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	d. Economic Conditions. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Overseas trade was under direct crown control, and Seville, seat of the Casa de Contratación, had the monopoly of the American trade during the 16th century.
		The Casa de la Contratación was transferred to Cádiz in 1717.
		The Casa de Contratación was abolished in 1790.
	www.bartleby.com /67/911.html (1041 words)

	Casa de Contratación - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		La Casa de Contratación (The House of Trade) was a government agency under the Spanish Empire of the 16th and 17th centuries, which attempted to control all Spanish exploration and colonization.
		By the late 17th century, La Casa had fallen into bureaucratic gridlock, and the Empire as a whole was failing, due primarily to Spain's inability to finance both war on the Continent, and a global empire.
		In later years the power that Seville and the Casa de Contratacion once had would be abolished by Charles III of the Bourbon line, who took over after the Spanish Habsburg line ended.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n (317 words)

	Articles: Casa de Contratación - Historical Text Archive
		The Casa de Contratación had the power of regulating commerce among Spain and the colonies, had judicial powers concerning trade and navigation, helped with communication overseas, contributed to educating "pilots" in navigation, geography, and pilotage, and had several other duties (Mabry 90).
		The Casa's power in the courts began when the passengers and the crew were on board and the cargo was loaded, and ended when the ship had been returned and the voyage was over.
		The Casa de Contratación, or House of Trade, was a major institution in the sixteenth, seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries in Spain and its colonies.
	www.historicaltextarchive.com /sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=626 (2078 words)

	Consejo de Indias - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Consejo de Indias ("Council of the Indies"), in full the Real y Supremo Consejo de Indias ("Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies") was the most important administrative organ of the Spanish Empire, both in administering the Americas and in the Philippines, combining legislative, executive and judicial functions.
		The Bourbon reforms enacted from 1714, with the creation of a Minister of the Indies and a Secretaría de Guerra, Marina e Indias superseded the administrative functions of the Consejo de Indias which was not definitively abolished until 1834.
		The archives of the Council, the Archivo General de Indias one of the major centers of documentation for European history, is housed in Seville.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Council_of_the_Indies (416 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		AVILES, PEDRO MENENDEZ DE (1519-1574), Spanish seaman, founder of St Augustine, Florida, was born at Aviles in Asturias on the 15th of February 1519.
		The appointment was made by the emperor over the head and against the will of the Casa de Contratacion, or governing board of the American trade.
		His relations with the Casa de Contratacion were, however, as strained as ever.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=5957 (475 words)

	[No title]
		La Casa de Contratación tuvo atribuciones políticas especialmente en el orden fiscal, jugó un papel importante en el ramo de la administración comercial y judicial y, además, se constituyó en un impulsor poderoso para el estudio de la geografía americana y de la ciencia náutica de la época.
		El cometido más conflictivo de la Casa de Contratación, en cuanto a sus competencias, fue la intervención en los temas judiciales, pues se confundía con las jurisdicciones otorgadas a las Audiencias americanas y al Consejo de Indias, creado en España en 1524.
		En 1508 se creó el cargo de piloto mayor, cuya misión consistía en preparar a los tripulantes para la dirección de navegaciones a Indias y examinar a todos aquellos que pretendiesen pilotar una nave rumbo a América.
	www.puc.cl /sw_educ/historia/america/html/1_1_2.html (418 words)

	Abogados - Abogados
		De acuerdo al Código Civil y a la ley 1 de 1976, la pareja que se casó en Colombia pero se divorciaron en el exterior, está sujeta a una regla especial para que le sea aceptada esa sentencia dentro del sistema judicial colombiano.
		Si bien los emisores de tarjetas de crédito y otras empresas que otorgan préstamos a los consumidores han escapado al aluvión de incumplimientos en los pagos que los prestatarios hipotecarios han sufrido, de todas formas están siendo más cuidadosos sobre a quién prestan dinero y en qué términos.
		La falta de conocimiento y difusión de ese beneficio esencial o promesa de marca equivale a un posicionamiento difuso de la profesión o, a lo que es lo mismo, la pérdida de oportunidades como colectivo en el corto plazo y de prestigio en el largo.
	www.abogada.com (1679 words)

