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	The Caspian Sea, The Caspian Sea Information
		Caspian Sea (ancient Caspium Mare or Hyrcanium Mare), saltwater lake in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia is the largest inland body of water in the world.
		The Caspian Sea is bordered on the west by Azerbaijan and Russia, on the northeast and east by Kazakhstan, on the east by Turkmenistan, and on the south by Iran.
		The southern and southwestern shorelines of the Caspian Sea are bordered by the Elburz Mountains and the Caucasus Mountains.
	www.allthesea.com /The-Caspian-Sea.html (1005 words)

	ERACL Theme: UNIDO Caspian Pollution Report
		A particularly bad surge with disastrous consequences occurred on November 10-13, 1952 on the northwestern coast of the Caspian and in the Volga delta, when the water level near the town of Lagan rose by 3 to 4.5 m and a 25 to 50 km strip of land was flooded.
		is borders in the north on the Caspian, in the west on the province of Ardabil, in the south on Zanjan and Ghazvin and in the east on Mazandaran province.
		The relief of the Caspian coast in the Russian Federation is clearly divided into three large regions: the Volga delta in the Astrakhan Oblast; the Terek-Kuma plain in Kalmykia and Daghestan and the narrow coastal plain bordering the territory of the middle and southern parts of Daghestan.
	www.caspianenvironment.org /eracl/unido_2.htm (4280 words)

	Part V: International organizations and inland seas
		The Caspian basin countries and their peoples face significant environmental and resource management issues and problems, many of which are interrelated.
		In the "Declaration on Environmental Cooperation in the Caspian Sea" adopted by the five basin countries, the provisions of the draft Convention for the Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources of the Caspian Sea were reaffirmed (Meeting of the Representatives of the Caspian Sea, 1994).
		The ultimate aim of the Caspian initiative would be to facilitate the integrated management and sustainable development of oceans and seas, including enclosed and semi-enclosed seas, and coastal and marine areas (including exclusive economic zones), and the protection, rational use, and development of their natural resources.
	www.unu.edu /unupress/unupbooks/uu18ce/uu18ce0e.htm (3757 words)

	CRTC for ITCAMP: Coastal Profiles. Russian Federation
		The condition of fish reserves of the Caspian Sea at present is conditioned by the transgression and the high waters of Volga.
		The fish production of the Caspian basin is the compound multifunctional industrial-economic complex and plays the main role in the food complex of the Russian region, having remained on of the main sources of provision of the population by the food products.
		The critical position in which the Caspian sturgeons found themselves led to the inclusion in 1997 all the sturgeons into the list of the Annex II of the Convention on the international trade by the species of flora and fauna, that are under the threat of disappearing (SITES).
	www.caspianenvironment.org /itcamp/russia3_2.htm (1307 words)

	Caspian Basin Alert - Pipeline Politics
		The U.S. regards Russia with a muddled eye: It sees her as both a competitor and a strategic ally in stabilizing the Caspian basin.
		According to Carol R. Saivetz, “On April 21, 2000 the Caspian was one of only two topics discussed by the Russian Security Council.” Also during this meeting Putin create a special position focusing on Caspian affairs.
		Russia objected to their moves and claimed the Caspian Sea to be an inland lake.
	academic.evergreen.edu /g/grossmaz/caspianpipes.html (2392 words)

	Energy Security in the Caspian Basin and Oil/Gas Transit Through Iran
		The CPC (Caspian Pipeline Consortium), for instance, is expected to deliver 1.3 mb/d by the year 2010, to the Black Sea Port of Novorossiysk, which face the Turkish restrictions on movement of oil tankers through Bosphorus.
		It would be economical and logical to use oil and gas from the Caspian Basin in Northern and export equivalent amount of oil from the export terminals in the Persian Gulf.
		The advantages of exporting part of the oil produced in the Caspian Basin to Iran is well recognized by the international oil companies and if the US sanction policies did not exist, most of the early oil from the region would have been exported to Iran.
	www.payvand.com /news/03/jul/1104.html (3258 words)

	CaspianSea 02:2000 Explorer
		Most of the oil that's been discovered in the South Caspian basin is on the Apsheron sill that connects the Apsheron peninsula on the west and extends across the sea onto the Chelelen Peninsula.
		The North Caspian Basin occupies the northern part of the Caspian Sea and a large plain north of the sea.
		Three-quarters of the basin lie in Kazakhstan with the remainder in Russia.
	www.aapg.org /explorer/2000/02feb/caspian.cfm (2495 words)

