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Topic: Casablanca Conference (1943)

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	Chapter I: Casablanca -- Beginning of an Era: January 1943
		The midwar period-roughly from January 1943 to the establishment of a foothold in Normandy in the summer of 1944-was the period of increasing plenty.
		Into this vacuum and state of uncertainty the President, at the Casablanca Conference in January 1943, introduced the principle of unconditional surrender-a concept that was to have important consequences for the Allied coalition as well as for the American military staff for the remainder of the war.
		The Casablanca Conference merely recognized that the initiative would be maintained by the Allies both in the Pacific and in the Mediterranean, and defined short-range objectives in those areas in terms of operations in the South-Southwest Pacific and against Sicily.
	www.army.mil /cmh/books/wwii/sp1943-44/chapter1.htm (10287 words)

	Jan 14-24, 1943 - Casablanca Conference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Above -- Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in Casablanca.
		Below -- At the conclusion of the conference on January 24, French Gen. Henri Giraud, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Gen. Charles de Gaulle and Winston Churchill.
		Roosevelt announced the Allies were now fighting for the "unconditional surrender" of Germany, Italy and Japan, a stand immediately endorsed by Churchill.
	www.historyplace.com /worldwar2/timeline/casablanca.htm (57 words)

	Casablanca Conference
		This conference, held in January 1943 between Great Britain and the United States was held to determine exactly how a Western European attack should be conducted.
		Roosevelt supported Churchill, but to appease his military leaders he promised that no new forces would be sent to the Mediterranean, but rather to Great Britain to prepare for a cross-channel attack.
		In addition to discussing strategy at this conference, Churchill and Roosevelt both agreed that they would fight Germany until unconditional surrender was achieved.
	library.thinkquest.org /15511/data/encyclopedia/casablancaconference.htm (108 words)

	CASABLANCA CONFERENCE
		The decisions reached and the actual plans made at Casablanca were not confined to any one theater of war or to any one continent or ocean or sea.
		Before this year is out, it will be made known to the world-in actions rather than words-that the Casablanca Conference produced plenty of news; and it will be bad news for the Germans and Italians-and the Japanese.
		The discussions at Casablanca have been continued in Chungking with the Generalissimo by General Arnold and have resulted in definite plans for offensive operations.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Forum/9061/USA/WWII/casablan.html (459 words)

	Chapter VI: The Trident Conference - New Patterns: May 1943
		At the first plenary session of the conference when Churchill, perhaps forewarned, took the initiative and suggested that the U.S. Chiefs assume the lead in preparing long-range plans to encompass the fall of Japan, the JCS were ready to comply almost at once.
		The JCS March 1943 directive to the Pacific commanders covering the current American objectives was described for the benefit of the British.
		The nebulous Pacific strategy set forth at the Casablanca Conference had been replaced by the adoption of new short-range objectives and an effort to analyze the future course and requirements of the war against Japan.
	www.army.mil /CMH-pg/books/wwii/sp1943-44/chapter6.htm (8310 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for 1943 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The conference was held to strengthen the cooperation of the United States, Great Britain, and the USSR in World War II.
		Tehran 1943: military strategy and military policy (on the 60th anniversary of the 1943 Tehran Conference).
		Group identities and the construction of the 1943 rescue of the Danish Jews.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=1943 (959 words)

	Today in History: November 26
		Morocco's chief port city, Casablanca was the setting of both the film and, later, of a major conference of the allied leadership.
		Casablanca suffered severe bombardment during "Operation Torch," the Allied invasion of North Africa under the command of General Dwight Eisenhower.
		At the Casablanca Conference the Allied leadership developed a unified military strategy, and decided Germany, Italy, and Japan must surrender unconditionally.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/today/nov26.html (1108 words)

	[No title]
		The easiest way to determine if a 1943 cent is made of steel, and not copper, is to use a magnet.
		General Wedemeyer's reflections after the Casablanca Conference of January 1943 were characteristic of the mixed admiration and exasperation with which the American planners continued to observe the British performance during 1943.
		It is difficult to understand why the mine and mill was allowed to initially open and operate without adequate risk control measures; and why nothing was done to force the owner (CSR) to clean them up, adopt safer work practices or close down their operations.
	www.lycos.com /info/1943--miscellaneous.html?page=2 (359 words)

	Baseball Almanac - Year In Review : 1943 National League
		The withholding tax on wages was introduced in 1943 and was instrumental in increasing the number of taxpayers to sixty million and tax collections to $43 billion by 1945.
		In 1943 a Boston cab-driver was nominated for Sportsman of the Year after he fractured Braves' manager Casey Stengel's leg in a car crash.
		On June 1, 1943, Rip Sewell tossed the ball 18 to 20 feet high and invented his own blooper pitch which eventually crossed the plate and enabled Sewell to lead the league in games won.
	www.baseball-almanac.com /yearly/yr1943n.shtml (826 words)

