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	Cascade Tunnel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Cascade Tunnel is a 7.8 mile (12.5 km) long railroad tunnel at Stevens Pass through the Cascade Mountains approximately 65 miles to the east of Everett, Washington.
		The first tunnel had a fume problem because it was built too steep and too close to the ruling grade.
		The second Cascade Tunnel was constructed between 1925 and 1929 to replace a shorter, higher-elevation tunnel which was still plagued by snowslides in the area.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cascade_Tunnel (392 words)

	Encyclopedia: Channel Tunnel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Channel Tunnel, (French: le tunnel sous la Manche; popularly nicknamed the Chunnel in English) is a 50-km-long (~31 imperial miles) rail tunnel beneath the English Channel at the Straits of Dover, connecting Cheriton in Kent, United Kingdom, and Coquelles near Calais in northern France.
		The planned route of the tunnel took it from Calais to Folkestone (a route rather longer than the shortest possible crossing) and the tunnel was to follow a single chalk stratum, which meant the tunnel was deeper than the previous attempt.
		The tunnel has become a popular means by which asylum seekers, hoping that their chances of receiving asylum are better in the UK than in France, enter the UK illegally.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Channel-Tunnel (4964 words)

	Cascade Range. The Columbia Gazetteer of North America. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Cascade Range, mountain chain, c.700 mi/1,130 km long, extending S from B.C. (Canada) to N Calif., where it becomes the Sierra Nevada; it parallels the Coast Ranges, 100 mi/161 km–150 mi/241 km inland from the Pacific Ocean.
		Receiving more than 100 in/254 cm of precipitation annually, the Cascades are a major source of water in the NW of the U.S. Hydroelectricity is generated on the W slope; irrigation is used in the fertile E side valleys.
		The Cascade Tunnel, 8 mi /13 km, is the longest RR tunnel in N. Amer.
	www.bartleby.com /69/69/C02969.html (265 words)

	AOE@VT: Research - Facilities - Low Speed Cascade Wind Tunnel
		The Low Speed Compressor Cascade Wind Tunnel was designed to simulate conditions found near the tips of fan blades in high bypass ratio aircraft engines.
		The blade spacing is 9.29", and the stagger angle of the cascade is 56.93 degrees.
		The inlet angle of the cascade is 65.1 degrees.
	www.aoe.vt.edu /research/facilities/lcascade.php (422 words)

	Tunnelling Against Time
		As the distances from the tunnel mouth increased with the progress of boring, it became necessary to have the mixing plant at the spot where the concrete had to be poured, and a specially mobile and compact plant was designed.
		At the tunnel mouth crushed gravel and sand were loaded in the correct quantities into the concrete trains, which then took on cement from a nearby cement store before running along the tunnel to the mixers.
		The arch of the tunnel was dealt with by pumping the concrete between the steel forms and the ceiling by means of a "pneumatic gun." Three plants were capable of concreting 400 ft. per week.
	mikes.railhistory.railfan.net /r004.html (2752 words)

	Wade, Richard B (1965-04-27) Investigations on cavitating hydrofoils. ...
		In the cascade experiments a feasibility study is undertaken to determine the possibility of using the high speed water tunnel at the California Institute of Technology as a cascade tunnel for investigating the cavitating performance of compressor and turbine cascades.
		Tests are performed on two compressor cascades of plano-convex hydrofoils having solidities of 1.25 and 0.625 and cascade angle of 45 degrees, for all conditions of cavitation from the fully wetted to the fully choked conditions.
		Comparisons of the experimental data with several theories indicate that the cascade tests are indeed fulfilling their purpose in proving the methods used in simulating cascade conditions in the tunnel.
	etd.caltech.edu /etd/available/etd-01222004-112658 (394 words)