	The Great Game - The War For Caspian Oil And Gas
		One of the material results of the elder Bush's Desert Storm military campaign in 1991 was to secure access to the huge Rumaila oil field of southern Iraq, which was accomplished by expanding the boundaries of Kuwait after the war.
		A similar geopolitical strategy, influenced by Zionist planners, to control the valuable mineral resources of the Caspian Basin underlies the planned aggression against Afghanistan, a Central Asian nation that occupies a strategic position sandwiched between the Middle East, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.
		Investors in Caspian oil and gas are interested in building alternative pipelines to Turkey and Europe, and especially to the rapidly growing Asian markets.
	www.rense.com /general15/game.htm (2154 words)

	Turkey's physical geography - All About Turkey
		The Marmara basin has fewer rivers, the longest being the Kocaçay (whose upper and middle reaches are called the Simav and Susurluk respective) which rises on Mount Murat and flows into the Marmara Sea from the south.
		In the Mediterranean basin the principal rivers are the Aksu, Köprüçay, Manavgat, Göksu, Ceyhan and Seyhan.
		The major river in this basin is the Çarsamba which is out flow of Beysehir Lake and contributes a large volume of water for irrigation of the fertile Konya Plain, and is linked by a canal to Tuz Gölü.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /cografya.htm (1415 words)

	Caspian Sea Regional Country Analysis Brief: Environmental Issues (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Caspian Sea's energy potential already was well-known, and the confirmation of that potential with the discovery of significant hydrocarbon deposits in the mid-1990s brought an influx of foreign investment in energy development in the region, particularly in Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan.
		Thousands of seals that live in the Caspian Sea have died since 2000 due to pollution that weakened their immune systems, and overfishing, especially of the prized sturgeon, has caused a dramatic decline in fish stocks.
		A number of Caspian region oil pipelines have been built or are under construction, and several regional gas pipelines have been proposed as well.
	www.eia.doe.gov /emeu/cabs/caspenv.html (4038 words)

	Freshwater Fishes of Iran, Introduction - Drainage Basins - Caspian Sea
		This basin, in its land part, is elongate, extending from the Turkish border almost to the Afghan border and only acquires some width where the Safid River and its tributaries penetrate the Alborz Mountains in the west.
		According to Pirnia (1951) the Caspian basin in Iran (excluding the sea) encompasses 182,100 sq km while according to Zakeri (1997) this figure is 256,000 sq km, 15.5% of the whole country.
		Caspian Sea level fluctuations have serious effects on the level of the mordab and hence its utility as a habitat for fishes.
	www.briancoad.com /introduction/caspianseabasin.htm (12634 words)

	Caspian Sea Library (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As the newly independent countries of the Caspian region work to enhance their sovereignty and to create stability within their own borders and in the region, energy resource development has emerged as a critical factor and means to these ends.
		While the extent of Caspian oil reserves is not yet definitively known, several observers estimate them to be in the range of 90 billion barrels, which is comparable to similar estimates for Iran.
		Caspian crude might also displace Iranian oil and other crude which is now imported into the Black Sea through the Bosporous for refineries in Romania and other countries.
	www.treemedia.com /cfrlibrary/library/energy/excerpt.html (2206 words)

	List of oil fields - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This list of oil fields includes major fields of the past and present.
		N.B. Some of the items listed are basins that are composed of many fields (e.g.
		The largest discovered conventional oil field is the Ghawar Field (75-83 billion); some unconventional oil fields, such as tar sand deposits, contain even greater reserves like Venezuela's Orinoco Tar sands which contain the biggest oil reserves in the world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_oil_fields (138 words)

	The energy web
		The war in Afghanistan is on the fringes of the Caspian Basin's oil and gas reserves, whose development Moscow, Washington and regional powers such as Iran and Azerbaijan have been contesting since the collapse of the Soviet Union.
		The Caspian Basin is one alternative, as are West Africa and the Gulf of Mexico, but none of these even approach the Persian Gulf in size.
		Caspian reserves are of the same order as the North Sea or the US only a fraction of those of Saudi Arabia, which alone has one-quarter of the world's oil, or of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait or the United Arab Emirates.
	iicas.org /english/enlibrary/libr_27_11_01.htm (1813 words)

