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Topic: Cartilaginous fishes

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	New Jersey Scuba Diver - Marine Biology - Fishes - Overview
		Fish were the earliest vertebrates, and presumably evolved from a group of aquatic lower chordates; the terrestrial vertebrates evolved from fishes.
		A number of fishes that are born in freshwater spend their adult lives in the ocean, returning to their birthplace to spawn; the reverse of this migration occurs in some fishes born in the ocean.
		The cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays, and chimaeras) are distinguished from the bony fishes by their cartilage skeletons, by the absence of either a swim bladder or lungs, by the construction of their tail fins, and by the absence in most of a gill covering, or operculum.
	www.njscuba.net /biology/misc_ov_fishes.html (1702 words)

	ICHTHYOLOGY - LoveToKnow Article on ICHTHYOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		All scaly fishes are oviparous, hut the cartilaginous fishes (with the exception of the sea-devil, which Aristotle places along with them) are viviparous.
		The fishes proper are arranged primarily according to the cartilaginous or the osseous nature of the skeleton, and then subdivided according to the general form of the body, the presence or the absence of ventral fins, the soft or the s~pinous structure of the dorsal rays, the number of dorsal fins, andc.
		Cartilaginous or Chondral Skeleton.(A) Vertebral column.4 In the embryonic connective tissue or mesenchyme lying just outside the primary sheath of the notochord there are developed a dorsal and a ventral series of paired nodules of cartilage known as arcualia (fig.
	19.1911encyclopedia.org /I/IC/ICHTHYOLOGY.htm (18298 words)

	Batoidea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Batoidea is a superorder of cartilaginous fishes containing more than 500 described species in thirteen familes.
		Batoids are flat-bodied, and, like sharks, are a species of cartilaginous marine fish, meaning they have a boneless skeleton made of a tough, elastic substance.
		The eggs of all batoids except for the skates (family Rajidae) hatch inside the female and are born alive.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ray_(fish) (713 words)

	Fish
		A fish is a poikilothermic (cold-blooded) * water-dwelling vertebrate with gills.
		Taxonomically, fish are a paraphyletic group whose exact relationships are much debated; a common division is into the jawless fishes (class Agnatha, 75 species including lampreys and hagfish), the cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes, 800 species including sharks and rayss), with the remainder classed as bony fishes (class Osteichthyes).
		"Fishes" is the proper English plural form of "fish" that biologists use when speaking about two or more fish species, as in "There are over 25,000 fishes in the world" (meaning that there are over 25,000 fish species in the world).
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/f/fi/fish.html (508 words)

	Marine Fishes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Cartilaginous fishes (class chondrichthyes) have a skeleton made of cartilage, movable jaws, and paired fins.
		Fishes that feed primarily on plants are known as grazers.
		Cartilaginous fishes have a duct that leads from the gonads into a cloaca, which is a common passage for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems.
	www.lavc.cc.ca.us /kovnatgd/TEC/Lectures/Ocean2/marine_fishes.htm (1013 words)

	research - big fish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A cartilaginous skeleton weighs less than a bony skeleton of the same length, so this theoretical maximal size is larger for the cartilaginous fish.
		This may provide an explanation for why the eight largest fishes are cartilaginous and the two largest bony fishes have cartilaginous skeletons.
		We have shown that cartilaginous fishes do have lighter skeletons per unit length than do bony fishes and that the heaviest cartilaginous skeletons are from benthic fishes.
	biomechanics.bio.uci.edu /_html/research/research_big_fish.htm (183 words)

	Vocabulary / Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Fishes are a very diverse group, but the major characteristics of fishes are that they 1) live and grow in water, 2) swim with fins, and 3) use grills for gas exchange (breathing).
		The cartilaginous fishes are the sharks and rays.
		Some fast swimming fish, like mackerel, that may move up and down in the water column very quickly, do not use a swim bladder, but rather use oil for buoyancy (if you have ever eaten mackerel you may have noticed that it is a particularly oily fish).
	www.usc.edu /org/seagrant/TextOnly/IELessons/Unit2/Lesson6/U2L6VB.html (562 words)

	Fishes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Freshwater fish have the opposite problem; their bodies are more saline that the environment they live in so they must find a way to get rid of water as it is constantly absorbed through their bodies as a result of osmosis.
		Fishes that use eel-like movements of their body for propulsion are not as efficient as fishes that swim using their tail.
		Freshwater fish, on the other hand, drink no water (water is absorbed by the fish through osmosis), absorb salt in their gills, and excrete copious amounts of urine to remove excess water.
	www.oceansonline.com /fishes2.htm (4934 words)

	Fishes
		Friction between a fish and the water is reduced by the streamlined shape of a fish and the mucoid secretions that lubricate the body surface.
		Fishes move through the water using their fins and body wall to push against the incompressible surrounding water.
		Vibrations strike the fish, are amplified by the swim bladder, and sent through the ossicle to the skull.
	www.snow.edu /~allans/biology1320/fishes.html (1950 words)