	Stevens Pass, Washington - Places by Robert D. West
		At the east end of the tunnel is a 39-foot concrete arch, similar to the one at the Twin Tunnels.
		While the tunnel was oriented so that the prevailing west winds of the pass would clear it of smoke from steam locomotives in as little as 20 minutes, if wind was light or coming from another direction, the smoke and heat could be fatal to engine crews and passengers.
		This Cascade Tunnel was abandoned in 1929 with the rest of this route when the new Cascade Tunnel opened between Scenic and Berne.
	people.msoe.edu /~westr/stevens.htm (5131 words)

	Washeastcascadestripday4
		The new tunnel was completed in 1929 and is located a few miles south of the old tunnel.
		The old Cascade tunnel and a few miles of switchback track were completely abandoned in 1929.
		The trains were held at Cascade tunnel on February 25, waiting for the line ahead to be plowed.
	www.brian894x4.com /Washeastcascadestripday4.html (2140 words)

	UCRS-Reference (GN Stevens Pass) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This smaller tunnel, called the Pioneer Tunnel, was 8 feet wide and 9 feet high and located 66 feet south of the main bore at a height of 7 feet above the main tunnel sub-grade.
		However, the new tunnel had not been completed yet, and there was no trolley wire installed in the 4.5 miles on the old line from Berne to Cascade Tunnel Station, as that portion of the line was about to be abandoned.
		Instructions in the timetable stated that a four-unit FT set was to run through the tunnel in throttle position 6 to reduce the level of exhaust gases in the tunnel.
	www.btinternet.com /~ucrs/ucrs/rl/rl470.html (6174 words)

	A Train Entering a Tunnel
		The other tunnel, the longest in the Western Hemisphere, is the Cascade Tunnel, 41,152 feet in length, piercing the Cascade Mountains in the State of Washington.
		The most stupendous tunnel project in the history of American railroading, from the standpoint of total cost, was the twin-tube tunnel under the Hudson River and the four-tube tunnel under the East River in New York, together with terminals and yards under the rivers and under the teeming city itself.
		In the construction of the Cascade Tunnel boring through solid rock was carried on from both the eastern and the western portals.
	www.catskillarchive.com /rrextra/tunnel.Html (680 words)

	Tumwater Power Plant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Cascade Tunnel, opened in December 1900, allowed the switchback route over the pass to be abandoned, an improvement hailed by the railroad and its customers alike.
		In 1909, trolley wire was hung in the tunnel, on the approach tracks and in the yard at both ends, and four boxcab "motors" were purchased from General Electric.
		The remains of the pipe in the nearby tunnel are wood stave.
	www.gngoat.org /tumwater_canyon.htm (1206 words)

	Joel's SP in The Cascades Page, Tunnel #7
		An interesting fact about tunnel #7 was the tunnel curtain that was built at the west portal to reduce overheating locomotives.
		It is our considered opinion that use of a curtain at west portal of Tunnel #7 will greatly improve performance of high horsepower units in that territory and will maintain train speeds at a level considered acceptable by operating crews.
		As matter of information, the proposed tunnel tests utilizing SD45T-2 units to be conducted jointly with EMD are scheduled to commence instrumentation on July 10 with the first trip from Sparks to Roseville to be on July 18.
	spcascades.railfan.net /TUNNEL7.html (955 words)

	Steven's Pass West Portal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In spite of the lack of technology, the east and west end of the tunnels met within one half of an inch on a tunnel that was 13,813 feet long.
		As early as 1909, more tunnel solutions had been suggested, but by the time a tunnel plan had been approved for the area between Berne to Scenic, construction had to be postponed due to the outbreak of World War 1.
		Maintenance crews were dispatched in 1990 to rework the tunnel to accommodate this new type of traffic, working for weeks to notch corners through the thick walls of the tunnel to provide clearance for the high loads of the double stack trains.
	www.northwestrailfan.com /scenic.htm (2094 words)

