidth.
		Edwin Armstrong presented his paper: "A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation" (https://michael.industrynumbers.com/fm.pdf), which first described FM radio, before the New York section of the Institute of Radio Engineers on November 6, 1935.
		A rule of thumb, Carson's rule states that nearly all the power of a frequency modulated signal lies within a bandwidth of
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/FM (1000 words)

	Carson bandwidth rule Information - Carson bandwidth rule
		In telecommunication, a Carson bandwidth rule is a rule defining the approximate bandwidth requirements Carson bandwidth rule of communications system components for a carrier signal that is frequency modulated by a continuous or broad spectrum of frequencies rather than a single frequency.
		The Carson bandwidth rule is often applied to transmitters, antennas, optical sources, receivers, photodetectors, and other communications system components.
		The study of new semiconductor devices and their technology is sometimes considered as a branch of physics.
	www.inanot.com /Ina-Electronics_Topics_C_-_Cm-/Carson_bandwidth_rule.html (183 words)

	Ham Radio Online - Adding 100 watt ATV Amp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Bandwidth really depends on what one is talking about, so here are some definitions.
		Occupied Bandwidth: Per FCC Rules 97.3(a)(8) it is the width of a frequency band outside of which the mean power of the transmitted signal is at least 26 dB below the mean power of the transmitted signal within the band.
		Carson's Rule for FM Occupied Bandwidth: 2 times the deviation plus 2 times the highest modulating frequency.
	www.hamradio-online.com /1995/nov-dec/atv2.html (565 words)

	Unfulfilled Promises
		Today's cellular communication networks share bandwidth for voice and data users and suffer from latency issues, spotty coverage, signal dropouts and typical throughput of 9.6K bit/sec.
		A rule of thumb is to take a carrier's advertised data rates for any current and future cellular technologies and cut them in half, he says.
		Carson Hotels' Murphy is already eyeing AT&T Wireless Group's 2.5G pilot in Washington.
	www.computerworld.com /printthis/2001/0,4814,63949,00.html (1092 words)

	Minnesota Liberal
		You do not, of course, because only the natural behavior of little boys is considered "bad," which is the canard we see daily reinforced in popular television programming, which sadly, has become the primary influence in the lives of today's children.
		Then again, those ruling elite don't typically have much say when it comes to editorial content, which is overseen primarily by editors and managing editors which, at least at MSP, are largely women.
		Rule of thumb – most corporate executives are cowards that are prone cave to public pressure whenever they think it affects the bottom line and the security of their own positions.
	minnesotaliberal.blogspot.com (9922 words)

	Adversarial Uses of Affective Computing and Ethical Implications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The games rules are as follows: first each player antes, next each player is dealt two cards, the players attempt bet who has the highest card and are given the opportunity to fold.The players compete for a common pot and their implicit goal is to maximize the reward.
		Carson Reynolds is a doctoral candidate in the Affective Computing group at the MIT Media Laboratory.
		Carson is also an active contributer to the Gentoo, Del.icio.us, and Mozilla user communities.
	alumni.media.mit.edu /~carsonr/phd_proposal/proposal.html (6290 words)

	Welcome to P.C. Electronics, The Leader in ATV Products.
		The IF bandwidth is also wide on these satellite receivers at 27 to 34 MHz which reduced the sensitivity of the system due to excessive noise power.
		Current security receivers typically have 17 or 21 MHz IF bandwidth which is optimum for the 4 MHz video deviation and don't require a preamp unless you have a lot of coax loss.
		Carson's Rule for FM occupied bandwidth is a good rule of thumb to estimate what the 26 dB down point will be given deviation and highest modulating frequency.
	www.hamtv.com /fmatv.html (1479 words)

	sephail.net - Techno-Exegesis - 2600 Magazine - Spring 2006
		It can even be used with a bandwidth of 20kHz for higher quality audio or channel multiplexing but requires two adjacent channels to be allocated to the station, something many broadcasters do not have available.
		That's already a lot being jammed into the 200kHz bandwidth allocation and, according to Carson's Rule, all that "stuff" with a 75kHz deviation is already exceeding the limit.
		Worse, if the standard sticks, stations will begin using more and more bandwidth for the digital modulation until the entire broadcast is in proprietary HD Radio format by first removing the stereo separation data, then the entire analog signal, leaving no fallback and billions of antiquated radios.
	www.sephail.net /~sephail/articles/techno-exegesis/spring2006 (1873 words)

	Does the digital radio standard come up short?
		The effective bandwidth is generally estimated as the width of the receiver's channel passband between the 3dB points above and below its center frequency of operation.
		For FM radios, however, the Carson's Rule bandwidth is used (defined as between the -20dB points) and is about 12.6kHz for a typical wideband (25kHz-spaced) analog FM radio.
		For digital radios, the effective receiver bandwidths can be defined by the baseband filters and the symbol rates.
	mrtmag.com /mag/radio_digital_radio_standard (2681 words)

	Infrequently Asked Questions, CS 171L
		In the error analysis, for each of the four output waveforms state whether it (within error allowance) does or does not correspond to the input signal (is it a rectangular wave with the same duty cycle).
		Note that Carson's rule is most effective for analog signals (as in Part D of this lab).
		To calculate the bandwidth, sum up the power of each harmonic of the signal (the RMS voltage squared), starting with the first harmonic.
	www.cs.ucla.edu /classes/cs171L/questions.html (2435 words)

	Soyuz Radio Systems
		With an audio bandwidth of b = 3.5 kHz the resulting bandwidth is (according to "Carson's rule"): 2 * D + 2 * b = 27-67 kHz.
		A fl-and-white video signal with 6 MHz bandwidth is transmitted by frequency modulating the carrier creating an RF bandwidth of 20 MHz.
		The RF bandwidth of the radar signals, which is mainly determined by the rise and fall time of the radar pulses, is about 12 MHz.
	www.svengrahn.pp.se /histind/Soyuz1Land/SoyRadio.htm (874 words)

	EDN -- 03.03.94 Ratio detection precisely characterizes signals' amplitude and frequency
		where B is the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, Df is the frequency deviation, and M is the bandwidth of the modulating waveform.
		Furthermore, because the noise power is proportional to each filter's bandwidth, weighting each term in the two sums by the respective filter's bandwidth effectively weights by the S/N ratio.
		The extracted AM and FM waveforms have bandwidths that are orders of magnitude smaller than that of the speech waveform itself, so you can encode them with far fewer bits.
	www.edn.com /archives/1994/030394/05df1.htm (1733 words)

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