	MILSTEIN HALL OF OCEAN LIFE \| American Museum of Natural History
		The cartilaginous fishes include about 400 different species of sharks and their close relatives the rays, which are even more numerous with about 600 living species.
		The fossil record indicates that cartilaginous fishes probably arose before bony fishes and they lack many features that evolved later, such as true bone and a buoyant lung or gas bladder.
		So it may be that modern cartilaginous fishes actually replaced bone with cartilage - contradicting the idea of cartilaginous fishes as primitive or inferior.
	www.amnh.org /exhibitions/permanent/ocean/03_oceanlife/d3_jawless.php (756 words)

	Moray Eels Scorpion fishes Rockcods coral reef ecology guide - Thailand Similan Burma
		The bony fishes show an appreciably greater number of innovative features, which has led to explosive speciation: there are at least 36 species of bony fishes for every cartilaginous one.
		Cartilaginous fishes were not involved in this evolutionary process and to the present day have to make do without this buoyancy aid.
		Unlike the solely carnivorous cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes have a wide range of food with plants, corals, flesh and plankton.
	www.diveasia.com /reef-guide/fish-1.htm (760 words)

	Phuket cartilaginous fishes Sharks Rays coral reef ecology guide - Thailand Similan Burma
		Compared with bony fishes, cartilaginous fishes reproduce slowly with long gestation periods (viviparous), or with only a small quantity of eggs (oviparous).
		The largest fish in the ocean, this giant is easily recognized by its immense size and a two-tone pattern of light spots and lines on a dark brown dorsal surface.
		This fascinating fish is a bridge of sorts between the evolution of sharks and rays.
	www.diveasia.com /reef-guide/cartilaginous.htm (849 words)

	TRAFFIC: SHARK FISHERIES AND TRADE IN EUROPE
		Today in Europe, cartilaginous fishes are used primarily as food, however, their livers, fins, cartilage, skin and other derivatives are used for a variety of purposes.
		Many cartilaginous fish species are extremely vulnerable to over-exploitation, owing to their specific biological and life history characteristics.
		As such, cartilaginous fishes remain available for exploitation as quotas or other restrictions are applied to other fisheries.
	www.traffic.org /factfile/sharks-tradeineurope.html (1864 words)

	Molecular synapomorphies resolve evolutionary relationships of extant jawed vertebrates -- Venkatesh et al. 98 (20): ...
		Model c places cartilaginous fishes as the sister group of teleost fishes and the lungfish at the base of all fishes (5).
		to the cartilaginous fishes and lobe-finned fishes, whereas the
		that cartilaginous fishes are ancestral to bony vertebrates.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/20/11382 (2781 words)

	The biology of marine fishes III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		fishes can be artificially induced to spawn when these environmental factors are controlled or when hormones are injected
		fish that release their eggs into the plankton are known as broadcast spawners, releasing as many eggs as possible (up to 100 million, the Atlantic tarpon) to ensure some success since most eggs released into the plankton will never survive
		in many cartilaginous fishes (some sharks, skates, and rays), the embryo in enclosed by a large, leathery egg case (e.g., the "mermaid's purse" of skates) that drops to the bottom after spawning
	www.plankton.uhh.hawaii.edu /MARE171/171-17-fishIV.html (1088 words)

	Ichthyology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fishes.
		This includes the bony fishes (Osteichthyes), the cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) such as sharks and rays, and the jawless fishes (Agnatha).
		The greatest ichthyologist around the beginning of the 20th century is generally considered to be David Starr Jordan, who wrote 650 articles and books on the subject, in addition to serving as president of Indiana University and Stanford University.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/ichthyology (464 words)

	CARTILAGINOUS FISHES. CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
		Their most distinctive character, as contrasted with the bony fishes (p.
		Fertilization is internal in all of them, and is effected by a pair of rodlike copulatory organs, each of which is developed from the inner edge of one of the two pelvic fins, and is supported by one or more cartilages.
		The sharks and rays are usually looked upon as more primitive than the bony fishes.
	octopus.gma.org /fogm/Chondrichthyes.htm (104 words)

	Introduction to the Chondrichthyes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Sharks, skates, rays, and even stranger fish make up the Chondrichthyes, or "cartilaginous fish." First appearing on Earth almost 450 million years ago, cartilaginous fish today include both fearsome predators and harmless mollusc-eaters (harmless, that is, unless you are a mollusc).
		A number of shark and ray species are fished, commercially or for sport.
		Thus, preservation of the whole body of a cartilaginous fish only takes place under special conditions.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /vertebrates/basalfish/chondrintro.html (220 words)

	Search Results for chondrichthyes - Encyclopædia Britannica
		The earliest fossil remains of fishlike vertebrates are too fragmentary to permit tracing the modern fishes precisely to their origins.
		Many groups of Devonian fish were heavily armoured, and this has led to their good representation in the fossil record.
		Fish remains are widespread in the Old Red Sandstone rocks of Europe,...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=chondrichthyes&submit=Find&source=MWTAB (403 words)

