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Topic: Caspian Seal

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	seal, in zoology. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The name seal is sometimes applied broadly to any of the fin-footed mammals, or pinnipeds, including the walrus, the eared seals (sea lion and fur seal), and the true seals, also called earless seals, hair seals, or phocid seals.
		The northern seals include two species of temperate coastal waters: the common seal, or harbor seal, of the N Atlantic and N Pacific, and the larger gray seal of the N Atlantic.
		The Greenland seal, or harp seal, is found in the arctic Atlantic; the ribbon seal in the arctic Pacific.
	www.bartleby.com /65/se/seal1.html (941 words)

	SCS: Caspian Seal (Phoca caspica)
		Seals that died in Azerbaijan in 1997 were found to have extraordinarily high levels of DDT in their tissues.
		Severe emaciation of Caspian seals was repeatedly noted during the 1997 and 2000 investigations of dead and dying seals.
		In conclusion, although the present population status of the Caspian seal is not known, and the species may possibly still number over 100,000, it must be assumed that the species cannot withstand indefinitely the combined and persistent effects of continued hunting, disease, low fertility, fisheries bycatch and possible decrease of prey abundance.
	www.pinnipeds.org /species/caspian.htm (1146 words)

	CEP: Biodiversity. Animals of the Caspian Sea
		The Caspian seal is endemic to the region as well as being the only mammal to live in the Caspian Sea.
		The population size of the Caspian Seal has decreased approximately from 1.5 million heads by the beginning of 20-th century down to 360-400 thousand heads by the end of the eighties (Krylov, 1989).
		Furthermore, in 2000, the Caspian seals suffered from an epidemic of dog distemper, which began in the Northeast and spread across the sea.
	www.caspianenvironment.org /biodiversity2.htm (2242 words)

	Seal (mammal) - MSN Encarta
		While the limbs of seals have developed into flippers, the tail has practically disappeared, making seals different from other marine mammals, such as whales, dugongs, and manatees, which have lost their hind legs and use their powerful tails for swimming.
		Seal muscles also store oxygen, and the spleen, an organ that stores oxygen-rich blood, is exceptionally large in seals, serving as a kind of biological scuba tank.
		The Baikal seal inhabits Lake Baikal in southern Russia, believed to be the deepest lake in the world, and the Caspian seal lives in the vast Caspian Sea in southwestern Asia.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564979/Seal_(mammal).html (1533 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Seal (mammal)
		The northern fur seal is classified as Callorhinus ursinus, the harbour seal as Phoca vitulina, the Caspian seal as Phoca caspica, and the Baikal seal as Phoca sibirica.
		The Mediterranean monk seal is classified as Monachus monachus, the Hawaiian monk seal as Monachus schauinslandi, the Caribbean monk seal as Monachus tropicalis, and the northern elephant seal as Mirounga angustirostris.
		The southern elephant seal is classified as Mirounga leonina, the leopard seal as Hydrurga leptonyx, the Weddell seal as Leptonychotes weddelli, the Ross seal as Ommatophoca rossi, and the crabeater seal as Lobodon carcinophagus.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761564979___5/Seal_(mammal).html (648 words)

	Caspian Sea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Caspian Sea is bordered by Russia ( Dagestan, Kalmykia, Astrakhan Oblast), Republic of Azerbaijan, Iran /Persia ( Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces), Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan, with the central Asian steppes to the north and east.
		Caspian Seal (Phoca caspica, Pusa caspica in some sources) is the endemic to Caspian Sea are the unique species one of very few seals living in inlands waters (see also Baikal Seal).
		Thus the Caspian ecosystem is a closed basin, with its own sea level history that is independent of the eustatic level of the world's oceans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Caspian_Sea (776 words)

	Ecosystem and environment Caspian Sea
		The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed water body in the world and it is located on the border of Asia and Europe.
		The Caspian sturgeon and Caspian seal, one of two freshwater spices in the world, have been dying in large number as a result of polluters and poachers since the collapse of the former Soviet Union.
		The Caspian seal is the smallest seal is native to the Caspian is classed as vulnerable by the international Union for the Conversation of Nature.
	www.parstimes.com /environment/caspian_ecosystem.html (1410 words)