	8/34.- Seville, "Archivo de las Indias". Tourist Information - VIRTOURIST.COM
		In 1503 the 'Casa de Contratacion de las Indias' --The monopolist America Trade Company-- was established in Seville, giving a big impulse to the city's economy.
		The expansion times lasted till 1717, when the 'Casa de Contratacion de las Indias' was moved to Cadis.
		Now, this Building is called 'Archivo de las Indias' (= Archive of the Indies), and it holds a huge collection of material related to the America conquest -- including some letters Columbus sent to Isabel and Fernando, the Catholic Monarchs who financed his expedition.
	www.virtourist.com /europe/seville/08.htm (88 words)

	Chapter 2: Crime and Society in Early Modern Seville
		According to one contemporary, the officers of the Casa included a president, administrator, treasurer, accountant, assessor, fiscal reporter, secretary, scribes, sheriffs, porters, warden of the Casa's prison, head pilot, cosmographers, boat inspectors, professor of astrology, professor of cosmography, receiver of export duties, accountant of duties, and lawyers.
		The Casa de Contratación had to send representatives to these ports, and the city council of Seville had to oversee a fleet of smaller boats that could link the city with the larger ships unable to pass up the river to Seville.
		He had to report that Maria de la O was showered with bouquets and attention when she returned home after her whipping, but he added that she spoke insultingly, calling the Count and other officials cuckolds and fornicators.
	libro.uca.edu /perry/csms2.htm (5835 words)

	[No title]
		Entre otras misiones los funcionarios tendrían cuidado de que no faltasen las mercancías necesarias en las expediciones a Indias, concederían licencias para zarpar, nombrarían a los capitanes de las embarcaciones fijándoles sus obligaciones y recibirían las riquezas indianas como perlas, oro y plata.
		Asimismo, la Casa de la Contratación fiscalizaría todas las embarcaciones con destino a las colonias o procedentes de ellas que, necesariamente, debían zarpar o rendir viaje en la capital sevillana con el objeto de facilitar dicho control.
		La elección de Sevilla como sede de la Casa de Contratación está relacionada con la designación del puerto de Guadalquivir como único punto para las mutuas transacciones entre la península y las Indias.
	www.puc.cl /sw_educ/historia/america/html/1_1_1.html (279 words)

	Parallel Histories: The 1562 Map of America by Diego Gutiérrez / Historias Paralelas: El Mapa de América ...
		In 1562 Diego Gutiérrez, a Spanish cartographer from the respected Casa de la Contratación, and Hieronymus Cock, a noted engraver from Antwerp, collaborated in the preparation of a spectacular and ornate map of what was then referred to as the fourth part of the world, America.
		Etc." That is, "Diego Gutiérrez, cosmographer at the time of the reign of Philip II of Spain." He served as a cosmographer in the Casa de la Contratación from 1554 to at least 1569, according to documents in the Archivo General de Indias in Seville.
		Recibía un salario de 6000 maravedíes por su conocida habilidad para hacer cartas de navegación y otros instrumentos naúticos.
	memory.loc.gov /intldl/eshtml/es-1/es-1-2-5-1.html (6312 words)

	SEVILLE, A UNIVERSAL CITY (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It was the city of Seville that set in motion a relationship between the overseas territories of the Spanish Crown through the medium of the "Casa de Contratación" Indies Trading Tribunal (1503), which coordinated the "Indies run" fleets, provided training for navigators and issuing navigation licences.
		Practically the whole length of the river was a port, and in the city there were some wharfs which were mostly in the area of "Arenal" and on the opposite bank in the Triana area, where there were docks for ship repair and careening, and where loading and unloading operations could take place.
		The "Lonja de comercio", symbol of the trading relationship existing between Seville and the New World is today the home of the "Archivo General de Indias", where from 1785 onwards the most important documents concerning Hispano-American history are kept.
	www2.ups.edu /faculty/velez/Comedia/html/unit1/sevilla.htm (680 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		From 1508 onward, the Casa de Contratacion had a navigation school with pilots and cosmographers who were responsible for the padron real, the master map which contained the latest information about overseas discoveries.
		What is remarkable about the work of Lopez de Velasco is that it is truly worldwide in scope, mapping all of Spain's possessions in turn and relating them to the master map of the world as a whole.
		Twelve are housed at the Real Academia de la Historia in Madrid, twenty-seven the Archivo de las Indias in Seville, and thirty-seven in the library of the University of Texas at Austin.
	muweb.millersville.edu /~columbus/data/his/BUISSER1.HIS (2736 words)

	Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
		In 1554 he was appointed captain-general of the "flota" or convoy which carried the trade between Spain and America.
		The war with France in which Spain and England were allies was then in progress, and until the close of 1559 ample occupation was found for Avilés in bringing money and recruits from Spain to Flanders.
		His letters prove him to have been a pious and high-minded officer, who never imagined that he could be supposed by any honest man to have gone too far in massacring the Frenchmen, whom he regarded as pirates and heretics.
	www.nndb.com /people/654/000097363 (696 words)

	IHM Presentacion (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Instituto Hidrográfico de la Marina as we currently know it did not operate under such a name from the start, and it was not even based in Cádiz as it is now.
		This latter subject is of the utmost relevance, as it was there that the first complete world charts were compilated, which makes it the first nautical university as well as the first organisation to coordinate and produce nautical cartography on an official and organized basis.
		When the Casa de Contratación was officially ended in 1790, it was evident the need for some body to fill the gap that this disappearance had left.
	www.armada.mde.es /ihm/Presentacion/preng/IHM_PE_Main.htm (1268 words)

	Chapter 1: Aristocrats and Traders: Sevillian Society in the Sixteenth Century
		Ruiz Almansa interprets it as including parishioners fifteen years or older, but Domínguez Ortiz claims that it was general practice in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to begin confession at from twelve to fourteen years of age and to take communion as early as age seven.
		Most of the inhabitants of Triana were in some way connected with the carrera de Indias and for that reason it tended to be a highly transient district and one that grew enormously in the second half of the century.
		The two largest were the Hospital de la Sangre and the Hospital de San Hermenegildo (known popularly as the Hospital del Cardenal) with one hundred and eighty beds, respectively.
	libro.uca.edu /aristocrats/aristocrats1.htm (4496 words)

	Pedro Menendez de Aviles, Spanish seaman, founded St. Augustine
		Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Spanish seaman, founder of St.
		On his return from another voyage in 1563 he was arrested by order of the Casa, and imprisoned for twenty months.
		A French sea-captain named Dominique de Gourgues revenged the massacre by capturing in 1568 Fort San Mateo (as the Spanish had re-named Fort Caroline), and hanging the garrison, with the inscription, "Not as Spaniards but as murderers." Till 1567 Avilés remained in Florida, busy with his colony.
	www.laughtergenealogy.com /bin/histprof/misc/aviles.html (510 words)

	Alcazar of Seville, Attractions of Seville, Spain
		She is regarded as a symbol of purity in the culture of Seville.
		The Casa dealt with trade related legal disputes and gave the royalty a monopoly on trade with the Americas.
		The Casa also included "Hydrographic Bureau and School of Navigation" for nautical research and study with Amérigo Vespucci as the first director, "pilot major," in 1508.
	magicaljourneys.com /Spain/spain-interest-southern-seville-alcazar.html (648 words)

	Abogados - La Contratacion Servicios de Abogados
		En cualquiera de estas situaciones, usted puede considerar la contratación de los servicios de un abogado para asesorarlo o para representar sus intereses.
		Muchos abogados le detallen sus honorarios, preferiblemente por escrito, dentro de un razonable período de tiempo con posterioridad al inicio de su representación.
		En algunos tipos de casos, puede necesitar una autorización del juez para hacerlo.
	abogada.com /abogados/Preguntas_Frequentes/Abogados/La_Contratacion_Servicios_de_Abogados (383 words)

