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Topic: Castilla elastica

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	An introduction to Castilla elastica also known as the "Panama Rubber Tree" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Castilla elastica is a member of the Moraceae family, a very important group of trees in the Neotropics.
		Castilla elastica seeds and the role of this tree in the tropical forest community.
		Castilla elastica is a light gap colonizing species and would be expected to rapidly colonize the trailside.
	www.woodrow.org /teachers/esi/2000/cr2000/Group_1/Research_Project/Castillafinal_7-22.htm (2526 words)

	Hort 403 - Rubber
		Castilla, which grew in Central America and northern South America, had its moment of glory, and later Funtumia was introduced into the West Indies from Africa, but only to become another of the West Indian casualties, as Hevea, the genus most amenable to repeated tapping, came into its own.
		Castilla elastica still grows as an escape in the West Indies, and it grows wild throughout Central America and northern South America.
		The latex canals in Castilla, unlike those in Hevea, are continuous, and not amenable to frequent tappings as with the jebong system.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/tropical/lecture_22/rubber_R.html (2513 words)

	Fibers & Fiber Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Panama or Castilla rubber is from Castilla elastica, a tall tree native to southern Mexico and Central America.
		Castilla elastica is found in deep loamy soil on high ground and may reach a height of 150 ft. It requires temperatures above 60 deg.
		Assam or India rubber as it is often called, is obtained from Ficus elastica, a native tree of northern India and Malaya.
	faculty.ucr.edu /~legneref/botany/rubber.htm (4549 words)

	Thrips pollination of androdioecious Castilla elastica (Moraceae) in a seasonal tropical forest -- Sakai 88 (9): 1527 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Castilla elastica Sessé (Moraceae) is an abundant tree
		I conclude that Castilla elastica is pollinated by thrips for
		Castilla elastica is androdioecious with cosexes and male plants
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/88/9/1527 (4320 words)

	Search: Ficus elastica - MetaCrawler
		elastica is the classic Rubber Tree, Rubber Plant or India Rubber Plant.
		elastica is a large tree, growing to 40-50 feet...
		Ficus elastica, the rubber tree, is a popular ornamental tree grown around the world.
	www.metacrawler.com /crawler?general=Ficus+elastica&method=0 (160 words)

	Wikipedia: Rubber
		In its native Central America and South America, rubber has been collected for a long time.
		The Mesoamerican civilizations used rubber mostly from Castilla elastica.
		The Ancient Mesoamericans had a ball game using rubber balls (see: Mesoamerican ballgame), and a few Pre-Columbian rubber balls have been found (always in sites that were flooded under fresh water), the earliest dating to about 1600 BC.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/r/ru/rubber.html (640 words)

	Summer Institute in Materials Science and Material Culture - Module: Rubber Processing in Ancient Mesoamerica
		Ancient Mexican peoples harvested latex from Castilla elastica, the indigenous rubber tree, and processed it using the juice of Ipomoea alba, a species of morning glory vine, to produce rubber.
		The materials engineering differences between the ancient and modern rubbers will be explored through consideration of their polymer chemistries, their performance as elastomers, and their response to property development.
		elastica, enabling their entanglement, interaction, and stiffening of the material, as well as crosslinking or cyclizing of the chains by sulfonic acid and sulfonyl chloride moieties present in I. alba (ancient Mexican processing).
	web.mit.edu /org/m/materialculture/www/rubberprocessing.html (904 words)

	Untitled Document
		Here he wrote extensively about the rubber-producing tree which is today identified as Castilla elastica.
		The Castilla elastica was also the tree described by la Condamine and from this came the rubber samples which he sent to France in the 1730’s but a decade later he saw the ‘syringe tree’ and did not realise it was different.
		It was this ‘syringe tree’ tree which François Fresneau found in French Guiana and wrote about to la Condamine and the Paris Academy of Science.
	www.bouncing-balls.com /timeline/naturalname.htm (1273 words)