	ADW: Phoca caspica: Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Caspian seals are found exclusively in the Caspian Sea, a landlocked body of salt water bordered by Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan.
		Caspian seals, although protected by hunting limitations, continue to be a target for poachers.
		Caspian seals were hunted extensively in the 19th and 20th centuries.
	animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu /accounts/phoca/p._caspica.html (872 words)

	Caspian Seal - Picture - MSN Encarta
		Almost all pinniped species are found in the oceans and along their coasts and island shores, but a few kinds of seals are residents of landlocked lakes.
		Scientists believe the ancestor of the Caspian seal swam upriver from the North Atlantic Ocean to reach the Paratethys, a huge inland sea.
		Then, about 5 or 6 million years ago, the Paratethys began to dry up: Today's Black, Caspian, and Aral seas are its remains, and the Caspian seal is a legacy of the time when a salt sea stretched from Europe to Central Asia.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /media_631506878_761564979_-1_1/Caspian_Seal.html (130 words)

	Seal,Mammals,Seal Picture,Mammal Pictures,Catalog,Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The true seals, family Phocidae, are classified with the eared seals (sea lions and fur seals), family Otariidae, and the walruses, family Odobenidae, in the Pinnipedia--the pinnipeds are regarded as either a suborder of the order Carnivora or a separate order.
		The true seals are especially numerous in the colder waters (above 40 deg latitude) of both hemispheres, with concentrations in the polar regions, but the monk seals, Monachus, are a tropical group, formerly widespread in the Caribbean and Mediterranean seas and around Hawaii.
		Seals range in size from 125 cm to 6.5 m (4 ft to 21 ft) in length and from 90 kg to 3.5 metric tons (200 lb to about 8,000 lb) in weight.
	www.4to40.com /earth/geography/htm/mammalsindex.asp?counter=137 (1331 words)

	Mass Die-Off of Caspian Seals Caused by Canine Distemper Virus
		Tissues from 12 seal carcasses found on the coasts of Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan (Table) were examined for morbillivirus nucleic acid by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
		Except for one nucleotide change in the P gene fragment from seal 14, the sequences from Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan were identical, indicating that seals from widely separated regions of the Caspian Sea were infected by the same virus.
		Canine distemper virus infection, the primary cause of high death rates in Baikal seals (Phoca siberica) in 1987-88 (8), was associated with a die-off in crab-eating seals (Lobodon carcinophagus) in Antarctica in 1955 (9).
	www.cdc.gov /Ncidod/eid/vol6no6/kennedy.htm (1235 words)

	Click here for Caspian Seal (In the past, species with poor osmoregulation mechanisms died out because of changes in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Caspian seal is the smallest seal is native to the Caspian is classed...
		Caspian seals are greyish to dark grey above, grading to a paler shade below.
		Seals occupy the northeastern quadrant in autumn, but in spring and summer they move south into the deeper and cooler of the Caspian Sea.
	www.jbabin.com /Caspian/CaspianSeal.html (1012 words)

	Caspian Basin Alert -Physical Environment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		However, the water that composes the sea is salty, except in the northern end of the Caspian Basin where river tributaries are mainly located.
		The Caspian has many coastal wetland areas that contain shallow, saline pools and attract a diverse group of birds and animals.
		The Caspian Sea is home to about 130 species of fish, including the sturgeon, sometimes referred to as a living fossil because it was alive during the time of the dinosaurs.
	academic.evergreen.edu /g/grossmaz/caspiansea.html (459 words)

	A Royal Connection - History Of Caspian Horses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		At this event, which the seal of King Darius portrays, the small size of the horses pulling the chariot is worthy of note.
		Caspians were used to develop the ancient Arabian by the Mesopotamians in the 3rd millennium B.C. Research into the history and origin of this elegant horse proved the ancient lineage of the Caspian.
		The RHS collected all Caspians remaining in Iran to breed selectively in a "national stud" to conform with a specific standard of the breed.
	www.caspianhorsesla.com /history.html (1883 words)

