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Topic: Carthaginians

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	Polybius on the Mercenaries War
		The Carthaginians, however, were afraid lest, longing to be with their wives or children after their recent protracted absence, they might in many cases refuse to leave Carthage, or, if they did, would come back again to their families, so that there would be no decrease of outrages in the city.
		The Carthaginians had ever been accustomed to depend for their private supplies on the produce of the country, their public expenses for armaments and commissariat had been met by the revenue they derived from Libya, and they had always been in the habit of employing hired soldiers.
		When the Carthaginians objected on the ground that the sovereignty of Sardinia was rather their own than Rome's, and began preparations for punishing those who were the cause of its revolt, the Romans made this the pretext of declaring war on them, alleging that the preparations were not against Sardinia, but against themselves.
	www.robotwisdom.com /flaubert/salammbo/polybius.html (8970 words)

	Timoleon - The Friend of Fortune
		The Carthaginians had control of their harbor and the sea, Hicetes and his mercenaries occupied their town, and Dionysius and his mercenaries were in their castle.
		The Carthaginians sent a huge fleet and an army of 60,000 troops, which occupied the harbor and the city of Syracuse, all except for the castle, which was held by Timoleon's men.
		The Carthaginians, who were already enraged by Mago's debacle, now they sent an army of 70,000 men and a fleet of 200 warships to the western tip of Sicily.
	www.e-classics.com /timoleon.htm (6045 words)

	A History of Africa, Chapter 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Carthaginian response to Timoleon's victory was to recall Hasdrubal, replace him with Gisgo (a son of Hanno the Great who had escaped the massacre of the Barcid family by going into exile), and sue for peace.
		The Carthaginian response was swift and effective; one year later we hear about Hicetas losing a battle in the vicinity of Leontini, meaning that the Carthaginians had marched almost all the way across the island.
		Later Plutarch also said this: "The Carthaginians are a hard and gloomy people, submissive to their rules and harsh to their subjects, running to extremes of cowardice in times of fear and cruelty in times of anger; they keep obstinately to their decisions, are austere, and care little for amusement or the graces of life."
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /africa/carthage.html (9490 words)

	Carthaginians in The New World Evidence of ancient explorers traveling to the new world does exist, and more than a ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Allying with the Etruscans of Italy, the Carthaginians were able to exclude the Greeks from further expansion into the western Mediterranean and after the fall of Tarshish, Carthage held the straits of Gibraltar closed to any foreign vessels.
		Carthaginian traders were quick to duplicate the navigational feats of their forefathers and to fill the void in providing trade goods.
		The true history of the Phoenician peoples and in particular the remarkable Carthaginians has never been told, virtually all we know of them is what was written by their enemies who were trying to paint them in the worst possible tones.
	phoenicia.org /carthanewworld.html (3761 words)

	Sicilian Peoples: The Carthaginians - Best of Sicily Magazine - Carthaginians, Phoenicians, Hanibal, Hamilcar, Punic ...
		Punic, the Carthaginian language, was a dialect of Phoenician spoken in the Carthage region well into the Christian era, long after Phoenician ceased to be spoken in Phoenicia or elsewhere.
		Solus (Solunto), Lilybaeum (Marsala) and Motya (Mozia) were the most important Carthaginian centres in Sicily, inherited by Carthage from their ancestors (the "original" Phoenicians), though Eryx (Erice) and other cities were certainly influenced by Phoenician and Carthaginian culture.
		Though the distinction between Phoenicians and Carthaginians was primarily social rather than genetic, Phoenician populations were known to amalgamate to some extent with "native" peoples such as Elymians and Iberians.
	www.bestofsicily.com /mag/art156.htm (1549 words)

	Carthage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Carthaginians soon developed high skills in the building of ships and used this to dominate the seas for centuries.
		The religion of the Carthaginians involved rituals with human sacrifice.
		201: After many early victories, fatigue destroys the Carthaginians, the peace with Rome this year is a humiliating one for the Carthaginians, and involves strong reductions in territory and elimination of the military fleet.
	i-cias.com /e.o/carthage.htm (678 words)

	Livy's History of Rome
		The Carthaginian spent three days there in attempting the fortress on every side, and as he met with no success he proceeded to ravage the district round Naples, more out of disappointed rage than in hopes of gaining possession of the city.
		The Carthaginian ranks in front of the standards were broken, then the soldiers round the standards were thrown into disorder, and at last their entire army became a scene of confusion.
		There was not the smallest doubt that if that delay had not occurred the Carthaginian camp could have been captured that same day, for the men and the elephants, too, had been driven back to their lines, and thirty-nine of the latter had been transfixed by the heavy Roman javelins.
	mcadams.posc.mu.edu /txt/ah/Livy/Livy24.html (19018 words)

