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Topic: Casimir the Just

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	CalendarHome.com - Casimir IV Jagiellon - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Casimir was the second son of King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila), and the younger brother of Władysław III of Varna.
		Casimir was invited by Lithuanian magnates to come to Lithuania, and when Casimir arrived in Vilnius in 1440, he was proclaimed as Grand Duke on 29 June 1440 by the Council of Lords, contrary to the wishes of the Polish noblemen -- an act supported and coordinated by Jonas Goštautas.
		Casimir was the first ruler of Lithuania baptised at birth, becoming the first natively Roman Catholic Grand Duke.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Casimir_IV_of_Poland (830 words)

	Casimir II of Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Casimir II, called the Just (Polish: Kazimierz II Sprawiedliwy; 1138 – 5 May 1194), of the Piast Dynasty, was the youngest son of Boleslaus III by Salome, daughter of Henry, Duke of Berg.
		In 1177, a rebellion by the barons of Lesser Poland against Mieszko III the Old led to the elevation of Casimir to the ducal throne of Kraków.
		Casimir II the Just · Leszek I the White ;· Władysław III Spindleshanks · Władysław Odonic · Mieszko IV Tanglefoot · Konrad I of Masovia ;· Henry I the Bearded · Henry II the Pious ;· Konrad I of Masovia ;· Bolesław V the Chaste · Leszek II the Black · Henryk IV Probus · Premislas II
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Casimir_II_of_Poland (545 words)

	Domestic-Church.Com:Saint Profile: Saint Casimir
		Casimir died in 1482, of tuberculosis when he was 24 years old, having spend his life serving a King higher than his father.
		Saint Casimir was the third among the thirteen children of Casimir III, King of Poland and Elizabeth of Austria.
		Casimir and his brothers were extremely fond of their teacher and begged him never to leave them for any other position.
	www.domestic-church.com /CONTENT.DCC/19980301/SAINTS/STCASIMR.HTM (1295 words)

	Eye of the Tyger
		Casimir claims to have visited the village to negotiate peace with Tx, only to be captured and held as a prisoner of war.
		Casimir admits that she knows of a way to escape from the village through the service tunnels, but this ship was old when they bought it, and some of the tunnels are occupied by dangerous creatures which have evolved to survive even in the vacuum of space.
		This is just as Casimir had hoped, but she is troubled by the fact that she’s becoming attracted to Fyne as well.
	www.drwhoguide.com /telos12.htm (1637 words)

	Casimir Effect and Casimir Equation
		"Casimir realised that between two plates, only those virtual photons whose wavelengths fit a whole number of times into the gap should be counted when calculating the vacuum energy," Gibbs said.
		And so it appears that the Casimir effect is the result of the electron strong charge of the atoms in the metal plates affecting each other through a form of Coulomb's law.
		To calculate the force between two Casimir plates, measure the strong charge of each plate (they may not be equal), divide by the distance between them squared, and multiply by the rmfd constant.
	www.16pi2.com /casimir_effect.htm (645 words)

	[No title]
		Casimir, prince of Poland, was born in the royal palace at Krakow on October 3, 1458.
		I would like to emphasize that St. Casimir lived in the royal court of his parents, Casimir IV the Great and Queen Elizabeth of Habsburg, to point out that he lived his life at court and became a saint there.
		The fact that St. Casimir became a saint living in a royal court shows that the court was a place where one can live and be a saint.
	www.traditioninaction.org /SOD/j010sdSt.Casimir3-4.htm (923 words)

	The Casimir effect: a force from nothing - Physics World - physicsworld.com
		One of Casimir's colleagues, Theo Overbeek, realized that the theory that was used at the time to explain van der Waals forces, which had been developed by Fritz London in 1932, did not properly explain the experimental measurements on colloids.
		The Casimir force reduced the rate of oscillation and led to nonlinear phenomena, such as hysteresis and bistability in the frequency response of the oscillator.
		To prevent the Casimir force from being swamped by the electrostatic force, the mirrors had to be kept neutral by first touching them together before each measurement was made.
	physicsworld.com /cws/article/print/9747 (3323 words)