	Nomenclatura Botánica-CCC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Castilla elástica = árbol del caucho negro, árbol del hule, capi, cauchera, caucho, caucho blanco, caucho chuchú, caucho negro, cauchú, cuauchile, goma, hule, hulero, jacia, mangaba, olcagüite, olcahuite, palo de hule, peloto, seringa, siringa, tarantacua, tarantagua, tirajala, ulli, yacio.
		Castilloa elastica = árbol del caucho negro, árbol del hule, capi, cauchera, caucho, caucho blanco, caucho chuchú, caucho negro, cauchú, cauchile, goma, hule, hule blanco, hulero, jacia, mangaba, olcagüite, olcahuite, palo de hule, peloto, seringa, siringa, tarantacua, tarantagua, tira-jala, ule, ulli, yacio.
		Chaenomeles oblongata = lúcuma de Castilla, marmeleiro, marmeleiro da Europa, marmeleiro galego, marmeleiro molar, membrillera, membrillero común, membrillo, zamboa.
	www.diccionariosdigitales.com /GLOSARIOS%20y%20VOCABULARIOS/Nomenclatura%20Bot%E1nica-CCC.htm (7547 words)

	Offers a resource for Elastica and more related Elastica sites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Elastica Elastica were a Britpop band in the 1990s, formed by Justine Frischmann after leaving Suede in 1991.
		Elastica gave them a number one album, and of course everyone knows Collapsed Lung's Eat My Goal from the Coca-Cola adverts.
		Aztlan Underground appeared on television on Culture Clash on Fox in 1993, was part of Breaking Out, a concert on pay per view in 1998, and was featured in the independent films Algun Dia and Frontierlandia.
	discoveryweb.net /acne/Elastica.html (1238 words)

	The Probert Encyclopaedia - General Information (Q-R)
		Rubber is a gummy substance exuded by a wide variety of trees and plants, especially the trees Hevea brasiliensis, and several other species of Hevea which grow in the East Indies, particularly the Malay peninsula, and other parts of the world.
		Rubber is also obtained from the large tree Castilla elastica, found in Mexico.
		So-called dandelion rubber is derived from the roots of various species of dandelion plant Taraxacuin, chiefly Kok sagyz, etc., grown in Turkestan.
	www.galgani.it /free_encyclopedia/A9.HTM (5909 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Few of the species are present in one size class group are present in the large one, for instance, Castilla elastica, Acacia hindsii, Faramea occidentalis, and Albertia edulis, among others.
		Diameter at breast height was plotted against height (Figure 2.5) to detect the presence of small size trees and the large size trees.
		For Castilla elastica however, most individuals are of medium or smaller dbh.
	it.stlawu.edu /~cram/El%20Imposible/chp2.html (2957 words)

	TONY BURTON - DID YOU KNOW? FACTS & FICTION WITH A MEXICAN TWIST AUGUST 2002
		The basic ingredient is the sap or latex of the native Panama Rubber Tree (Castilla elastica).
		A few years ago, Dorothy Hosler, an associate professor of archeology and ancient technology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and two of her colleagues, chemist Sandra Burkett and undergraduate student Michael Tarkanian, realized that unprocessed pure latex is sticky and becomes brittle when dry.
		Well, perhaps not as surprising as you may think, since any good tropical botanist will tell you that the two plants, Castilla elastica and Ipomoea alba are often found in close proximity.
	www.mexconnect.com /mex_/travel/tonysarticles/tbdid0802.html (613 words)

	Castilla elastica (Moraceae) - HEAR species info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Information on Castilla elastica as relevant to Pacific Islands is provided by the Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project (PIER).
		Nomenclatural information about Castilla elastica is provided by USDA/ARS/NGRP/GRIN.
		Nomenclatural information about Castilla elastica is provided by ITIS.
	www.hear.org /species/castilla_elastica (193 words)

	Integrative Biology 363
		The Aztecs of Mexico played ball with balls made of latex of Castilla elastica (Moraceae).
		Attempts to cultivate the plant have not been entirely successful, but it appears as a promising rubber source.
		Other plants used for rubber, for example Castilla elastica, Moraceae, have not proven to be as useful as Hevea brasiliensis.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /ib/363/rubber.html (1109 words)

	Fernando Santos Granero (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Extractors weighing Castilla rubber balls in Puerto Portillo, Yurua River, circa 1903.
		Loreto’s economy experienced an important boost in the 1870s, when the demand for rubber in Europe and the US grew as a result of the development of new industries.
		Rubber extraction from a variety of trees (Hevea brasiliensis, Hevea benthamiana, Hevea guyanensis, Castilla elastica, Castilla ulei) increased steadily, gradually displacing the region’s other export products.
	striweb.si.edu /santosgranero/tamed_frontiers/02extrac.html (97 words)