	Abogados - La Seleccion de Un Abogado
		La selección de un abogado es algo personal y tiene que ver cual abogado será el mejor para representarlo.
		Cuando está seleccionando un abogado, debe mantener en mente algunas consideraciones prácticas: el área de especialidad del abogado, experiencia anterior y reputación, conveniencia del lugar de la oficina, la cantidad de los honorarios cobrados y la cantidad de tiempo que puede tomar el caso.
		Deseo y habilidad de hablar con usted en el idioma que usted entiende y si el responde a sus preguntas será suficiente para estar bien informado sobre el progreso de su caso.
	abogada.com /abogados/Preguntas_Frequentes/Abogados/La_Seleccion_de_Un_Abogado (318 words)

	Casas rurales \| Turismo rural \| Hoteles con encanto
		Casa La Glorieta es una antigua Casa de Veraneo en el Balneario-Santuario de L Avellá, data de finales del Siglo XIX con sucesivas reformas.
		Esta casa rural, construida por nuestro abuelo hace algo más de un siglo, está perfectamente conservada; sus antiguos muros de piedra, mantienen unas excelentes temperaturas
		Disfruta del mejor turismo rural en este fantástico complejo de 39 casas rurales en Alcalá del Júcar.
	www.clubrural.com (127 words)

	Reservator editorials
		Tourist Office, Oficina de Turismo, (422-14-04 or fax 422-97-53, Avenida de la Constitución, 21, is located a hundred yards or so from the Cathedral and is open Monday to Saturday from 9 a.m.
		Tourist Office (1), follow the Avenida de la Constitución towards the Cathedral, stopping just short of that destination, on the corner of Santo Tomás, at a low, squarish building of austere Renaissance style.
		Patio de Banderas, a small patio surrounded by interesting houses and filled, as many are here, with orange trees.
	www.reservator.com /htmlfiles/editorials/spain0140.htm (3699 words)

	Karaoke Tu Sitio De Canto
		Enterate de sus proximos concursos,en la siquiente entrevista hemos preguntado acerca de sus comienzos, los momentos mas dificiles, los mas bonitos y los mas tensos con los usuarios.
		Ademas de otros participantes que a lo alrgo de los años a traves del traste y estos concursos de karaoke han desarrollado sus carteras de artistas en orquestas o realizando bolos en banquetes bautizos y bodas.
		Si tu eres alguno de los participates de ediciones anteriores este es el momento de que dejes tus comentarios y animes al resto de gente a participar.
	www.karao-ke.com (703 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of March 24, 1568
		Auditor of the Chancillería of Valladolid and later, auditor in Casa de Contratación of Sevilla, 1542.
		Also, King Felipe II ordered the cardinal to build a house in honor of his family, but he did not accede alleging that "it seemed to him very bad, that exemplary ministers built palaces, that put in scruple to all those that passed by and was given rise to commentaries in the court".
		There have been different versions about the real cause of his death; it is believed that because of the king's decision to replace him in the presidency of a council, he suffered an accident and believing that he had died, an autopsy was performed although he was still alive.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/bios1568.htm (2136 words)

	Piracy! the game - Chronofus wargames scans
		In August 1521, Hernan de Cortez and his band of Spaniards won their seige of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan, and the hoard of the Aztec Empire that fell with it.
		Each convoy was protected by the special naval squadron called the 'Armada de la Guarda de la Carrera de las Indias', which consisted of heavily armed galleons.
		Silver was taken to the city of Panama, transported across the isthmus, and collected at Nombre de Dios or after 1594 at Portobelo.
	www.chronofus.net /wargames/piracy/treasurefleet.htm (1826 words)

	Spainish History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Beginning in 1507, most of the regulations were left to the authority of the "Casa de Contratacion"(the Oceanographic/Geographic Institute).
		These first maritime regulations, which later applied in Florida, were compiled from a book of laws en titled "Consulado del Mar" and explained the duties of the local pilots.
		In February of 1522, the "Ordenanzas de Carlos V' (Ordinances of Charles V of Spain), also known as "de Sevilla" described the requirements of local pilots with special emphasis on those pilots engaged in piloting from the sea to the developing maritime centers upriver.
	www.floridapilots.com /historyspain.html (362 words)

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