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Topic: Catacomb culture

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	Poltavka culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Poltavka culture, 2700—2100 BC, an early to middle bronze age archaeological culture of the middle Volga from about where the Don-Volga canal begins up to the Samara bend, with an easterly extension north of present Kazakhstan along the Samara River valley to somewhat west of Orenburg.
		With the Catacomb culture, it is a successor to the Yamna culture.
		It seems to be seen as an early manifestation of the Srubna culture.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Poltavka_culture (166 words)

	catacombs on Encyclopedia.com
		CATACOMBS [catacombs], cemeteries of the early Christians and contemporary Jews, arranged in extensive subterranean vaults and galleries.
		Besides serving as places of burial, the catacombs were used as hiding places from persecution, as shrines to saints and martyrs, and for funeral feasts; it is doubtful that they were ever regularly used for religious services.
		The Roman catacombs lie from 22 to 65 ft (6.7-19.8 m) beneath ground level in a space of more than 600 acres (243 hectares); much of this is in several levels.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/c/catacomb.asp (684 words)

	Kleijn/ariani (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Westwards of the Timber-frame Andronovo circle the catacomb cultural community was situated during the first half of the second millennium B.C. The designation catacomb arises from the fact that interments were done in the side chambers of the grave pits cut into harrows (described by Bratchenko 1974; Hadiisler 1974, 1976).
		As with the North-Pontic grave, one of the graves at Gaza (Schaeffer 1948: fig.
		Obviously, their plausible existence in the neighbourhood of the catacomb cultural community should be testable in terms of the intensity of occurrence of the vestiges of their cultural and linguistic contacts with the Indo-Aryans.
	www.samorini.net /doc/alt_aut/ek/klejn.htm (6545 words)

	Robert L. Wilken "Amo, Amas, Amat: Christianity and Culture"
		Niebuhr is largely silent about the actual historical experience of the Church, culture on the ground, institutions such as the episcopacy or papacy (there is no mention of Gregory VII and the investiture controversy), monasticism, civil and canon law, calendar, the ordering of civic space (the church standing on the central city square), et al.
		Only a few of the paintings have survived, but the catacomb itself is largely intact and it does not comprise a few burial nitches, it is a vast underground cemetery with chapels, ceiling and wall decorations, and paintings that depict persons and stories from the Bible.
		Culture lives by language, and the sentiments, thoughts, and feelings of a Christian culture are formed and carried by the language of the Scriptures.
	www.ctinquiry.org /publications/reflections_volume_7/wilken.htm (4889 words)

	Tal-Mintna Catacombs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The catacombs are located immediately to the east of the roundabout found between Triq il-Qrendi and Triq il-Konvoj ta' Santa Marija at Mqabba.
		These catacombs were discovered in 1860 by Caruana and Captain Strickland and originally consisted of three separate hypogea now joined together to form one complex.
		The catacomb is mostly known for the ornate scallop-shell decorations on the conchs of several window tombs and the eight pyramidal 'lamp-holes' opposite the agape table.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Agora/5685/mintna.html (96 words)

	SUMMARY
		In this respect two cultures were of special importance because, due to their distribution in the central Carpathian Basin, they played a central role in the system of relations triggering the formation of the early Bronze Age in Central Europe.
		In this concept were included several cultures and cultural groups which were named “Makó culture”, “Kosihy-Čaka group” and “(early) Somogyvár culture” due to the development in the history of research although they did not differ clearly enough from each other to justify separate investigations.
		These cultures were constantly referred to for a contemplation of the origin and the development of various other cultures significant for the transition to the early Bronze Age (Bell Beaker culture, late Corded Ware, Únětice, Nitra a.
	members.fortunecity.com /dievo/summary.htm (1949 words)

	Books on NRO Weekend
		The cultural Third Way of Brooks, Zakaria, and Gillespie is as vacuous as the economic Third Way of Clinton, Blair, and Schroeder, and (though it is not his explicit target) English philosopher Roger Scruton's new book, just released in America in an edition which expands on the controversial British first edition, shows us why.
		In endowing its citizens with the moral wherewithal to sustain themselves, a common culture also produces creatures whose lives are ennobled, suffused with meaning, and — because informed by a sense of the divine — distinctly human.
		The religious vision that sustained the common culture of Western civilization was undermined by the Enlightenment; and that culture was, as a result, itself put in jeopardy.
	www.nationalreview.com /weekend/books/books-feser071500.shtml (987 words)