	Cascade Tunnel Poster
		A time capsule containing remnants of the Cascade Tunnel's 50th Anniversary observance and other memorabilia from the building of the longest tunnel in the Western Hemisphere was buried Wednesday at the eastern entrance to the tunnel.
		The Cascade Tunnel is one of the longest railroad tunnels in the United States, built by the Great Northern railroad, located in central Washington about 60 miles (100 km) east of Seattle.
		Tunnels are powerful places, Ventura's art takes a wonderfully soft medium and through its character expresses the power found in architectural images and objects.
	www.tinynet.com /cascade.html (969 words)

	myLargescale.com Forums - Tunnels: Lighting & Signaling - All About Your Garden Railroad & G Scale Trains (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		As for the Cascade Tunnel it has 2 doors on the Eastside of the tunnel.
		After the eastbound train clears the tunnel the door is closed and both fans are turned on.
		As the Westbound train enters one fan is one, but after the entire train enters the tunnel the door is closed once again and both fans are turned on.
	www.mylargescale.com /forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=29693 (1343 words)

	Cascade Range -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Coast Ranges are separated from the higher mountains of the Cascade Range and the Sierra...
		The Grande Cascade is in the Pyrénées Occidentales National...
		The many cascades, or small waterfalls, of the deep-gorged Columbia River gave the mountain range its name.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9020604 (1044 words)

	Iron Goat
		Or an engineer who surveyed the line so accurately that when the tunnel was holed through, the two sides were almost perfectly aligned.
		Imagine being a train engineer who was thankful to avoid the twelve miles of switchbacks but apprehensive about the tunnel which trapped exhaust smoke from the coal-fired engines.
		Avalanches are a major problem in the Cascades so they built snowsheds to re-route the snow across the tracks (and train) and down the other side.
	www.exmsft.com /~misha/Hiking/IronGoat/IronGoat.htm (301 words)

	Cascade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A cascade is a term for a waterfall, or series of waterfalls, and is applied abstractly to many different concepts involving a series of steps or effects that follow one after the other.
		Cascading Style Sheets, a language used to describe the presentation of a document written in a markup language
		Cascade, Seychelles, a district in the Republic of Seychelles
	www.toshare.info /en/Cascade.htm (310 words)

	[No title]
		Soon after the completion of the tunnel, it was apparent that smoke in the tunnel was a serious hazard to train crews and passengers, in 1909 the line was electrified for 21 miles from Skykomish to Leavenworth and extended to Wenatchee in 1923.
		This first tunnel was replaced in 1929 by a new longer tunnel which shortened the road by nine miles of 2.2 percent grade, it also eliminated about 40,000 feet of snowsheds, the horseshoe curves, two large steel trestles and several smaller bridges.
		Eventually the new tunnel was ventilated, the first diesels replaced the electrics which were scrapped or sold and modern diesels now easily traverse the hill with a mile of freight cars where once a little mogul struggled to make the hill with three cars.
	www.ida.net /org/errhsi/EagleTracks6-7-98.htm (1667 words)

	Cascade Tunnel # 15
		With 12 miles of 2.2% grade ahead, whiteface BN 7829 SD40-2 and company will have their work cut out for them on the pull to Scenic and the west portal of Cascade Tunnel.
		Willie has graciously allowed his comments to be put on the GNR Page and if you have further questions about the tunnel, Willie is the man to talk to.
		When they built the fanhouse in 1956 they never noted the change in tunnel distance so in 1997 after the portal had been extended again we made the change to the new sign.
	www.gngoat.org /east_portal.htm (743 words)

	GN Electric Rosters - Great Northern Empire
		The initial class of four locomotives were confined to the Old Cascade Tunnel only, while the later models were used on the entire line-segment from Wenatchee, through the New Cascade Tunnel, to Skykomish.
		With the opening of the New Cascade Tunnel and the enlargement of the electrified district a switch was made to a single phase 11,000 Volt system.
		Electric operations started in 1909 with the opening of the first Cascade tunnel and ended on July 31, 1956 when the decision was made to force-ventilate the Cascade tunnel and run all trains through using diesel power, instead of upgrading the entire electrical operation, which was coming due.
	www.greatnorthernempire.net /GNEGNElectricRosters.htm (304 words)