	Casimir Zymak
		And when I think about my friend Casimir Zymak, I remember him best at “Anton’s” by the pool table, standing there with cue stick in hand, very formally turning to you with a bow and a smile, drinking his cognac down, his tiny eyes glistening with pleasure.
		I had been just admitted to the Bar and was working for a firm that had a very broad general practice, including some criminal defense work.
		Then Casimir turned to me and raised his glass and promised me again that someday, when all this was forgotten, the two of us would go together and stand at the edge of the lake in “Visconsin” and listen to the birds diving and calling to each other in the sunlight.
	tarlton.law.utexas.edu /lpop/etext/lsf/komie25zymak.htm (2990 words)

	St Casimir
		St Casimir was the third among the thirteen children of Casimir III, King of Poland, and of Elizabeth of Austria, daughter to the Emperor Albert II, a most virtuous woman, who died in 1505.
		Casimir and the other princes were so affectionately attached to the holy man, who was their preceptor, that they could not bear to be separated from him.
		Casimir is the patron of Poland and several other places, and is proposed to youth as a particular pattern of purity.
	www.ewtn.com /library/MARY/CASIMIR.htm (1525 words)

	smartalix.com - The Casimir Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		First proposed by the Dutch scientist Hendrick Casimir in 1948, the Casimir force supports the quantum electrodynamics portion of the vacuum fluctuation theory by Max Planck and Werner Heisenberg.
		Casimir theorized that if two perfectly parallel plates could be brought closely enough together, the tiny space created would be free from all long-wavelength particles, as the spontaneously-occurring particles that are constantly being created would appear on the outsides of the plates, and not in the too-small space between them.
		The distance between any two surfaces such that the Casimir effect is manifested is what I call the Casimir Horizon, similar to the Event Horizon of a Black Hole in that it is a boundary saying "here endeth reality" in large letters.
	www.smartalix.com /casimir.htm (422 words)

	What is the Casimir Effect?
		The recognized cause of the Casimir effect is the quantum vacuum fluctuations (zero-point fluctuations) of the electromagnetic field between the plates.
		Within a margin of error of 5%, the intensity was found to be just that predicted by quantum theory; defined as the zero-point energy of the Fourier modes of the electromagnetic field between the plates.
		It seems that the Casimir force is too small to be applied usefully to any of our present-day technology, though knowledge of its existence may be essential for those designing micromechanical or nanomechanical robotic devices in the present and in the decades to come.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-the-casmir-effect.htm (415 words)

	carl in casimirland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Casimir informed Paul very matter-of-factly that they had to take good care of the house for the people who used to live there.
		So Casimir was just making his fun, innocent little statements and commands and here we thought he was Sixth Sense boy, communicating with the dead.
		Thanks to Pre-K, Casimir now knows what to do should he catch on fire, and knows that he need not be afraid should a firefighter with a gas mask appear in his smoking bedroom.
	casimirland.blogspot.com (2179 words)

	The Casimir effect: a force from nothing (September 2002) - Features - nanotechweb.org
		One of Casimir's colleagues, Theo Overbeek, realized that the theory that was used at the time to explain van der Waals forces, which had been developed by Fritz London in 1932, did not properly explain the experimental measurements on colloids.
		When the Casimir effect was first predicted in 1948 it was very difficult to measure using the equipment of the time.
		To prevent the Casimir force from being swamped by the electrostatic force, the mirrors had to be kept neutral by first touching them together before each measurement was made.
	www.nanotechweb.org /articles/feature/1/9/3/1 (3322 words)

	CASIMATTER
		When you integrate the Casimir force expression over the gap distance (which gives energy: force through a distance) and multiply by the total surface area contained within one cubic centimeter of Casimatter (go ahead, it's high school calculus and algebra)...
		The Casimir effect is modeled as two enormous inert atoms (bound plasmas) inducing reciprocal polarization and experiencing van der Waals attraction from an integrated Lennard-Jones potential.
		Casimir energy between two points is the free energy of two quantized fluctuating dipole moments coupled by dipole-dipole radiation interaction (zero frequency being static interaction).
	www.mazepath.com /uncleal/casimir3.htm (1680 words)