	FT April 2004: The Church as Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The catacombs were not hideouts during persecution; they were burial grounds and places of worship, and their location was not secret.
		The Christians who planned and built this catacomb had given as much thought to their undertaking as bishops and philosophers had invested in defending the faith, expounding the Scriptures, or meeting the arguments of critics.
		The living joined their prayers with the saints’ prayers, which, according to the book of Revelation, were “golden bowls full of incense.” In organizing the community to construct a burial place and in decorating it with pictures depicting biblical stories, Christians were fashioning a communal public identity that would endure over the generations.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft0404/articles/wilken.html (4065 words)

	Catacomb Find Boosts Early Christian-Jewish Ties, Study Says
		For millions of pilgrims and tourists, the ancient catacombs of Rome represent the rise of Christianity.
		Carved over several centuries from soft rock on the outskirts of the imperial capital, the catacombs are the resting places of hundreds of thousands of Christians.
		The catacombs were built just outside Rome's boundaries because, at the time, Roman law forbade burial places in the city itself.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2005/07/0720_050720_christianity.html (559 words)

	The Alekseev Manuscript - Chapter VII - Part II: Bronze Age in Eurasia
		The Fatianovo Culture is located in the upper valley of the Volga River, to the the east of Moscow, and the Balanovo Culture is located in the upper valley of the Volga River to the east and south of the Fatianovo.
		According to Alexeev, the Andronovo Culture occupied a territory in Kazakhstan extending from the Volga River to the Altai Mountains to the southern Yenissei Valley.
		Turbino is a cemetery excavated in the 1950's and 1960's by O.N. Bader 22, a German born in Russia.
	www.drummingnet.com /alekseev/ChapterVIIPart2.html (11061 words)

	18. TOMBS AND THE INDO-EUROPEAN HOMELAND (A SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF MEGALITHIC TOMBS)© Baldia 1993-2006
		The TRB culture area is a likely homeland candidate, because of its geographic location, as well as early linguistic and archeological evidence for the wheel and plow agriculture (ibid.
		Both are considered to be prehistoric cultures identifiable with the historically known Germanic population that expanded its territory to the Vistula by 100 B.C. Old Prussian, i.e.
		All of which suggests a long and continued cultural evolution from the TRB to the Corded Ware to some archeologists (Krzak 1981:25-27) and a continuation into the Bronze Age is implied by cists and one long-mound with megalithic enclosure (Fig.
	www.comp-archaeology.org /18LINGUI.htm (5010 words)

	An Ancient Catacomb Discovered in Gilan - Persian Journal Culture Archaeological History Art Archaeology cutlural ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The first catacomb belonging to the infamous Islamic era, which was used as a safekeeping place for the dead, was discovered in Manjil during the excavations in the east bank of Sefidrud River in Gilan province.
		Whenever one of the members of a caravan died during the trip, his or her body would be "kept as a trust" in these catacombs and on their way back the caravan would pick it up to bury the body in a cemetery.
		Some parts of this catacomb, which must have belonged to the Ilkhanid era, had already been unearthed during the illegal excavations, and the rest of it was dug up by the excavation team currently active on the site," said Vali Jahani, an archeologist from the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization of Gilan province.
	www.iranian.ws /iran_news/publish/article_12615.shtml (538 words)

	The Global Guardians Encyclopedia: G - H (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Every culture in the world carries stories about ghosts, but they vary from place to place, with disagreements about exactly what a ghost is.
		Grand Gulag: The underground "meta-prison" known as the Grand Gulag was originally founded by Joseph Stalin in 1927 as a forced labor camp after the discovery of catalyte near Tunguska in Siberia.
		Over the intervening years, the Soviet Union dug deeper and deeper into the frozen ground, forming a large catacomb of tunnels.
	www.globalguardians.com /encyclopedia/encyclopediagh.php (2083 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Albashevo Culture The Albashevo Culture is located five or six kilometers from Moscow in flat areas in an intermediate zone between the forest and steppe.
		The Pit Grave Culture From the intermediate zone between the forest and steppe, we move to the steppe zone where monuments of the Pit Grave Culture are found.
		The Timber Grave Culture The Timber Grave Culture dates to the second part of the second millennium BC and are a nomadic people known from their burials.
	home.earthlink.net /~waluk/Alekseev/Lecture11.doc (4592 words)