	The Caspian Basin and Asian Energy Markets (Site not responding. Last check: )
		With this long-term view in mind, conference participants—including leading scholars, energy industry representatives, government officials, and private consultants—urged U.S. policymakers to broaden their frames of reference for the Caspian, Central Asia, and Asia to consider the future geopolitical implications of natural gas flows from the Caspian Basin to India and China.
		For India, the options to import gas from the Caspian Basin, particularly from fields in Turkmenistan and Iran, have been actively discussed for almost a decade at the academic, government, and industry levels.
		In this context, while the natural gas reserves in the Caspian Basin are not the solution for India and China's energy needs, the hydrocarbon resources of the Caspian states, along with Russian, Iranian, and other Middle Eastern and Asian suppliers, will all contribute to satisfying this growing demand.
	www.brookings.edu /comm/conferencereport/cr08.htm (3233 words)

	USGS Bulletin 2201-B: Petroleum Geology and Resources of the North Caspian Basin, Kazakhstan and Russia
		It occupies the shallow northern portion of the Caspian Sea and a large plain to the north of the sea between the Volga and Ural Rivers and farther east to the Mugodzhary Highland, which is the southern continuation of the Ural foldbelt.
		The basin is bounded by the Paleozoic carbonate platform of the Volga-Ural province to the north and west and by the Ural, South Emba, and Karpinsky Hercynian foldbelts to the east and south.
		The basin was originated by pre-Late Devonian rifting and subsequent spreading that opened the oceanic crust, but the precise time of these tectonic events is not known.
	pubs.usgs.gov /bul/2201/B (744 words)

	The Caspian Basin and Asian Energy Markets (Site not responding. Last check: )
		With this long-term view in mind, conference participants—including leading scholars, energy industry representatives, government officials, and private consultants—urged U.S. policymakers to broaden their frames of reference for the Caspian, Central Asia, and Asia to consider the future geopolitical implications of natural gas flows from the Caspian Basin to India and China.
		For India, the options to import gas from the Caspian Basin, particularly from fields in Turkmenistan and Iran, have been actively discussed for almost a decade at the academic, government, and industry levels.
		In this context, while the natural gas reserves in the Caspian Basin are not the solution for India and China's energy needs, the hydrocarbon resources of the Caspian states, along with Russian, Iranian, and other Middle Eastern and Asian suppliers, will all contribute to satisfying this growing demand.
	www.brook.edu /comm/conferencereport/cr08.htm (3233 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Caspian Basin energy game may suffer from "irrational exuberance"
		The Caspian Basin is now the scene of intense competition among the United States, Russia and China, which are all battling for control over natural resources and export routes.
		She was a featured speaker in a discussion -- titled "Caspian Energy: Over Hyped and Under Risked?" -- jointly sponsored by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the International Energy and Environment Program, both at the Johns Hopkins School for Advanced International Studies.
		"This is transforming the region [the Caspian Basin] their prospects have been transformed by the BTC pipeline already, and it’s just begun," Starr said.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/news/ntc64183.htm (834 words)

	Development of sturgeon breeding in the Caspian basin (the Azerbaijan Republic, Caspian-Kura basin)
		The situation is aggravated by lack of legible rules regulating economic activities of all industrial participants in the basin, and by lack of intergovernmental agreements between all countries of the region on the preservation of Caspian environment and usage of bioresources.
		It may entail reduction of occupation level of the population in fish industry of the Caspian basin countries and may push a part of the population to occupation in the sphere of illegal trade.
		The relevant outcome of insistent demands of CITES to the Caspian countries was the activation of cooperation of fishery bodies of the given states in the problems of realization of the policy concerning usage of Caspian bioresources.
	lnweb18.worldbank.org /ECA/ceiforum.nsf/docbyid/76C82A2A0A57498F85256EDE0073F0B9?Opendocument (4515 words)

	Caspian Sea Library (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Given the Caspian region's instability, and the tendency of today' s friends to become tomorrow' s enemies, multilateralism is key to the interests of the Southern Tier states.
		Their interest in the Caspian is as a region of transit, and thus they expose the Caspian states to globalizing influences heretofore unknown.
		Capital for energy-sector investment is not unlimited, and although the Caspian Basin is the flavor of the year, there are other areas competing for attention-Northeast Asia, Alaska, and the South China Sea.
	www.treemedia.com /cfrlibrary/library/policy/bremmer.html (4161 words)

