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Topic: Castrato

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	Castrato - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A castrato is a male soprano, mezzo-soprano, or alto voice produced either by castration of the singer before puberty or who because of an endicrinological conditions, never reach sexual maturity.
		The male heroic lead would often be written for a castrato singer (in the operas of Handel for example).
		Probably the most famous castrato was the 18th century singer Carlo Broschi, known as Farinelli.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Castrato (716 words)

	Jones - "Sounds Romantic: The Castrato and English Poetics Around 1800" - Opera and Romanticism - Praxis ...
		Such escape tactics, in which the image of the castrato is wrenched from the sound of his voice in the name of delicacy or comfort is significant both to the study of the castrato specifically and to the study of image/sound relations in romanticism more generally.
		Such narratives understand this transferal of vocal supremacy from the castrato to the male tenor to be brought about by political, ideological, and moral shifts that made the castrato singer untenable to 'modern' society, thus imagining the romantic era to be simultaneously the cause and the effect of his extinction.
		The castrato singer gains recognition first not as a monster but as a young boy with a particular talent—an impressive soprano voice and a natural proclivity for the study of music—upon which he is biologically engineered precisely so that he may deviate from the norm, become corporeally exceptional.
	www.rc.umd.edu /praxis/opera/jones/jones.html (8110 words)

	Info and facts on 'Castrato' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Probably the most famous castrato was the 18th century (additional info and facts about 18th century) singer Carlo Broschi, known as Farinelli (additional info and facts about Farinelli).
		In 1870 the practice of castrating promising young singers (or castratism) was outlawed in Italy (A republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD), the last country where it was still in custom.
		The only acknowledged castrato to make phonograph (Machine in which rotating records cause a stylus to vibrate and the vibrations are amplified acoustically or electronically) recordings was Alessandro Moreschi (additional info and facts about Alessandro Moreschi), the last surviving castrato of the Pope (The head of the Roman Catholic Church) 's choir.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ca/castrato.htm (686 words)

	Encyclopedia: Castrato
		Ugo Farell is a French male singer with a castrato (soprano or alto) voice, though he denies any castration process in the past.
		The Castrato is a male soprano or alto voice produced by castration of the singer before puberty.
		The only acknowledged castrato to make phonograph recordings was Alessandro Moreschi, the last surviving castrato of the Pope 's choir.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Castrato (2777 words)

	The Age of the Castrato Voice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As soon as he reached adolescence the castrato underwent a rigorous training that produced voices of technical perfection that was probably greater than anything we hear today.
		In this sense the voice of the castrato personifies the bisexual ideal with its unity of a female voice in a man's body.
		The vocal ideal of the castrato voice was the expression of a musical image that was formed by cultural undercurrents that have surfaced recurrently throughout the history of mankind and continue to do so.
	www.radix.net /~dalila/singers/castrato-age.html (2056 words)

	USRF - The Voice of the Castrato
		In a small study I did on 25 documented castrato singers born between 1610 and 1762 the mean lifespan was 65·1 years (SD 12·1) and was similar to that of 25 intact male singers born between 1605 and 1764 who lived a mean of 64·9 years (13·1) (unpublished).
		This widespread use of the castrato was extraordinary since it ran flatly against the Church's own canon law in which it was explicitly stated that deliberate amputations of any part of the human body were unlawful except when the whole body could not be saved in any other way.
		The rise and fall of the castrato closely paralleled the popularity of opera seria, reaching its peak in the middle of the 18th century.
	www.usrf.org /news/010308-jenkins_lancet.html (2855 words)

	CASTRATI WERE THE SUPERSTARS OF CENTURIES GONE BY!
		Castrato Loreto Vittori, according to books written about him in the past centuries, told his father, who asked him for money, that all he owned his family was an empty purse.
		He was castrato Giovanni Battista Vellutti, who performed in Il Crociato by Meyerbeer (He died of old age in 1861 - a relic of the past that could not be resurrected).
		The girl, according to castrato Salimbeni, did exist (her name was Angiola Caroli, a soprano) and he was very fond of her.
	www.opera-gems.com /reflections/castrati.htm (1334 words)

	Castrati history
		This gave the castrato a decided advantage for the king’s attention and literally made him a power behind the throne.
		The last performance of an operatic castrato in an opera was in London in 1825.
		Velluti, the last operatic castrato, died of old age in 1861 -- a relic of a past that could not be resurrected.
	wa.essortment.com /castratihistory_rzna.htm (1061 words)