	Cascade Tunnel - TheBestLinks.com - Cascades, Railroad, United States, Everett, ...
		Cascade Tunnel, Cascades, Railroad, United States, Everett, Washington, BNSF...
		The Cascade Tunnel is a 7.8 mile long railroad tunnel through the Cascade Mountains approximately 65 miles to the east of Everett, Washington.
		It was built by the Great Northern Railway in 1929 at a lower elevation than the original tunnel to avoid problems caused by heavy winter snowfalls.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Cascade_Tunnel.html (132 words)

	Cascade Range on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Helens erupted in 1980 in one of the greatest volcanic explosions in U.S. history, and Lassen Peak, 10,457 ft (3,187 m) high, in Lassen Volcanic National Park, is still active.
		Rainier (14,410 ft/4,392 m), in Mount Rainier National Park, is the highest point in the Cascades; Mt. Shasta and Mt. Hood are other prominent peaks.
		Of the many lakes in the Cascades, Crater Lake, in Crater Lake National Park, and Lake Chelan, in Lake Chelan National Recreation Area, are the most famous.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/C/CascadeR1.asp (606 words)

	N.P. Ry. Office of the Chief Engineer
		As early as the time of the double tracking a gigantic tunnel on the size of the Great Northern's 1929 Cascade Tunnel had been proposed.
		Maps showing a tunnel moving from a position between Borup and Kennedy to a point between Martin and Whittier on the Milwaukee Road were laid out.
		The new "long tunnel" would probably have tripled or quadrupled in length and reduced the grade to one percent.
	home.netcom.com /~whstlpnk/mhsrs.html (1282 words)

	Title page for ETD etd-08212001-222514
		One of four flow experiments is done in the auxiliary tunnel the other three are in the cascade tunnel.
		The third flow investigated is the inflow to the compressor cascade with the moving wall.
		Finally the fourth flow investigated is the inflow to the compressor cascade with the moving wall with half-delta wing vortex generators attached.
	scholar.lib.vt.edu /theses/available/etd-08212001-222514 (259 words)

	AOE@VT: Research - Facilities - Transonic Cascade Wind Tunnel
		The Virginia Tech Transonic Cascade Wind Tunnel is a blow down transonic facility capable of a twenty second run time.
		The tunnel mean flow is left to right on the figure, and is turned through 68 degrees by the blade passages, which act as the tunnel throat.
		No tailboard is used downstream of the cascade, which means that a free shear layer forms between the exit plane of the blades and the test section back wall.
	www.aoe.vt.edu /research/facilities/cascade.php (628 words)

	Scenic Subdivision (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This is the line that traverses the Cascade Tunnel, burrowing through the snowy mountains in North America's second longest tunnel.
		The Cascade Tunnel has twenty one bays inside it (ranging from 1200 to 2400 feet apart), stocked with emergency equipment and crew phones.
		The flashing white lights on the pole west of the West Portal of the tunnel signify that the ventilation system is operating.
	www.northwestrailfan.com /scenic_subdivision.htm (224 words)

	The Wellington Avalanche: Photographs: Prior to March 1910 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The horizontal scar on the hill in the background is an old switchback line from the first crossing of Stevens Pass in 1893.
		The west end of the 2.6 mile Cascade Tunnel at Wellington, Washington.
		Electric engines were used starting in 1909 to pull steam engines through the tunnel due to steam exhaust filling the tunnel.
	home1.gte.net /mvmmvm/picts/pre1910.html (273 words)

	SkyscraperCity Forums - Grand Tour of My Stevens Pass By Rail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Old Cascade tunnel took eight years to build, and after two men on an eastbound freight were asphyxiated from smoke build-up, was later electrified.
		The second Cascade Tunnel, 7.79 miles long and having an extraordinary price tag of 26 million dollars, opened on On January 12, 1929 as the longest tunnel in the western hemisphere.
		While building the new Cascade Tunnel, this line was abandoned for the Chumstick line which is less steep and less curvy.
	www.skyscrapercity.com /showthread.php?t=221140 (3394 words)

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