	The Casablanca Conference
		The purpose of the conference was relatively vague.
		The most significant accomplishment of the Casablanca Conference was the approval by both Roosevelt and Churchill of the policy of unconditional surrender of the Axis powers.
		The Casablanca Conference is notable for historical reasons, not relating to the war.
	www.nisk.k12.ny.us /fdr/ideas/portfolio/hoag/hoag.html (1410 words)

	Chronology-1943
		Jan 14-24 - Casablanca conference between Churchill and Roosevelt.
		April 19, 1943 - Waffen SS attacks Jewish resistance in the Warsaw ghetto.
		Sept 9, 1943 - Allied landings at Salerno and Taranto.
	www.angelfire.com /hi/wwiifrontline/1943.html (881 words)

	Casablanca Conference Communiqué
		Complete agreement was reached between the leaders of the two countries and their respective staffs upon war plans and enterprises to be undertaken during the campaigns of 1943 against Germany, Italy and Japan with a view to drawing the utmost advantage from the markedly favorable turn of events at the close of 1942.
		They have apprised him of the measures which they are undertaking to assist him in China's magnificent and unrelaxing struggle for the common cause.
		The President and Prime Minister and their combined staffs, having completed their plans for the offensive campaigns of 1943, have now separated in order to put them into active and concerted execution.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/ww2/casablanca.html (436 words)

	Decision at Casablanca
		The Combined Chiefs deliberately had crafted the Casablanca Directive to allow both the AAF and RAF sufficient flexibility to pursue their own bombing doctrines and, at the same time, set the stage for a cross-channel strike.
		Although the conference "was more or less a rat race, out of it I think there is a definite understanding between the British and ourselves as to the conduct of the war in future," said Arnold.
		The Casablanca Directive was "one of the finest air documents of the entire war," emphasized Maj. Gen. Haywood S. Hansell Jr., one of the AAF's outstanding war planners.
	www.afa.org /magazine/Jan2003/0103casa.asp (2528 words)

	Press Conference with Veterans of the Foreign Intelligence Service
		The conference of the heads of main anti-Hitler allies was named at the suggestion of Churchill.
		In the year 1943, the Germans learned quite quickly that the conference was going to take place in Teheran.
		Yes, an attempt on the Troika of the participants in the Teheran conference was being prepared, but the intelligence men, let us be fair, both Soviet and British intelligence men, claim the credit for foiling it.
	www.fas.org /irp/world/russia/teheran43.html (6281 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / “That Hell-Hole of Yours”
		With the Casablanca venture, he also became the first President to leave the country during wartime and the first since Lincoln to visit troops in an active theater of war.
		At the final press conference the President got away with calling for the unconditional surrender of Germany, Italy, and Japan without Churchill’s having known for sure that he would spring their agreement on the public.
		In June 1943 Roosevelt complained to his aide Charles W. Taussig that he was “getting nowhere with the British on Colonial postwar policy,” calling the British “impossible” on the issue.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/ah/1995/6/1995_6_47.shtml (4536 words)

	The Bombing of Germany, 1943 - 1945
		However, RAF Bomber Command during the course of 1941 was an embarrassment, failing to hit ships on the doorstep of Britain in broad daylight, much less targets from high up in the air.
		The Casablanca plan finally called for continued bombing to destroy not only the enemy's capability to fly, but to wage war itself.
		Until late 1943, Germany did not begin to build an effective anti-bomber interception force, and by that time, Allied bombing could act with impunity in destroying any manufacture around them.
	www.stanford.edu /~e2wu/histday/germany.htm (1117 words)

	Chronology 1943
		Delegates met at the United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture in Hot Springs, Virginia and established the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
		The recall of the Soviet ambassador to Washington and the absence of a Soviet representative at the conference led to speculation of a rift between the Big Three.
		At the end of the conference, the delegates issued the Moscow Declaration, which called for the establishment of a general international organization composed of sovereign states to maintain international peace and security.
	www.indiana.edu /~league/1943.htm (3741 words)

	ipedia.com: Cairo Conference Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Cairo Conference of November 22 - 26, 1943, held in Cairo, Egypt, addressed the allied position against Japan during World War II and made decisions about postwar Asia.
		The Cairo Conference of November 22-26, 1943, held in Cairo, Egypt, addressed the allied position against Japan during World War II and made decisions about postwar Asia.
		Roosevelt and Churchill proceeded immediately to the Tehran Conference with Josef Stalin.
	www.ipedia.com /cairo_conference.html (198 words)

	OPERATION HUSKY, SICILY 1943
		The invasion of Sicily was conceived at the Casablanca Conference, in January 1943.
		On the night of 9-10 July 1943, one of the largest combined operations of World War II, the invasion of Sicily, was launched.
		When the Allies invaded the Italian mainland in September 1943, they were confronted by many of the same units who had escaped from Sicily.
	www.olive-drab.com /od_history_ww2_ops_battles_1943sicily.php (1464 words)