	Ph. Depalle, G. García, X. Rodet: A Virtual Castrato (!?) (ICMC 94, Aarhus (Danemark), 1994). Médiathèque de l'Ircam ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Farinelli, issued from the castrato's music schools of Porpora and Bernachi, and as a contemporary of Haëndel, was a celebrity of the Baroque era like "pop stars" are in the present [Dico, 91].
		Another difficulty in recreating a castrato voice is the lack of recorded references.
		The last occidental castrato has recorded less than one hour of singing on wax cylinders between 1902 and 1904 [Moreschi, 88].
	mediatheque.ircam.fr /articles/textes/Depalle94a (2208 words)

	Farinelli: Il Castrato (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The castrato was then subjected to up to ten years of intense musical studies at one of the conservatoires, which included a programme of music history, composition and harpsichord, as well as a daily dose of song.
		The castrato legacy ended with Alessandro Moreschi in the early twentieth century, but its mysticism was immortalized by a series of recordings made of Moreschi and the Sistine Chapel Choir between 1902 and 1904.
		These are the only recordings of a real castrato in existence, and therefore serve as an important historical snapshot, although their religious nature dismisses them as an analogy of the unique florid style of Baroque opera, so the true essence of Farinelli remains in the trust of written accounts and the realms of imagination.
	www.users.bigpond.com /apertout/Farinelli.htm (613 words)

	castrato -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The castrato voice was introduced in the 16th century, when women were banned from church choirs and the stage.
		celebrated Italian castrato singer of the 18th century and one of the greatest singers in the history of opera.
		The celebrated Italian castrato singer Farinelli was one of the greatest performers in the history of opera.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9020728?&query=farinelli (355 words)

	Wikinfo \| Castrato
		This practice was begun in the 16th century, when the Catholic Church in Europe had banned women from singing in choirs, and reached its peak in 17th and 18th century opera.
		In 1870 the practice of castrating promising young singers was outlawed in Italy, the last country where it was still in custom.
		This is yet another case of the Pope or the Roman Catholic Church being involved in Human rights abuse.Moreschi recorded disc recordings for the Gramophone & Typewriter Company in 1902 and again in 1904.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Castrato (472 words)

	The Voice of the Castrato (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		There is mention of a castrato in a Roman Church choir as early as 1553, but the first official announcement was in 1589 when Pope Sixtus V issued a Bull providing for the inclusion of four eunuchs in the choir of St Peter's, Rome.
		The most famous castrato of all was Carlo Broschi (1705-82), known as Farinelli, who had a legendary voice spanning over three octaves, from C3 (131 Hz) to D6 (1175 Hz), and thoracic development such that he could hold a note for a whole minute without taking breath.
		The sole object was, of course, the preservation of the unbroken voice, and in the only recorded postmortem examination of a castrato the dimensions of the larynx were strikingly small with the vocal cords the length of a female high soprano [4].
	www.radix.net /~dalila/singers/castrato-voice.html (3281 words)

	Angry Chimp: BBC2's Castrato Academy - "Child Abuse" says UNICEF
		The Castrato is a male singer with an artificially created soprano or alto voice.
		The most disturbing aspect of Castrato Academy, according to UNICEF is the fact that parents happily hand their children over to the Academy often despite their child’s objection.
		The BBC is currently pressing on with plans to air the first broadcast from the Castrato Academy as soon as April 2nd.
	angrychimp.blogspot.com /2005/03/bbc2s-castrato-academy-child-abuse.html (743 words)

	CASTRATI
		The usual explanation given to justify the use of castrati was that women were forbidden to sing in church choirs or theatres in the papal states.
		If a young castrato was judged suitable, he was submitted to a very rigorous schedule.
		Whilst the myth of the castrato is well documented it has never touched on the barbaric method used to create these 'heavenly' singers.
	www.sonyclassics.com /farinelli/about/fcastrati.html (695 words)