	Casimir Effect
		Casimir realized that between two closely spaced, conducting plates, only the virtual photons with wavelengths which fit a whole number of times into the gap (i.e.
		Casimir’s tiny force was measured in 1996 by Steven Lamoreaux.
		An alternative “Casimir Effect” is one that arises from an even more detailed investigation into the nature of the most fundamental of elementary particles, the electron.
	www.halexandria.org /dward152.htm (1047 words)

	Modern Vacuum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Casimir force is the most famous mechanical effect of vacuum fluctuations.
		While the Casimir force is too small to be observed for mirrors that are several metres apart, it can be measured if the mirrors are within microns of each other.
		The Casimir force reduced the rate of oscillation and led to nonlinear phenomena, such as hysteresis and bistability in the frequency response of the oscillator.
	vacuumbriefly.com /Casimir2.html (946 words)

	Pulaski Bio
		Joseph Pulaski, Casimir's father impatient with the Russian interference precipitated an armed movement called the Confederation of Bar in 1768.
		Casimir was one of the founding members and on his father's death in 1769, carried the burden of military command.
		New-found records of General Casimir Pulaski's birth on March 6, 1745, and death on October 15, 1779, together with the discovery of his bones September 27, 1996 in a vault under the Savannah monument that bears his name, were among the biggest stories featured in the 85-year history of this newspaper.
	www.plav.org /pulaski.htm (636 words)

	The Casimir Force - Zero Point Energy - Break Through Propulsion Programme
		Because the wavelength of a wave between the ships is limited by their separation there is a cut off in the wave energy density between the ships, which is less than the energy density in the unlimited regions beyond them, and hence this imbalance provides a force, which moves the ships together.
		A similar force was deduced by the Dutch physicist H.B.G. Casimir in 1948, to exist between pairs of conducting parallel plates with small separation due to their interaction with electromagnetic radiation and the resulting difference in wave energy density, in an exact analogy to the old sailors story.
		Casimir also realised that the same analogy applied to the interaction of real objects with zero point fluctuations, or vacuum energy.
	www.casimir.rl.ac.uk /zero_point_energy-break_through_propulsion_programme.htm (487 words)

	Just Another Tool \| Physical Review Focus
		Just as lasers evolved from lab curiosities to lab tools to commercial devices, physicists have expected the creation of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) of atoms a decade ago to lead to new types of measurements.
		A neutral atom floating nearby would be pulled toward the surface, just as a paper clip is pulled toward the pole of a magnet, where the magnetic field is strongest.
		Because the Casimir-Polder force pulled more strongly on the upper edge of the cloud than on the lower edge, the frequency was altered by a few parts in 10,000 compared with its value when the BEC was moved far from the surface, where the force had no effect.
	focus.aps.org /story/v16/st8 (715 words)

	Physicists clarify exotic force, but no 'theory of everything' yet
		Their precise observations of this Casimir force could make life easier for nanotechnologists, whose tiny creations will be subject to its effects.
		Just as car designers want to minimize the effects of friction on their vehicles, the research team wanted to minimize the effects of the Casimir force, which is expressed as a powerful attraction between tiny objects that are separated by a few hundred nanometers, or billionths of a meter.
		Because the influence of the Casimir force is noticeable over distances of only a few hundred nanometers, its effect between the gold surfaces of the ball and the plate were equal regardless of which material lay beneath the gold layer.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-06/pu-pce061505.php (1013 words)

	Casimir III of Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Casimir III, called the Great (Polish: Kazimierz Wielki; 1310 – 1370), King of Poland (1333-70), was the son of King Władysław I the Elbow-high and Jadwiga of Gniezno and Greater Poland.
		Born in Kowal, Casimir (Kazimierz) the Great first married Anna, or Aldona Ona, the daughter of the prince of Lithuania, Gediminas.
		Upon his death, he left a country doubled in size (mostly through the addition of land in today's Ukraine, then the Duchy of Halicz), grew prosperous, wealthy and had great prospects for the future.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Casimir_III_of_Poland (1151 words)