	Archaeology (Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture)
		Between 1450 and 1600 ancient Rome began to emerge from beneath the shapeless pastures and deserted hills of the ancient city.
		Renaissance archaeologists loved Roman culture, but they were also fascinated by Rome's great, mysterious relics of ancient Egypt: the obelisks, some of them inscribed with mysterious hieroglyphs, that Roman emperors had brought across the Mediterranean.
		Still other archaeologists penetrated the buried early Christian tombs in the catacombs under the city, making adventurous trips into the dark to find a whole lost world of early Christian symbolism and imagery.
	www.loc.gov /exhibits/vatican/arch.html (2689 words)

	ABC News: Jewish Catacomb Predates Christian Ones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		ROME Jul 20, 2005 (AP)— A Jewish catacomb in Rome predates its Christian counterparts by at least 100 years, indicating burial in the city's sprawling underground cemeteries may not have begun as a Christian practice, according to a study published Wednesday.
		Radiocarbon dating showed the Villa Torlonia catacomb, a Jewish burial site, was constructed between the first century B.C. and the first century, long before any of Rome's 60 Christian catacombs, Rutgers said.
		Rutgers said that to confirm his findings, radiocarbon dating would have to be used on Christian catacombs as well, as those burials are usually dated by evaluating the style of the decoration and architecture used on the site.
	abcnews.go.com /Technology/wireStory?id=961083 (359 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		They know that the Villa Torlonia was a Jewish catacomb by the wall paintings depicting the seven-branch candelabra and inscriptions, which refer to the synagogue, that have survived, according to Rutgers.
		He and his team estimate the upper and lower catacombs range in age from 50 BC to 400 AD.
		Historians have known that there was a Jewish community in Rome in the first century BC but were puzzled about where they had buried their dead.
	www.ynetnews.com /articles/0,7340,L-3116104,00.html (343 words)

	Khazar-Era Fortress of Golden Hills
		The discoveries are representatives of the Saltovo-Mayatskaya culture of Khazaria, but it is not yet known whether they are from members of the Khazar people or rather from other tribes of the kingdom during the Khazar era.
		Interestingly, when the archaeologists excavated a burial in one of the kitchen pits, they found the entrance of a shaft (leading to a catacomb burial) in the bottom of the grave.
		This shaft may lead to a burial of the catacomb culture (Middle Bronze Age), or perhaps to a Sarmatian catacomb burial, or less likely to a Khazar-era Alanic catacomb burial.
	www.khazaria.com /goldenhills.html (1219 words)

	Little Humankind's History
		Gaban culture is followed by the middle Bronze age (-1600 to -1200) characterised by inhumation burials in tumulis.
		The Urnfield culture grew from the preceding tumulus culture.
		The late Bronze age urnfield culture, (-1300 to -700) is characterized by cremation burial.
	www.lhhpaleo.religionstatistics.net /LHHcentral.html (7303 words)

	Culture India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This theory proposes a local development of East-European cultures from Enaeolithic to Pit-grave culture, Catacomb culture, Timber-grave (or Srubnaya) culture and Andronovo culture, which...
		The culture of India is one of the oldest cultures in the world.
		CULTURE Music Dance Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Festivals Literature Street Life Intellectuals The Universe as a Cosmic Man, with Vishnu at the base,...
	www.nagpurbusiness.com /culture-india.html (252 words)

	Dan West's RELS 409 Presentation--Archaeology and Anthropology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		For example, if the tomb is several levels (as were many of the Bronze Age North Asia tombs--the Catacomb Culture), he she can create this on screen and view them all at the same time.
		We are now dealing with cultural anthropology as well--the study of all cultures, specifically contemporary culture.
		For example, an anthropologist that wanted to plot the distribution of income over the Pakistani population would not be an archaeologist because he/she would not be uncovering an objects from the past.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~dlwest/presentation.html (483 words)