	Notes - Jones - "Sounds Romantic: The Castrato and English Poetics Around 1800" - Opera and Romanticism - ...
		Giovanni-Battista Mancini (1714-1800), a castrato soprano contemporary with Farinelli, was also the founder of a Bolognese singing school based on the precepts of his teacher, Pistocchi.
		It is often supposed that the rise of castrati in Italy was caused by the rise of opera.
		It wasn’t until 1707 that the first castrato sang in public (Valentino Urbani at Drury Lane Theater), followed closely by the acclaimed Nicolino at the Queen’s Theater in 1708, which marks the English acceptance of the castrato.
	www.rc.umd.edu /praxis/opera/jones/jones_notes.html (847 words)

	Farinelli / Farinelli: il castrato / 1994 / film review / Gerard Corbiau
		In a similar vein to Milos Forman’s 1984 film Amadeus, Farinelli: il castrato introduces a modern cinema audience to the life of one of the musical luminaries of the 18th century.
		(For those who might be wondering, a castrato is a male singer whose testicles were removed prior to puberty to prevent his larynx from developing, thereby preserving his angelic voice.) Like Amadeus, this film is awash with historical inaccuracies and uses spectacle and gloss as a substitute for serious drama and well-developed characterisation.
		Although detail about Farinelli’s life is somewhat lacking, the film manages to have enough of a plot (however implausible) to fill the gaps between the magnificent recreations of the singer’s operatic performances, which are the main reason for watching the film.
	frenchfilms.topcities.com /nf_Farinelli_rev.html (484 words)

	More Info - All Mouth And No Trousers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The last official castrato, Alessandro Moreschi, retired from the Sistine Chapel in 1913, though some historians suspect that Domenico Mancini, who sang in the papal choir until 1959, was a secret castrato.
		Such performers have proved that it is possible to achieve some of a castrato's range without recourse to surgery, but Tomasini longs for the frenzied glamour of 18th- century opera, in which castrati reigned supreme.
		The charismatic castrato was later summoned by the Queen of Spain to sing her husband, Philip V, out of melancholy.
	www.transgender.freeserve.co.uk /tg/news/news1035.html (1382 words)

	Review: Farinelli: Il Castrato (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		"A castrato was a male soprano or contralto singer whose unbroken voice had been preserved by castration performed before puberty so that the larynx would not develop.
		Although the range of the castrato was similar to that of the female soprano or contralto, the voice was stronger, often more voluptuous in tone, and capable of the utmost delicacy and technical brilliance.
		Handel will not concede that the voice of a castrato is necessary for his compositions to attain their full impact; Farinelli initially refuses to admit that he needs Handel's music for fulfillment.
	movie-reviews.colossus.net /movies/f/farinelli.html (649 words)

	Circumcision now, Castration then
		The castrato voice has been described as having "the pitch of a woman with the power of a man", but other factors were at work, such as the shape of the castrato's larynx and ribcage, and the long years he had spent studying special techniques of breath control and voice production.
		The "golden age" of castrato singers (called "eunuchs" while training, and then "sopranists" and "contraltists") lasted from the beginning of the 17th Century to the beginning of the 20th, during which time castrati were admitted to the Papal Choir.
		Gregorio Allegri was a castrato, and his famous Miserere was written for castrati to sing in the Sistine Chapel.
	www.circumstitions.com /Castrati.html (1537 words)

	Farinelli
		Castration was banned in the 19th century, and the last castrato in the Western World died in 1922.
		The last castrato in the Western world, Alessandro Moreschi, recorded less than one hour's worth of singing on wax cylinders between 1902 and 1904.
		To better identify this lost voice and to define its characteristics, we have taken into account the physical traits of the organs involved in voice production in a castrato, the general aesthetic qualities of the available historical recording, and of descriptions of the singing found in written accounts.
	www.medieval.org /emfaq/misc/farinelli.htm (932 words)

	AT THE OPERA
		During the Baroque era (1650-1750) the Castrato became the undisputed, most important element in opera-Farinelli (1705-82) being the most famous of all castrati-with a genre, Opera Seria, created for them.
		By the second half of the Eighteenth Century comic opera and ballad opera gained popularity; public taste began to drift away from the artificiality of Opera Seria, and composers started to insist notes be sung as written, as well as using Tenors for male leads.
		Moreschi, Alessandro (1858-1922), the last professional castrato, never sang in opera but was associated with the Sistine Chapel, and his voice has been preserved on record.
	groups.msn.com /ATTHEOPERA/ilcastrato.msnw (793 words)

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