	Ancient Rome - Punic Wars
		The Carthaginians accepted Scipio's terms for peace: Carthage was forced to pay an indemnity and surrender its navy, and Spain and the Mediterranean islands were ceded to Rome.
		When the Carthaginians in 150 resisted Masinissa's aggressions by force of arms, thus formally breaking the treaty with Rome, a Roman army was dispatched to Africa.
		Although the Carthaginians consented to make reparation by giving hostages and surrendering their arms, they were goaded into revolt by the further stipulation that they must emigrate to some inland site, where commerce by sea would no longer be possible.
	www.crystalinks.com /punicwars.html (1039 words)

	IGN: Rome Total War Faction Feature
		The Phoenicians, and their successors the Carthaginians, must be credited with the invention of glass, the bireme galley and with being expert traders thanks to their superb navigational skills.
		The Carthaginians were blessed to have the services of Hannibal, one of the greatest generals of all time.
		Carthaginian skirmishers rush forward to pepper an enemy with javelins, and then withdraw in good order before a counter-attack can be organised.
	pc.ign.com /articles/509/509841p1.html (1314 words)

	Himera
		Not because the Sicels were dangerous, but because the Greeks and Carthaginians could not live in peace, and this valley represents the ‘frontier’.
		The Carthaginians chose this time to advance on the city of Himera, in an attempt to secure the northern coast of Sicily.
		[The Carthaginians used children as sacrificial victims, although it not known if this story is truth or legend.] When his defeat became evident, he threw himself in the fire, for which the Carthaginians never forgave the Greeks.
	www.ancientroute.com /cities/Himera.htm (1525 words)

	Livy: the Periochae of Books 16-20
		Consul Cnaeus Cornelius was cornered by a Carthaginian navy and was captured under the pretext of negotiations.
		The Carthaginian general Hannibal was crucified by his own men after the navy he commanded had been defeated.
		Caecilius Metellus fought successfully against the Carthaginians [commanded by Hasdrubal] and organized a spectacular triumph, in which 13 enemy leaders and 120 elephants were to be seen.
	www.livius.org /li-ln/livy/periochae/periochae016.html (1618 words)

	The Voyage of Hanno
		It seems that the Carthaginians had reasons for wishing to strengthen their colonies established in that stretch of coast between Mogador and Agadir where the chain of the Atlas abuts the sea.
		The Carthaginians were interested in going as far as there was gold to be acquired, but putting the Gulf of Guinea in contact with the Indian Ocean would have been of great advantage to the subjects of the Persian Empire around the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
		It is true that the Carthaginians aimed at excluding Greek-speaking merchants from their area of trade, but they obtained this result by occupying the key ports along the routes, not by withholding information.
	www.metrum.org /mapping/hanno.htm (8133 words)

	smugmug - italy2004 : 07-05 Segesta and Agrigento : A "telamones" from the Temple of Zeus. This enormous temple was ...
		This enormous temple was built by Carthaginian soldiers captured after one of the several little skirmishes that occured.
		The Carthaginians took it back and burned it down about 80 years later.
		The telamones was one of several statues that served as structural supports around the temple.
	italy2004.smugmug.com /gallery/192240/3/7316598 (62 words)

	Rome: The Punic Wars
		By gaining Sicily, the Romans had expelled the Carthaginians from their back yard; they now wanted them out of their front yard, that is, the islands of Corsica and Sardinia west of the Italian peninsula.
		This forced the Carthaginians to sue for peace with Rome; part of the treaty demanded that Hannibal leave the Italian peninsula.
		Carthaginians who weren't killed were sold into slavery.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/ROME/PUNICWAR.HTM (1868 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Sicily
		The Carthaginians then felt the necessity of obtaining political power over the island, if the Phoenician and Punic trade was not to be destroyed by the Greeks.
		Himilco, the Carthaginian general, then attacked Syracuse, which seemed to prefer the gentle sway of the Carthaginians to that of its tyrant.
		An attack on Messina by the Carthaginian Mago was repulsed (393).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13772a.htm (5324 words)

	AnciCAf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Carthaginians - It may be said that Hannibal was rightly a great commander, for the army that he had to work with was a motley bunch.
		Carthaginian foreign policy was to play one tyrant off another, which worked quite well, as no tyrant ever wanted another to be too powerful.
		Ethic cleaning out of the Carthaginians was usually under the guise of ridding the island of "barbarians" but this was a pretty weak excuse as the Carthaginians had been trading regularly with the Greeks for eons and were probably as civilized if not more.
	www.hat.com /AnciCAf.html (1283 words)

	Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus (1886). pp. 171-221. Books 21-30
		The fortune of the Carthaginians, therefore, being similar at home and abroad, not only their tributary towns, but even princes that were in alliance with them, began to fall off, estimating the obligations of confederacy not by the standard of honour but by that of fortune.
		For this treachery he was nailed to a cross by the Carthaginians in the middle of the forum, that the place which had formerly been the distinguished scene of his honours might also bear testimony to his punishment.
		As the Carthaginians threatened him on one side, and the Romans on the other, it seemed hazardous not to transport a force into Italy, and more hazardous to withdraw troops from Sicily, lest the one should be lost by not receiving assistance, or the other by being deserted.
	www.tertullian.org /fathers/justinus_05_books21to30.htm (12286 words)

