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	Soviet Caspian Flotilla - Definition, explanation
		Caspian Flotilla (CF) was created in November of 1722 in Astrakhan by the order of Peter the Great.
		The ships of the flotilla were captured by the counterrevolutionary Centrocaspian government in August of 1918 and later regained by the Soviets after the overthrow of the Musavat government.
		In July of 1919, the Astrakhan-Caspian Military Flotilla was combined with the Volga Military Flotilla (Волжская военная флотилия, or Volzhskaya voyennaya flotiliya) and renamed to the Volga-Caspian Military Flotilla (Волжско-Каспийская военная флотилия).
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/s/so/soviet_caspian_flotilla.php (482 words)

	Caspian Flotilla - Morskoyo Flota ( Naval Force)
		An example of further development and growth of the military power of Caspian flotilla is the transfer of new contemporary destroyer escort "tatarstan" to the composition of flotilla, patronage of which had the administration of federal state unitary enterprise "ON the plant im.
		Specifically, a Persian march and a stay of Peter I in Astrakhan changed relation to the Caspian fleet, and on 4 November, 1722, the edict of sovereign based military port in Astrakhan and was formed the military flotilla, which accepted the baptism of fire in Persii it was coast.
		Beginning from 1942, Caspian flotilla was declared and accomplished tasks in the guarantee of communications by that acting, directly covering on the passages from the action of the aviation of enemy by its ships of transport, and it organized anti-mine defense.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/russia/mf-caspian.htm (2394 words)

	Caspian Flotilla - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Caspian Flotilla (Каспийская флотилия in Russian, or Kaspiyskaya flotiliya) is the oldest Russian military flotilla, stationed in the Caspian Sea.
		In July of 1919, the Astrakhan-Caspian Military Flotilla was combined with the Volga Military Flotilla (Волжская военная флотилия, or Volzhskaya voyennaya flotiliya) and renamed to the Volga-Caspian Military Flotilla (Волжско-Каспийская военная флотилия).
		In July of 1920, Caspian and Azerbaijani fleets were combined into the Naval Forces of the Caspian Sea (Морские Силы Каспийского моря, or Morskiye Sily Kaspiyskogo morya) and would later be renamed to the Caspian Flotilla on June 27, 1931.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Caspian_Flotilla (455 words)

	CDI Russia Weekly #219 - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Following the division of the Soviet Caspian Flotilla in 1992 between Moscow and Baku, Russia kept three quarters of the naval vessels and personnel.
		On August 5, Iran's special envoy on the Caspian, Mehdi Safari, was quoted by the RIA news agency as saying that Tehran viewed the maneuvers' stated goals, ie, fighting terrorism and crime, as legitimate, and that Iran did not feel offended by the maneuvers.
		As for the coastal Caspian states, Russia seems to be pursuing the time-honored policy of carrot-and-stick, in which its friends receive discounted arms sales while its opponents (and neutrals) receive the certain knowledge that Moscow retains the growing ability to order its fleet without notice into waters they regard as theirs.
	www.cdi.org /russia/219-10.cfm (987 words)

	[No title]
		The headquarters of the Soviet Caspian Flotilla was deployed in Baku until 1992.
		The aviation of the North Caucasus Military District and the Caspian Flotilla established this collaboration.
		This circumstance shows that the summit of the Caspian countries that is to be held in Ashkhabad in October should solve the important problems arising from the provision of security in the Caspian Sea.
	felist.com /archive/state.military/200108/03083751.text (1530 words)

	Caspian Flotilla - Morskoyo Flota ( Naval Force) - Russian and Soviet Nuclear Forces
		The Caspian Flotilla is a small force for coastal defense and waterways patrol consisting of two frigates, twelve patrol boats, and about fifty other small craft based in Astrakhan'.
		The Caspian Flotilla was for a time a bone of contention between Russia and various other republics, though a March 1992 agreement divided up the Caspian Flotilla among Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan.
		As of July 1998 the Caspian Flotilla of Kazakhstan took delivery of the third Kazakh-made combat cutter, built (as were the first two) at the Zenith shipyard in Uralsk, a city in western Kazakhstan.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/russia/agency/mf-caspian.htm (678 words)

	[No title]
		Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union maintained a naval presence on the Caspian, the Caspian Flotilla.
		Unencumbered passage of the Caspian Sea was crucial to the survival of the Soviet Union.
		It is somewhat ironic that this small combatant built to serve Tsar Nicholas II in an out-of-the-way flotilla, served to defend one of the most important transportation routes for Russia 35 years after she was laid down in Saint Petersburg.
	www.steelnavy.com /CombrigLenin.htm (1484 words)

	Foreign Military Studies Office Publications - Russian National Interests and the Caspian Sea
		The Caspian Sea, located on Iran's northern border, surrounded by Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan, and sharing a border with the south-west corner of Russian territory, is the epicenter of a collision of regional, national and business issues.
		Caspian oil, despite all its economic significance, is merely the external manifestation of the global political task of the present day-the restoration of Russia's might.
		To achieve this end, the MFA initially argued that the Caspian is a lake and not a sea in order to gain access to the richer oil deposits (since the Caspian basin would be treated as common economic property to its littoral states if it was considered a lake and not a sea).
	leav-www.army.mil /fmso/documents/caspian.htm (6144 words)