	WW II: The World at War 1943
		Sauckel publish: at 31 march 1943 3.638.056 foreign workers working in the German industry, besides 1.622.829 prisoners of war engage.
		This day sees the first of the combined bombing offensives agreed at the Casablanca Conference whereby the US deploy their aircraft on daylight precision raids (Wilhelmshaven and Cuxhaven) while the British stay with their night deployments (Dusseldorf and Munster).
		Conference at Cairo between Roosevelt, Churchill and Tsijang-Kai sjek.
	www.euronet.nl /users/wilfried/ww2/1943.htm (3356 words)

	casablanca \| movie classic, directed by michael curtiz (1942)
		Even today, viewers are deeply moved by scenes in Casablanca that tug at their heartstrings with near magical power.
		Many fans of Casablanca also love the film's deceptively simple dialogue, written by Julius J. Epstein, Philip G. Epstein, and Howard Koch and based on the play Everybody Comes to Rick's by Burnett/Alison.
		The cinema release in January 1943 coincided with the Casablanca conference of Anglo-American heads of state.
	www.leninimports.com /casablanca.html (638 words)

	Truman Library - Robert G. Nixon Oral History Interview, October 9, 1970
		The next time I saw him was at the Casablanca Conference in January when he was brought down from England.
		The conference was in the fall of 1943, I believe.
		It was those agreements, made at the conferences, that the Russians broke, but they were supposed to be in effect until the final agreements were made.
	trumanlibrary.org /oralhist/nixon1.htm (9500 words)

	Casablanca Conference
		Franklin Delano Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met at Casablanca, French Morocco.
		A joint declaration pledged that the war would end only with the unconditional surrender of the Axis states.
		No agreement was reached on the claims for leadership of the rival French generals, Henri H. Giraud and Charles De Gaulle, who also attended the conference.
	www.p38lessonplan.com /casablanca.htm (58 words)

	Casablanca (1942)
		The classic and much-loved romantic melodrama Casablanca (1942), always found on top-ten lists of films, is a masterful tale of two men vying for the same woman's love in a love triangle.
		The story is set in early December 1941 in a city (and cafe), in a dangerous, far-off locale that is a microcosm of the wartime world.
		As he informs them that the "scum of Europe has gravitated to Casablanca" and warns them to "be on guard" for "vultures," he lifts the gentleman's wallet.
	www.filmsite.org /casa.html (3130 words)

	EDSITEment - Lesson Plan
		The final Axis collapse in North Africa (May 1943) was due in part to the negotiated surrender of Vichy-controlled French colonies shortly after the Anglo-American invasion of November 1942.
		At Casablanca (January 1943), the United States and Great Britain announced that the war would be ended only with the "unconditional surrender" of Axis governments.
		Most important for this lesson are January 14, 1943, Casablanca Conference [actual date of story, Jan. 24, 1943], February 2, 1943, Soviet Victory at Stalingrad [actual date of story, Feb. 3, 1943], and November 26, 1943, Teheran Conference [actual date of story, Dec. 4, 1943].
	edsitement.neh.gov /view_lesson_plan.asp?id=704 (3678 words)

	OMC \| Noticias - Discursos Supachai Panitchpakdi D.G. - Ten Years After Marrakesh: The WTO and Developing Countries
		Morocco's hosting of the Casablanca Conference of 1943 marked the beginning of a series of Allied conferences to prepare the end of the Second World War and a strong and enduring peace.
		He reflected that “Commerce is the life blood of a free society.” He also urged that “we must see to it that the arteries which carry that blood stream are not clogged again, as they have been in the past, by artificial barriers created through senseless economic rivalries”.
		The aim of these courses is not only to provide intensive training in all aspects of the WTO for African officials, but also to develop local capacity for training and analysis by involving regional teachers and academics.
	www.wto.org /spanish/news_s/spsp_s/spsp29_s.htm (2679 words)

	Microsoft Flight Simulator Century of Flight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Modern Casablanca's origins go back to the medieval town of Anfa, now the location of one of the city's suburbs.
		At the historic 1943 Casablanca Conference, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill agreed to continue fighting until the Axis forces were defeated.
		Casablanca's citizens embraced Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, and one of the great monuments of Casablanca is the Hassan II mosque.
	www.microsoft.com /italy/games/flightsimulator/fs2000_articles_aroundtheworld_leg11.asp (1082 words)

	Casablanca (1942) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		As the film was not due for release until spring, studio executives suggested it be changed to incorporate the invasion.
		While there's not anything new to be said about "Casablanca", it's good to see one of the classics still getting some attention.
		Different viewers probably remember and enjoy "Casablanca" for different reasons, because it seemingly has a little of everything.
	www.imdb.com /title/tt0034583 (647 words)

	1943
		Roosevelt and Churchill's summit Conference opens near Casablanca in Morocco with the Allied joint staff under General Dwight D. Eisenhower in attendance.
		Prime Minister Churchill and President Roosevelt end the Casablanca Conference with their announcement of the demand for the unconditional surrender of Germany and Italy.
		The Conclusion of the Tehran Conference, with the three Allies in substantial agreement on the division of post-war Germany, the westward movement of the Polish eastern and western frontiers and the summary execution of 50,000 German officers.
	www.wargamer.com /ww2timeline/1943africa.asp (857 words)

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