	Carthaginians on the Azores ?
		Corvo is the tip of a volcano in the mid-Atlantic ridge and, except for a small area at the south end where a village and port are located, it rises up in sheer cliffs from the sea.
		If true, the discovery of Corvo by Carthaginians would surely change our thinking about ancient navigation, for the easiest way to reach Corvo is to sail first to America on the Canary and North Equatorial Currents and then ride the Gulf Stream back to the Azores.
		Some accepted the finds as genuine; others rejected the idea of Atlantic voyages by Phoenicians or their successors, the Carthaginians, and offered other explanations: the statue never existed, or it was just a natural formation; the coins were a hoax, or modern importations to Corvo by Arabs, Normans, Spaniards, or early Portuguese settlers.
	www.parishofrayleigh.org.uk /azcarthage.htm (2142 words)

	Famous Carthaginians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In this place he continued for some years, with very little support from the Carthaginian government; and, although the Romans were masters of almost the whole of the island, they were unable to dislodge him.
		The Carthaginian treasury was exhausted; and it was proposed to the troops that they should relinquish a part of the pay which was due to them.
		His wife, when the fire was kindling, displayed herself on the walls of the building in the richest attire she could procure, and, having upbraided her husband for his cowardice, slew her two sons, and threw herself, with them, into the burning pile (Appian, Bell.
	www.barca.fsnet.co.uk /carthaginians.htm (2428 words)

	The Warren: On March 10th in military history....in 241 BC
		The Carthaginians ruled the seas around Sicily, but instead of pressing home their advantage, they sat back and were content to slowly build up their land forces under General Hamilcar Barca (the father of famous General Hannibal) on Sicily.
		The Carthaginians raised a fleet to relieve the city of Lilybaeum under the command of Hanno the Great and set sail for Sicily.
		Perhaps due to the superior training of the Roman crews or the overloaded condition from all the supplies of the Carthaginian ships, whatever the reason, the Romans were able to destroy more than half the Carthaginian fleet and prevent the relief of Lilybaeum.
	thewarrenat.blogspot.com /2005/03/on-march-10th-in-military-historyin.html (635 words)

	HANNIBAL, THE AFRICAN WARRIOR
		The Carthaginians were content as things were, but the Romans were military expansionists.
		In 247 B.C., Hamilcar Barca took command of the Carthaginian army and his son, Hannibal, was born.
		In addition, the Carthaginians were compelled to pay a large tribute.
	www.cwo.com /~lucumi/hannibal.html (765 words)

	Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius: The Third Punic War, 149-146 B.C.
		When the Carthaginians had been some time deliberating how they should meet the message from Rome [an ultimatum to break up their army and navy] they were reduced to a state of the utmost embarrassment by the people of Utica anticipating their design by putting themselves under the protection of Rome.
		Hamilcar Phameas was the general of the Carthaginians, a man in the very prime of life and of great physical strength.
		Nor again had they violated laws, customs, or their own good faith; for having received a voluntary surrender, with the full power of doing what they pleased in the event of the submitting party not obeying their injunctions, they had, in view of that eventuality having arisen, applied force to them.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/polybius-punic3.html (2822 words)

	Salammbo by Gustave Flaubert 13
		The Carthaginians had not re-entered their houses when the clouds accumulated more thickly; those who raised their heads towards the colossus could feel big drops on their foreheads, and the rain fell.
		The sight of these strong animals, sacred to Baal, gave the Carthaginians even more joy than the arrival of such relief; it was a token of the tenderness of the god, a proof that he was at last about to interfere in the war to defend them.
		The curve of the Carthaginians, however, flattened by degrees, became quite straight, and then bent inwards; upon this, the two sections of the velites drew together in parallel lines, like the legs of a compass that is being closed.
	www.classicbookshelf.com /library/gustave_flaubert/salammbo/13 (11315 words)

	Ancient History Sourcebook: Aristotle: On the Constitution of Carthage, c. 340 BCE
		The Carthaginians are also considered to have an excellent form of government, which differs from that of any other state in several respects, though it is in some very like the Spartan.
		Among the points in which the Carthaginian constitution resembles the Spartan are the following: The common tables of the clubs answer to the Spartan phiditia, and their magistracy of the Hundred-Four to the Ephors; but, whereas the Ephors are any chance persons, the magistrates of the Carthaginians are elected according to merit---this is an improvement.
		The government of the Carthaginians is oligarchical, but they successfully escape the evils of oligarchy by enriching one portion of the people after another by sending them to their colonies.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/aristotle-carthage.html (911 words)

	The history of Ibiza and Formentera
		The Carthaginian people originated in Phoenicia, and became known as the Carthaginians after the founding of the city of Carthage (geographically located in the Tunisia of today).
		The Carthaginians were merchants and traders, and Ibiza became a very important trading centre.
		The Salinas which were constructed by the Carthaginians are still used to day to win salt from sea water, by a process of evaporation.
	www.ibiza-spotlight.com /ibizamagic/history_i.htm (1118 words)

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