	POLAND, PART 2
		He was the son of Elizabeth, Casimir the Great's sister, and became king of Poland under the treaty concluded at Visegrad in 1339 by Casimir the Great and his father, Charles Robert, the founder of the Hungarian Angevin dynasty.
		In 1384, the Polish lords recognised her rights to the throne and had her crowned queen of Poland, but they forced her to break off her engagement to William of Habsburg, since they were in favour of a dynastic union with Lithuania, which would strengthen both these countries threatened by the Teutonic Knights.
		In the sixteenth century, the Polish gentry - and not just the bigger landowners - prospered as the rye and wheat from their estates was floated down the Vistula on rafts and sold at Gdańsk to German, Dutch and Scottish merchants.
	www.halat.pl /article.php?1&fs=poland1.html (6729 words)

	Casimir Effect
		You just have to understand basic wave mechanics, the nature of the vacuum with its virtual particles, and that particles are waves.
		The Casimir effect, which is relatively easy to detect with modern experimental techniques is relevant since it demonstrates nicely the validity of "basic wave mechanics, the nature of the vacuum with its virtual particles, and that particles are waves".
		I admit the Casimir effect is a nice demonstration of the nature of the vacuum, but personally I much prefer quark confinement.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?CasimirEffect (627 words)

	NYC Midnight Articles \| Graham Ave. Films
		Casimir Nozkowski and Will Carlough of team Graham Avenue Films, speak about their 2-week film "False Alarm", which was chosen as a finalist for Movie Making Madness 2004.
		Casimir: I went from being confused to elated to tired to elated again to totally content.
		Casimir: We spent 100 bucks on lunch for everyone and another 100 on props and expendables.
	www.nycmidnight.com /Articles/2005/GrahamAve.htm (982 words)

	Casimir Abstracts
		It is argued that within the submillimeter interaction range, where the Casimir force is the dominant background force, the gravitational experiments of the Eotvos- and Cavendish-type do not lead to strong constraints on the parameters of hypothetical interactions predicted by fundamental elementary particle physics.
		Nuclear Forces from Casimir: The Casimir plate problem with an intervening plasma at high T or large distance is discussed.
		We argue that the Casimir energy of two separate conducting bodies is always negative and that the repulsive Casimir effect computed for specific geometries (As opposed to that due to electric.magnetic polarizabilities) cannot be directly measured.
	www.cfa.harvard.edu /itamp/casimirabstracts.html (4722 words)

	News Extra - "Holy Grail" of Universe Still a Mystery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		It was named after Hendrik Casimir, a Dutch physicist, who in 1948 predicted that two uncharged parallel metal plates would be subject to a force pressing them together.
		The Casimir force can only be measured when the distance between the two plates is extremely small; the order of several atomic diameters.
		Anyone creating a nanodevice will have to consider the Casimir force, just as a car manufacturer has to consider tyre friction and air resistance." This is an important discovery, but Fischbach and his team have much grander plans.
	scienceagogo.com /news/casimir.shtml (788 words)

	News Extra - "Holy Grail" of Universe Still a Mystery
		It was named after Hendrik Casimir, a Dutch physicist, who in 1948 predicted that two uncharged parallel metal plates would be subject to a force pressing them together.
		The Casimir force can only be measured when the distance between the two plates is extremely small; the order of several atomic diameters.
		Anyone creating a nanodevice will have to consider the Casimir force, just as a car manufacturer has to consider tyre friction and air resistance." This is an important discovery, but Fischbach and his team have much grander plans.
	www.scienceagogo.com /news/casimir.shtml (770 words)

	The Casimir effect: a force from nothing - Physics World - physicsworld.com
		The fact that an attractive force exists between two conducting metal plates was first predicted in 1948 by Hendrik Casimir of Philips Research Laboratories in the Netherlands.
		The researchers found that the lateral Casimir force varied sinusoidally with the phase difference between the two corrugations.
		The Casimir effect could also play a role in accurate force measurements between the nanometre and micrometre scales.
	physicsweb.org /articles/world/15/9/6 (3323 words)

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