	MSN Encarta - Ray
		The pelvic fins are relatively small, and the anal fin is absent, the tail region being reduced to a slender, whiplike organ that the ray uses as a rudder.
		The huge pectoral fins serve to move the fish through the water at a slow pace.
		The ray order includes the guitar fishes; the sawfishes; the skates; the stingrays; the devilfishes; the electric rays (see Electric Fish; Torpedo); and the eagle rays.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761559343/Ray.html (272 words)

	Fishes lecture review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Give some examples of animals that have "fish" as part of their name but are not fish.
		You should be able to describe the concept of osmotic regulation relative to freshwater and saltwater fishes, including the natural tendency of water and salts to move between fishes and their aquatic environment (via diffusion and osmosis), and the natural defenses they use to counteract these movements of salts and water.
		What is the difference between anadromous and catadromous fishes relative to diadromous migration, and provide examples of anadromous and catadromous fishes.
	unk.edu /acad/biology/eichhorst/biology109/fishes/fishes_review.html (449 words)

	Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy - Lecture Notes 3
		Further development of cartilaginous neurocranium = development of cartilaginous walls (sides of braincase) and, in cartilaginous fishes, a cartilaginous roof over the brain
		Cartilaginous fishes - retain a cartilaginous neurocranium (or chondrocranium) throughout life
		Cartilaginous fishes - palatoquadrate is the only upper jaw that develops
	people.eku.edu /ritchisong/342notes3.htm (593 words)

	Chondrichthyes -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		are jawed (Any of various mostly cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates usually having scales and breathing through gills) fish with paired fins, paired nostrils, scales, two-chambered hearts, and skeletons made of cartilage.
		They are distinguished by having (Slender tactile process on the jaws of a fish) barbels at the edge of the nostrils.
		Subclass (Chimaeras and extinct forms) Holocephali ((Smooth-skinned deep-sea fish with a tapering body and long threadlike tail) chimaera)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ch/chondrichthyes.htm (599 words)

	BIO3324 Lecture: Protozoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Unlike many of their vertebrate cousins, with body plans that were successful for only short periods of time (the ages of amphibians or reptiles for example) only to be replaced by another vertebrate type, this vertebrate class continues to increase in numbers and diversity in both the marine and freshwater environments which they call home.
		bony fish it is the combination of these factors that has resulted in a highly active, agile organism adapted to the constraints of an aquatic existence.
		bony fish make full use of the advantageous characteristics of their environment but have also solved the problems that the aquatic environment creates for organisms that live in it.
	salinella.bio.uottawa.ca /bio2125/Lectures/BIO2125_lcts_Chordata_BnyFish.htm (794 words)

	Cartilaginous Fishes from the Fox Hills Formation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Several hundred isolated teeth of cartilaginous fish were recovered from 32 locations in south-central and southwestern North Dakota (Bowman, Morton, Sioux, Emmons, and Logan Counties) by examining outcrop surfaces and by wet sieving.
		Twenty cartilaginous fish taxa representing 14 families have been identified from this collection (Table 1).
		Collectively these cartilaginous fish taxa corraborate a Late Cretaceous age for the Fox Hills Formation in North Dakota established previously by other biochronologic indicators.
	www.state.nd.us /ndfossils/research/Abstracts/cartilaginous_fishes.html (305 words)

	A Hotlist on Cartilaginous fishes
		It is basically a two paragraph paraphrase on cartilaginous fishes and what makes them unique, such as the fact that one of their earliest ancestor is the guitarfish.
		Jawless and Cartilaginous Fishes - An interesting website that informs one of the body structure and composition of ancient cartilaginous fishes as well as jawless fish.
		Order Cartilaginous Fishes - Very informative website that goes in-depth about three main species of cartilaginous fishes: sharks, rays, and chimaeras.
	www.kn.pacbell.com /wired/fil/pages/listcartilagmo.html (989 words)

	Fishes
		The bony fishes are the most diverse and abundant vertebrates
		Swimming: fish swim by generating force by contracting muscles of the body and transforming this energy to the tail
		An interesting aspect of the biology of many fish species is that some have an extensive (and highly organized) migratory stage
	www-msc.bhsu.edu /~ssarver/fishes.htm (377 words)

	The Vertebrates
		The earliest cartilaginous fishes appeared late in the Devonian period.
		With their gills exposed to sea water, all marine fishes are faced with the problem of conserving body water in a strongly hypertonic environment.
		The cartilaginous fishes solve the problem by maintaining such a high concentration of urea in their blood (2.5% — far higher than the 0.02% of other vertebrates) that it is in osmotic balance with — that is, is isotonic to — sea water.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/V/Vertebrates.html (2416 words)

	Natural History: Jaws of Death - cartilaginous fishes - Brief Article
		Sharks, rays, and ratfishes share a special burden: these cartilaginous fishes are saddled with a reputation for being somehow inferior to vertebrates blessed with bony skeletons.
		Dating back at least 420 million years, cartilaginous fishes are sometimes referred to as primitive--as if cartilage were an intermediate step on the climb from invertebrates to bony vertebrates.
		Adam Summers, a biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, is determined to show that this supposed inferiority of cartilaginous fishes is a biomechanical myth.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_7_109/ai_65132193 (1035 words)

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