	The Living Edens "Manu" -- Flora: Plants
		Rubber is produced from the white sap (or latex) of several rain forest trees.
		The rubber which fueled the so-called "rubber boom" and its related atrocities in the Amazon came from the Hevea tree, very common in the upper Manu and known as Konyori in Machiguenga.
		This is botanically related to Ficus elastica or "India rubber," a native of the Far East that many Americans grow as a house plant.
	www.pbs.org /edens/manu/plants.htm (1421 words)

	sp=castilla (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		AF500348 Castilla elastica ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit (rbcL) gene, partial cds; chloroplast gene for chloroplast product.
		AF501603 Castilla elastica chloroplast trnL gene, partial sequence; trnL-trnF intergenic spacer region, complete sequence; and trnF gene, partial sequence.
		AY289304 Castilla elastica voucher gw1433 NADH dehydrogenase subunit F (ndhF) gene, partial cds; chloroplast.
	pbil.univ-lyon1.fr /cgi-bin/acnuc-search-sp?query=CASTILLA&db=GenBank (87 words)

	FROM THE AMAZON TO THE INDIANAPOLIS 500 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The species then observed was probably the Panama rubber tree (Castilla elastica), which is a very common pioneer tree of forest succession and was then the rubber source for Central America and the West Indies.
		During the 19th century, nearly all crude rubber came out of the jungles of Brazil from native plants of Hevea brasiliensis, although natural rubbers from guayule (Parthenium argentatum) and Castilla plus a few other plants were also used.
		All rubber is produced as a liquid latex in sacs or canals called laticifers, which are generally found in the phloem (inner bark).
	www.botgard.ucla.edu /html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Naturalrubber (1236 words)

	abstract.html
		Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to select three common riparian tree species (Trema integerrima, Castilla elastica and Zygia longifolia) that had similar initial carbon and nitrogen concentrations but represented a wide range of chemical parameters in regards to secondary (phenolics and tannins) and structural (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) compounds.
		Microbial respiration was significantly higher in a solute rich stream and the enrichment stream on two of the species (Trema and Castilla), but not on the lowest quality species (Zygia).
		Increases in decay rates, fungal biomass and microbial respiration were all comparable in the high solute and the P-enrichment stream, supporting the hypothesis that dissolved phosphorus (SRP) was a causal factor.
	www.ots.ac.cr /en/laselva/projects/streams/abstract.html (1306 words)

	IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)/Features
		However, the good news is that Tonga is free of a number of serious pest species, including:
		The rubber trees Castilla elastica (Panama rubber tree) and Funtumia elastica (African rubber tree), species that have proven very invasive in Samoa.
		Castilla elastica is present in French Polynesia as well.
	www.issg.org /features/invasives_on_tonga.html (1264 words)

	ARBOLES DEL AREA DEL CANAL DE PANAMA: Castilla elastica Sessé ex Cerv. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		ARBOLES DEL AREA DEL CANAL DE PANAMA: Castilla elastica Sessé ex Cerv.
		Castilla tiene hojas pubescentes, con bordes ciliados o dentados y la base cordada.
		Annona spraguei también tiene hojas muy parecidas, pero presentan el envés blanco-grisáceo, además no tiene exudado lechoso como ocurre en Castilla.
	ctfs.si.edu /webatlas/spanish/castel.html (284 words)

	[No title]
		Mesoamericans were able to produce a rubber product with diminished surface tackiness and increased tensile strength by mixing together the products from two plants: Castilla elastica and Ipomoea alba.
		elastica is a tree in the Moraceae family of dicots whose members typically contain a milky latex.
		Their cell walls are impregnated with silica or calcium carbonate, and their flowers tend to be small, since they are wind-pollinated.
	www.mhhe.com /biosci/pae/botany/botany_map/articles/article_06.html (742 words)

	Rubber tree - Plant Profile for Castilla elastica (Panama rubbertree) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Rubber tree - Plant Profile for Castilla elastica (Panama rubbertree)
		Tons of minor mistakes make it into even the biggest movies, and some of these little
		Castilla elastica Sessé Panama rubbertree Mexican rubber tree puluvao.
	www.virtualweblibrary.com /vwl/rubber-tree.html (259 words)