	Caspian Fleet to be Cut to Pieces - Pravda.Ru
		The summit of presidents from the Caspian region on division of the Caspian Sea failed.
		It was declared that exercises of the Caspian flotilla would be held in the northern and central parts of the sea and would have a military character.
		He added that not only vessels of the Caspian flotilla, but also subdivisions of the North Caucasus military circuit, the regional department of the Russian Frontier Service, units of the 4th Air Force armies and the Air Defense would be engaged in the exercises.
	english.pravda.ru /main/18/87/344/9948_caspian.html (770 words)

	RUSNET :: CIS Today :: 2003/05/20 :: Russia believes equal division of Caspian unrealistic
		The division of the Caspian Sea into equal parts is not possible as an agreement to divide the seabed of the northern Caspian along the median line was signed by Russia and Kazakhstan in 1998.
		Iran, which currently has 14 per cent of the floor of the Caspian Sea, is seeking a division of the sea into five equal parts.
		Speaking about the demilitarization of the Caspian Sea, Kalyuzhnyy said that "the Caspian flotilla will exist for as long as needed to normalize the situation in the North Caucasus".
	www.rusnet.nl /news/2003/05/20/politics03.shtml (496 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Iran to begin operations in Caspian seabed
		Tehran?s insistence on a 20 % share of the Caspian has already raised tension among the Caspian states, and is considered the primary stumbling block to progress on the sea?s territorial division and energy development.
		Iran?s announcement that it is prepared to drill in southern Caspian waters serves as a warning sign that Tehran is even more prone than ever to act aggressively out of fear that it is being left out of the Caspian equation.
		Thirty-eight new Iranian warships were recently deployed in the Caspian, and Tehran seems to be trying to keep some leverage by fomenting conflict until the other littoral states, most notably Azerbaijan, capitulate to their demands.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/news/ntm22665.htm (949 words)

	LakeNet - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The legal status of the Caspian Sea remains a topic of discussion for the five Caspian countries: Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Iran.
		They agree that the Caspian's resources should be divided up along lines acceptable to the countries that are directly involved and that are adjacent to or opposite each other -- i.e., in a bilateral format.
		As long as there's terrorism, as long as the situation in the Caucasus remains tense, the Caspian Flotilla serves as a guarantor of stability, which is in the interests of all the Caspian countries.
	www.worldlakes.org /shownews.asp?newsid=134 (867 words)

	TBRNews.org
		In wake of the failed Caspian Sea summit in April 2002, Moscow pushed for a series of bilateral deals, instead of an overall agreement among all five littoral states.
		The Russian Caspian Flotilla still remains the strongest naval force in the sea.
		After the division of the Soviet Caspian Flotilla in 1992 between Moscow and Baku, Russia kept three-quarters of the naval vessels and personnel.
	www.tbrnews.org /Archives/a2214.htm (2535 words)

	RN's Caspian Operations
		The official commander of the Centro-Caspian flotilla, a cavalry colonel, promised results if suitably bribed but the pro-Bolshevik flotilla soviet actually in charge thought otherwise and refused to give up their ships, to share the use of the naval dockyard or to take part in the defence.
		The ships of the British Caspian Flotilla had been taken up with their crews (mainly Russian, with some Tartars) with only very few RN officers and ratings, the latter manning the armament and the embarked army W/T sets.
		Ironically, it was just at this time that the Flotilla received the long awaited reinforcements of officers and ratings, enabling them to be properly manned for their task.
	www.gwpda.org /naval/caspian.htm (5821 words)

	12 September 2001 Central Asia - Caucasus Analyst (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		In this respect, the developing relationship between Russia and Iran is similar to the Sino-Russian attempt to construct a condominium in Central Asia, as evidenced by the June 2001 Shanghai Six agreement and the July 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship.
		Moscow conducted live-fire maneuvers of the flotilla during President Putin's visit to Baku in February 2001, in a blatant demonstration of gunboat diplomacy, predating that of Iran in August.
		CONCLUSIONS: Putin's warning to Iran that the Caspian must remain a 'sea of tranquility' signals that the Kremlin is continuing its multi-vector policy of being friendly to the West, including the multinational oil companies, while attempting to direct the flow of Caspian oil and gas to its own pipelines.
	www.cornellcaspian.com /analyst/010912_H1.htm (1188 words)

	Militarization of the Caspian Sea
		The littoral countries of the Caspian Sea have not solved their problems and they have taken steps in line with militarizing of the region, while issuing declarations to the contrary.
		The naval aviation of the Caspian Flotilla received amphibious airplanes, and patrol and antisubmarine helicopters Ka-25 and Ka-27.
		The littoral states of the Caspian Sea are gradually inclined to strengthen their military forces in the Caspian Sea and the era of the militarization in the Caspian Sea has already started.
	www.payvand.com /news/04/apr/1107.html (2380 words)