	Azerweb.com
		In 1997, a single Caspian seal was determined to have canine distemper virus infection, but seal disease could not be attributed directly to this virus at that time.
		Blood and tissue samples, collected from dead seals found on the Caspian coasts of Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, were then analysed in the Veterinary Sciences Division of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Belfast, Northern Ireland, the Institute of Animal Health, Pirbright, England and the Institute of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
		In 1987-1988 it caused high mortality in Baikal seals (Phoca siberica) in Lake Baikal in Siberia and is suspected of having caused a die-off of crabeater seals in Antarctica in 1955.
	www.azerweb.com /en/release.php?id=105 (552 words)

	Pinnipeds: seals, sea-lions, walrus
		Seals are able to hold their breath for long periods of time.
		Ringed and harbor seals are found in lakes and rivers near the coasts of Russia, Canada, and Alaska.
		A few kinds of earless seals are found in warmer waters, such as Harbor seals, northern elephant seals, and monk seals.
	www.kidcyber.com.au /topics/seals.htm (400 words)

	[No title]
		The Caspian Coast including the three littoral provinces of Gilân (center Rasht), Golestân (center Gorgân) and Mâzanderân (center Sâri), with its thick forests and intensive rice cultivation presents a striking contrast to the dry inner plateau of Iran.
		The picturesque provinces of Golestân, Mâzanderân and Gilân bound by the Caspian Sea in the north and, Alborz(Elborz) Range in the south, are divided into a multitude of valleys whose rivers drain into the sea.
		The total area of the Caspian Sea is 435,000 square kilometers or one fourth the size of Iran.
	medlem.spray.se /davidgorgan/Caspiansea.html (816 words)

	Species Profiles — OBIS-SEAMAP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Caspian seals are medium gray to grayish brown above and paler below in a typical countershaded pattern.
		Caspian seals have a highly variable light covering of irregular light-colored spots on their darker areas and dark spots on lighter areas.
		Seals occupy the northeastern quadrant of the sea in autumn, and except for molting aggregations that occur in this area in the spring, their movements and distribution in ice free times of the year are poorly known.
	seamap.env.duke.edu /species/tsn/622019 (725 words)

	Iran Daily - Economic Focus - 11/26/06
		The Caspian Sea is bordered by Iran (Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces), Russia (Dagestan, Kalmykia, Astrakhan Oblast), Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan (Balkan province) and Kazakhstan, with the Central Asian steppes to the north and east.
		The Caspian Seal is endemic to the Caspian Sea, one of the few seal species living in inland waters.
		A key problem is the status of the Caspian Sea and the establishment of the water boundaries among the five littoral countries.
	www.iran-daily.com /1385/2717/html/focus.htm (1390 words)

	Ringed Seals (Phoca hispida)
		The population is estimated at 10,000-12,000 seals and apparently stable.
		An estimated 40-60% of the seals is not mature (Sipilä, 1991).
		The main interference of humans with the Saimaa seal consists of disturbance (especially by recreational snowmobiles in winter that disturb the pups), pollution and habitat destruction by development on the shores of Lake Saimaa.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/jaap/ringseal.htm (1453 words)

	Seasonal movement and diving behavior of Caspian Seals, Phoca caspica
		The seals in the former two patterns moved southward along the coastal part, and their dives were mostly to depth of 0-75m, a few exceeding 200m.
		Another seal moving through the east side was also diving shallowly (0-25m), however, wherever there might be a place for seals to come on shore, such as a sandbar, it stayed in one place and repeated deeper diving.
		The data of another seal showed that the range in temperature during one day was an average of 5 degrees, but was an average of 20 degrees between September and January.
	landbase.hq.unu.edu /Workshops/IwateOct2005/Ebihara.htm (371 words)