	Pondicherry.com - Pondy - The one stop site for everything in Pondicherry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		They played games with rubber balls and used rubber bands to attach axe heads to their handles.
		The Mayans made latex, which is the sap of rubber trees (Castilla elastica), into flexible, durable rubber by mixing it with the juice of morning glory vines (Ipomoea alba).
		The mixture developed molecular cross-links that made the latex elastic, and removed substances that caused the rubber to turn brittle.
	www.pondicherry.com /2001aug/subfiles/mostpopular/coolfacts/most_mstr_cool5.shtml (167 words)

	Castilla
		[ Castiglionia ] [ Castilla ] [ Castilleja ]
		Vernacular names of plants within the Genus Castilla
		For a description of the methodology followed in establishing this hierarchy see the note Nomenclature used in The Compleat Botanica.
	www.crescentbloom.com /Plants/Genus/C/A/Castilla.htm (67 words)

	How was rubber first used? - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Olmec and later civilizations made rubber from mixing the latex from a member of the Moraceae or mulberry family, Castilla elastica Sessé and the sap from moonflower, Ipomoea alba Linnaeus.
		According to Harold E. Driver (Indians of North America, 1969), "Columbus took samples of rubber to Europe, but the English were apparently the first to put it to practical use erasing pencil marks, hence the word 'rubber'."
		The Center for Tropical Forest Science has photographs of the Panama rubber tree (Castilla elastica).
	www.killerplants.com /plants-that-changed-history/20020827.asp (377 words)

	Plant Profile for Castilla elastica ssp. elastica (castilloa rubber) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		View all Castilla thumbnails at the PLANTS Gallery
		View 15 genera in Moraceae, 2 species in Castilla, 2 subspecies in Castilla elastica
		Click on a scientific name below to expand it in the PLANTS Classification Report.
	plants.usda.gov /cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=CAELE2 (248 words)

	CPD: South America, Site SA39, Colombian Pacific Coast Region, Colombia
		Riverbank and beach communities established on sandy terrain left by rivers: (i) "pajonales" with Panicum spp.; and (ii) canebrakes of Gynerium sagittatum in tall dense associations on riverbanks.
		Firm-terrain rain-forest vegetation in the lowlands: in the northern zone, the vegetation is in the Alliance Brosimion utilis, which includes communities dominated by (i) Cavanillesia platanifolia (Bombacaceae); (ii) Anacardium excelsum (Anacardiaceae) and Castilla elastica (Moraceae); (iii) Anacardium excelsum and Pseudolmedia laevigata (Moraceae); and (iv) Chrysophyllum sp.
		In industry or crafts: Couma macrocarpa ("popa") (Apocynaceae); Castilla elastica (Moraceae); Ammandra decasperma ("antá"), Astrocaryum standleyanum ("güérregue"), Attalea (= Ynesa) colenda, Jessenia polycarpa ("milpesos"), Manicaria saccifera ("jícara"), Orbignya cuatrecasana ("táparo") (Palmae); and Rhizophora spp.
	www.nmnh.si.edu /botany/projects/cpd/sa/sa39.htm (4044 words)

	Conservation Ecology: Tropical forest reorganization after cyclone and fire disturbance in Samoa: remnant trees as ...
		Canarium vitense, Cryptokaria elegans, Premna serratifolia, Inocarpus fagifer, Planchonella torricilencis, Psychotria insularum, Sterculia adenanthera, Fagrea sp., and Cypholopus stipulatus were found only at the crater site, whereas Alphitonia sp., Castilla elastica, Syzygium savaiense, Carica papaya, and Psidium sp.
		At the crater and burned sites, respectively, there were 2420 and 786 plants in the first size class (< 1 cm in diameter), 253 and 215 in the second (1 < 5 cm in diameter), and 75 and 170 in the third (5 < 20 cm in diameter).
		The dominant early-successional, vertebrate-dispersed species found in the seed traps were Macaranga harveyana, Carica papaya, Castillea elastica, and Morinda citrifolia, whereas Bischofia javonica, Dysoxylum samoense, and Ficus spp.
	www.consecol.org /vol5/iss2/art10 (5457 words)

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