	Halfbakery: Caspian Sea
		This may not provide enough water to fill in the basin, but it will help some, and provide stability since the volume could be redirected into the Caspian or Black seas as desired.
		One might consider connecting the Aral and Caspian seas as well; the distance is slightly further, but the elevation between the two lower.
		The Caspian basin is something over 500,000 km sq., about 1/700 of the area of world oceans.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Caspian_20Sea (914 words)

	Update on Caspian Basin Energy Policy
		It is -- it's a good time to talk about Caspian energy, because we have just reached a major milestone in U.S. policy, major milestone in the economic life of the region.
		So it was the desire of the United States government to support the Caspian producers, to support these new countries, in their desire to create an alternative east-west channel for oil and for gas.
		We have had this ambassadorship, this senior adviser position for Caspian energy, since the summer of 1998, and I am the fourth person to occupy this job.
	fpc.state.gov /14478.htm (4898 words)

	The Oil Connection: Afghanistan and Caspian Sea oil pipeline routes
		The first tanker with CPC oil is not scheduled to be loaded at Novorossiisk until August 6, 2001, but already there are a number of options under consideration for oil transiting the Black Sea to bypass the Bosporus Straits.
		In almost any direction, Caspian region export pipelines may be subject to regional conflict, an additional complication in determining final routes.
		Nevertheless, several export pipelines from the Caspian region already are completed or under construction, and Caspian region exports are already transiting the Caucasus.
	www.newhumanist.com /oil.html (2732 words)

	Search Tuna Report for the aral sea (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Instead of approaching the Aral Sea Basin as an integrated water system, it sought to deal with the Syr Darya River Basin and the Amu Darya River Basin separately in hopes of breaking the impasse between the Syr Darya states, who each year were having to renegotiate barter exchanges between water and energy resources....
		The Aral Sea Basin is located in the heart of the Asian continent, and covers the whole territory of present Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, the southern part of the Kyrgyz Republic, and the southern part of Kazakhstan...
		Humans have made use of the waters of the Aral basin for thousands of years, borrowing from its two major rivers: the Amu Darya, which flows into the Aral Sea from the south; and the Syr Darya, which reaches the sea at its north end....
	www.searchtuna.com /ftlive2/732.html (2652 words)

	CASP - North Caspian Basin
		North (or Pri) Caspian oil fields such as Kashagan and Tengiz are among the largest finds of the last 25 years, making the basin one of the most important regions of Asia for production and exploration for years to come.
		CASP has produced reports on the geology of the North Caspian Basin throughout our long-standing research on the geology of the former Soviet Union.
		1988 The geology and hydrocarbon accumulation of the Peri-Caspian Basin.
	www.casp.cam.ac.uk /reports_research/n_caspian_research.html (162 words)

	Caspian Basin Alert - Economics
		Saudi Arabia is pursuing a policy to discourage investment in the Caspian, so that it may retain its guarded place as the world's first supplier of petroleum.
		The problem for the Russians is that the blunt use of its infrastructural leverage is actually encouraging the construction of alternative pipelines.
		ChevronTexaco has put a halt on a productivity expansion of 271,000 to 430,000 barrels of oil extraction per day because "partners have not yet been able to agree on a funding plan." The article on www.Eurasianet.org seems to be hinting that Kazakstan in out of it's league in dealing with the large oil company.
	academic.evergreen.edu /g/grossmaz/caspianecon.html (846 words)

	Opportunities - Environmental Issues in the Caspian Basin - Forum
		You are cordially invited to a forum on Environmental Issues in the Caspian Basin sponsored by ISAR: Initiative for Social Action and Renewal in Eurasia.
		ISAR, a nonprofit organization based in Washington, DC, has been working in the Caspian Basin for the past two and a half years, bringing together Caspian nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) as they work to address regional environmental problems in the basin.
		As the world focuses its attention on oil and gas reserves in the Caspian region, environmental issues have been largely ignored.
	www.azer.com /aiweb/categories/ops_education/ops_isar2.html (148 words)

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