	IRIN Asia \| Asia \| Central Asia \| CENTRAL ASIA: Caspian summit must consider environment \| Environment \| Breaking News
		The enormous financial dividends the oil and gas bonanza beneath the Caspian could deliver mean for the five nations at the summit the stakes are high.
		Additional claims to the sea came in the early 1990's with the birth of three new Caspian Sea states, all hungry for a slice of the sea's riches.
		Iran and Turkmenistan now stand together in their demand that the Caspian be divided into five equal parts, while Russia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan argue that the sea should be divided into national sectors that correspond to the length of their respective coastlines.
	www.irinnews.org /report.asp?ReportID=27436&SelectRegion=Central_Asia&SelectCountry=CENTRAL_ASIA (825 words)

	UNEP-WCMC - Caspian Seal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Caspian Sea is bordered by the Russian Federation, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan.
		Potential degradation of the Caspian Sea ecosystem and seal habitat is a constant threat.
		The IUCN/SSC Seal Specialist Group recommend: an assessment of status and harvest sustainability of the seal and population surveys.
	www.unep-wcmc.org /species/data/species_sheets/caspian.htm (397 words)

	Daily warns of Caspian pollution
		He said pollution was threatening the Caspian marine environment, particularly the fish and other sea creatures.
		Referring to the sinking of an oil tanker off the coast of Azerbaijan last October as one of the most devastating environmental disasters in the Caspian Sea, it regretted that no serious measure was taken to prevent the spread of about 2,000 tons of oil in the sea.
		Therefore, it is imperative that the Caspian littoral states cooperate in devising clean-up campaign plans to better protect the Caspian ecosystem.
	www.payvand.com /news/02/nov/1023.html (499 words)

	Planet Diary Archive 2000 - Fauna - Distemper Killing Caspian Seals
		Most of the seals washed up on the shores of Kazakhstan, but others were found on beaches in Russia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan.
		The Caspian seal population has been under stress from heavy pollution in the sea from agriculture and industry.
		A 1997 study showed that Caspian seals had extremely high levels of the toxic pesticide DDT, and adult females had an infertility rate of over 70%.
	www.phschool.com /science/planetdiary/archive00/faun3092900.html (140 words)

	UNDP-GEF Project Writeups
		The Caspian Environment Programme (CEP) is a regional umbrella programme developed for and by the five Caspian Littoral States, Azerbaijan, I.R. Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkmenistan, aiming to halt the deterioration of environmental conditions of the Caspian Sea and to promote sustainable development in the area.
		Caspian and Black Sea Ecology 2004 - a summit of Ecology Ministers from Caspian and Black Sea Regional States - was held in Istanbul, Turkey in November 2004.
		An introduction to the Caspian Sea and the Caspian Environment Programme - published 2006 - is the result of a joint effort by the five Caspian littoral countries, CEP and its international partners.
	www.undp.org /gef/05/portfolio/writeups/iw/caspian.html (2029 words)

	Baku02_NATO_ARW
		It has not been decided what is the type of stress that would occur in the Caspian, but the fact that the largest specimens occur in the North suggests a shortage of food, and a trade-off between better food conditions (in the North) but lower (clearly suboptimal!) salinities here.
		Seals have been suffering from canine distemper virus in the past few years, and were subject to considerable mortality therefrom.
		In the case of the Caspian lake, there is an acute danger for considerable damage to the large number of endemic crustaceans of this ancient ecosystem as well.
	www.zin.ru /projects/invasions/gaas/baku02.htm (2147 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Caspian development has serious ecological consequences
		One month later, with corporations rushing to drill and transport the area's vast petroleum reserves, pollution is threatening the region's environment through a bigger smearing of the "fl gold," warns a new report.
		A mysterious rise in sea level of the Caspian poses another problem in the region as floods become more common and wash oil from the drilling platforms.
		Because of the highly political nature of the oil rush in the Caspian region, companies and governments have sidelined environmental considerations, the group says.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/reports/rex91253.htm (904 words)

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