	Id Software - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Catacomb 3D: A New Dimension (1991) re-released as Catacomb 3-D: The Descent
		Catacomb Apocalypse (1992) re-released as Terror of the Catacombs
		Masters of Doom: How Two Guys Created an Empire and Transformed Pop Culture, New York: Random House.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Id_Software (1316 words)

	Scythians
		They probably did live in the area north of the Black Sea, but attempts to define their original homeland more precisely by archaeological means, or even to fix the date of their expulsion from their country by the Scythians, have not so far been completely successful.
		One theory identifies them with what is known to archaeologists as the “Catacomb” culture.
		Some authorities identify them with “Thraco-Cimmerian” remains of the 8th–7th century BC found in the southwestern Ukraine and in central Europe; these may perhaps be looked upon as traces of the western branch of the Cimmerians, who, under fresh Scythian pressure, eventually invaded the Hungarian plain and survived there until about 500 BC.
	www.azargoshnasp.net /history/Scythians/Scythian.htm (1365 words)

	1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		cultures to the north and agricultural communities to the south.
		culture of the populations who at various times occupied this transitional zone.
		Catacomb "culture" is known primarily from mortuary data, while the Kuro-Araxes
	acc.spc.uchicago.edu /eurasianconference/Abstracts_02.htm (7424 words)

	Gettingit.com: Slackers In The Underworld
		A portion of this historic underground graveyard is open to the public, but "cataphiles" in the know prefer to wander through the 200 miles of unauthorized passageways accessible through secret entrances around the city.
		A sizeable subculture has grown up around the catacombs, with spelunkers searching for centuries-old graffiti and piles of bones.
		Some participate in the annual "cata-sprint," a race designed to prove their knowledge of the labyrinth, and parties held in certain well-known areas have attracted hundreds.
	www.gettingit.com /article/272 (975 words)

	Central-Eurasia-L Archive - Publications - Page 71
		S.S. Lysenko Grivnas, Bracelets and Rings with Spiral Corymbs from the Territory of Ukraine This clause is devoted to grivnas, bracelets and rings with spiral corymbs, known in territory of Ukraine (except Transcarpathia and Crimea).
		D.P. Kushtan Culture Monuments of the Multiroller Ceramic in the Mid-Dnieper Region (According to the Materials of the Archeological Prospecting in the Cremenchug Reservoir Zone) The article gives a description of the materials of the Multiroller pottery ceramic culture from the sites situated in the Cremenchug reservoir zone in the mid-Dnieper region.
		Besides ceramic of the early-Srubnaya culture and one fragment of the vessel of the Prikazanska culture are present too.
	www.cesww.fas.harvard.edu /cel/cel_publ71.html (7662 words)

	Let Them Eat Horses
		The horse's head was thought to be a source of power by itself, an idea that seems to have survived among the peasant cultures of Europe.
		One of the most intriguing myths in the Rig C~eda concerns a man, Dadhyanc Atharvan, who learned from Tvastr, the maker god, the secret of making mead, an intoxicating honey drink.
		The IAES will continue to explore the origins and development of ancient horse cultures when we return to the field in Russia in 1999.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/horsemyth.shtml (1252 words)

	MERSH Alpha
		All-Russian Society for the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Monuments
		All-Russian Society for the Protection of Monuments of History and Culture Shirley A. Glade v1(supplement)
		All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries J. Gerrit Gantwoort v1(supplement)
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~kimball/MRW.tblC.htm (3320 words)

	Cimmerians, Scythians, and Israel
		The previously held ideas supposed that the Cimmerians came from north of the Caucasus and were driven to the south by the Scythians.
		Archaeologists tended to identify "the vast southern Russian Catacomb Culture from the Bronze Age" with the Cimmerians "whereas the proto-Scythians were supposed to be responsible for the Timber grave Culture" which replaced them.
		Nor is there anything in their culture (which in the case of the Scythians at least, was Near or Middle Eastern) relating them to that area.
	britam.org /CimmScyth.html (3346 words)

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