	Pravda.RU Caspian Sea flotilla march enters its conclusive stage on Thursday (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Marine border guards are practising the joint actions of search and rescue groups of the Caspian Sea marine infantry brigade and the Astrakhan border detachment.
		The press-service further noted that prior to that the tactical group of high-speed escort vessels of the Astrakhan marine brigade patrolled the northern part of the Caspian Sea to ensure the deployment of the fleet's forces.
		The exercises involving the Caspian Sea border guards are being held simultaneously with the discharge of their daily duties to protect marine bio-resources, reveal and cut short the channels of drug and weapons trafficking across the state border in the area of the Caspian Sea.
	newsfromrussia.com /region/2002/08/08/34062.html (1937 words)

	WHAT
		Central Asia is the region of ex-Soviet Union extending from the west of Caspian Sea to China in the east, Iran/Afghanistan in the south and Russian Caucasian states in the north.
		Furthermore, the five littoral states of the Caspian –– Russia, Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan –– have unresolved issues regarding maritime borders in the Caspian, problems of the sea-bed delimitation in the southern sector, rules of military activities and transit as well as conditions for sub-sea pipelines.
		Last July a high level international conference on Caspian security was held on board Russia's Caspian Flotilla flagship, Tatarstan where an idea was voiced for creating a joint naval force of the littoral states, similar to the Black Sea Force, presumably under the Russian aegis.
	www.indiadefence.com /CAsia.htm (2127 words)

	Asia Times Online - The trusted source for news on Central Asia
		In the wake of the flawed Caspian Sea summit in April 2002, it has become obvious that the status of the sea is unlikely to be determined any time soon.
		Following the division of the Soviet Caspian Flotilla in 1992 between Moscow and Azerbaijan, Russia kept three quarters of the naval vessels and personnel.
		The withdrawal of the flotilla from its former base in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, forced Russia to build a new base in Astrakhan.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Central_Asia/EK06Ag02.html (977 words)

	Conflicts to the South
		At the port of Astrakhan a flotilla and landing force, under Lieutenant-Commander Yegor Veselago, armed seven vessels and sailed for Enzeli along the southern coast of the Crimea.
		In December 1812 Veselago, now the Commander of the flotilla, brought the 16-gun corvette Ariadne, the bombardment ship Grom and two smaller craft to support the forces of General Pyotr Kotlyarevsky in storming the fortress of Lenkoran.
		According to the Gulistan Treaty of 12 October 1813, Russia was granted the western Caspian coast as far as Astara and became the only nation with the right to maintain a fleet in the Caspian Sea.
	www.neva.ru /EXPO96/book/chap7-3.html (829 words)

	Iran announces unilateral decision to develop Caspian resources
		Tehran has long held that each of the five littoral states is entitled to 20 percent of the sea, and that exploitation of hydrocarbon reserves cannot begin until after the sea’s legal status has been resolved.
		The other four Caspian states – Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkmenistan – favor some type of partition plan for the Caspian that would leave Iran with approximately 12 to 16 percent of the seabed.
		Tehran’s insistence on a 20 percent share of the Caspian has already raised tension among the Caspian states, and is considered the primary stumbling block to progress on the sea’s territorial division and energy development.
	iicas.org /english/enlibrary/libr_10_06_02.htm (1002 words)

	Iran's Claim Over Caspian Sea Resources Threaten Energy Security
		The dispute focuses on the question of whether the Caspian is a sea or a lake and has implications for both the applicability of the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea and negotiation of the boundary demarcation regime affecting the littoral states' rights to significant oil deposits.
		The Caspian Sea is the largest body of salt water on Earth with no natural connection to the ocean.
		The flotilla conducted live-fire maneuvers during Putin's visit to Baku in February 2001, a demonstration of gunboat diplomacy predating Iran's actions in the Caspian by six months.
	www.heritage.org /Research/MiddleEast/bg1582.cfm (3536 words)

	Interfax Central Asia Business Report Daily. \| Asia from AllBusiness.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Kalyuzhny is taking part in the 8th session of a special working group of the Caspian states, which is responsible for drafting a convention on the sea's legal status.
		Feb 26 (Interfax) - Russia is categorically against the construction of pipelines on the bed of the Caspian Sea, Russian Deputy Foreign Minster Victor Kalyuzhny told journalists in Baku on Wednesday.
		In order to protect the sea it is necessary to set down this principle in the convention on the status of the Caspian, so that the littoral states plan to build pipelines bypassing the Caspian, he said.
	www.allbusiness.com /asia/472388-1.html (600 words)

	Russia Warns America and Israel Away From Iraq - Putin Ready For Middle East Showdown
		That President Putin means business in the region was shown during a recent visit to the Caspian flotilla, where Putin set its commanders a real task based on Russia’s policy in the region.
		Negotiations on dividing up the Caspian Sea have foundered because the other littoral states, particularly Iran, are unwilling to make concessions.
		The Caspian flotilla is the only naval group in Russia that has grown, not shrunk, over recent years.
	geocities.com /passoverjewbilee/endgame.html (2222 words)

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