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Topic: Catalan Grand Company

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Roger de Flor

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	Catalan Company -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Roger de Flor took his Company to (A peninsula in southwestern Asia that forms the Asian part of Turkey) Anatolia where he defeated the (A Turk (especially a Turk who is a member of the tribe of Osman I)) Ottoman Turks and was given the region without the cities as his fiefdom.
		The Company offered its service to (additional info and facts about Walter V of Brienne) Walter V of Brienne, (additional info and facts about Duke of Athens) Duke of Athens, in 1310, and within a year it freed the duchy of its enemies, only to be betrayed by Brienne who did not recognize his obligations.
		The Company attacked, defeated and killed Brienne on March 15, 1311 in the Battle of Halmyros on the river (additional info and facts about Cephissus) Cephissus in (A district of ancient Greece northwest of Athens) Boeotia, and thus took control of the duchy of Athens.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/C/Ca/Catalan_Company.htm (730 words)

	Catalan Company (DBA 165)
		The Catalan Company was raised in 1281 to fight as mercenaries in the War of the Sicilian Vespers, where the Angevin and Aragonese dynasties fought over the Kingdom of Sicily.
		The Catalan Company asked the royal house of Catalonia-Aragon to provide them with a Duke as a figurehead; during the next seventy years they were "ruled" by a succession of eight absentee Dukes, none of which seem to have ever set foot in their Duchy.
		In particular, the Catalan Company fought against the Palaiologan Byzantines (the Byzantine Empire), the Epirot Byzantines in Thessaly, and the Morean Byzantines in Greece.
	www.umiacs.umd.edu /~kuijt/dba165/dba165.html (1670 words)

	Encyclopedia: Catalan
		The Catalan Company (or Catalan Grand Company was a mercenary free company which finallu conquered much of Greece.
		Catalan (CatalÃ, ValenciÃ) is a Romance language understood by as many as 12 million people in portions of Spain, France, Andorra and Italy, although the majority of active Catalan speakers are in Spain.
		The Oriental Catalan Company, or the Grand Company, was founded by Roger de Flor (who inspired the medieval tale of Tirant lo Blanc) after the Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302 had left jobless the soldiers from Catalonia and French dynasty of French in 1282.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Catalan (494 words)

	Catalan Spanish -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		According to the Ethnologue, its specific classification is a member of the East Iberian branch of the Ibero-Romance branch of the Gallo-Iberian branch of the Western branch of the Italo-Western branch of the Romance branch of the Italic branch of the Indo-European language famiily.
		Catalan's conjecture is a simple conjecture in number theory that was proposed by the mathematician Eugène Charles Catalan.
		Catalan's conjecture states that this is the ''only'' case of two consecutive powers.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/28/catalan-spanish.html (609 words)

	1282-1328. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The Catalans repulsed an attack of the Turks on Philadelphia, but then turned and attacked Constantinople (1305–7), without being able to take it.
		The Catalan Company became a veritable scourge, roaming through Thrace and Macedonia and laying waste to the country.
		The Catalans, having advanced into Greece, took the duchy of Athens, where they set up a dynasty of their own.
	www.bartleby.com /67/565.html (326 words)

	Andronicus II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He allowed the fleet, which his father had organized, to fall into decay; and the empire was thus less able than ever to resist the exacting demands of the rival powers of Venice and Genoa.
		During his reign the Ottoman Turks under Osman conquered nearly the whole of Bithynia; and to resist them the emperor called in the aid of the Catalan Roger de Flor, who commanded a body of Aragonese and Catalan adventurers known as Almogavars.
		His adventurers (known as the Catalan Grand Company or Companyia Catalana in Catalan) declared war upon Andronicus, and, after devastating Thrace and Macedonia, conquered the Duchy of Athens and Thebes.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Andronicus_II (236 words)

	Chapter 5: A History of Spain and Portugal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		After the collapse of the caliphate, the Catalan counties were able to assume the offensive, their impetus strengthened by the population density that had been built up in "Old Catalonia" by the eleventh century.
		In the meantime, the Catalan count was to exercise the powers of the Aragonese crown, and even in the event that the tiny Petronila died before the marriage could be consummated, the house of Barcelona was still to inherit the Aragonese crown.
		The height of the medieval Catalan prose narrative was reached during the fourteenth century in Ramón de Muntaner's chronicles of the Mediterranean expansion.
	libro.uca.edu /payne1/payne5.htm (10921 words)

	Catalan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Catalan forge, an early type of open-hearth furnace
		The Catalan Company (or Catalan Grand Company), a mercenary free company in 14th century Europe
		Catalan Communications, a publisher of graphic novels during the 1980s
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Catalan (125 words)

	The Catalan Grand Company (1302-1388) DBA IV-60
		The Catalan Company asked the royal house of Catalonia-Aragon to provide them with a figurehead ruler; during the next seventy years they were "ruled" by a succession of eight absentee Dukes, none of which seem to have ever set foot in Athens.
		In 1379 another free company from the Iberian peninsula, the Navarrese Company, moved on from its efforts to conquer Albania and attacked the Catalan Duchy of Athens in concert with a Florentine force.
		The key for the Catalan Commander is effective use of the Auxilia, the fearsome Catalan Almughavars.
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/IV60/index.html (1682 words)

	Articles - Catalan Company (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Catalan Company, or in full the Catalan Company of the East (Companyia Catalana d'Orient in Catalan) or the Grand Catalan Company of the AlmogÃ vers (Gran CompaÃ±Ãa Catalana de los AlmogÃ¡vares in Spanish), was a free company of mercenaries founded by Roger de Flor in early 14th-century Europe.
		De Flor formed the company after the Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302 had left jobless the soldiers from Catalonia and Aragon who had been fighting against the French dynasty of Anjou.
		The Company offered its service to Walter V of Brienne, Duke of Athens, in 1310, and within a year it freed the duchy of its enemies, only to be betrayed by Brienne who did not recognize his obligations.
	www.mafox.com /articles/Catalan_Grand_Company (901 words)

	GrandPrix.com > GP Encyclopedia > Circuits > Barcelona (Circuit de Catalunya)
		It was not until 1966 that the Catalans revived the old Montjuich Park circuit, as a response to the construction of the Jarama circuit near Madrid.
		Jarama hosted the Grand Prix that year but an agreement was reached for Montjuich to hold the race in 1969.
		The accident marked the end of the road for Montjuich Park and it was not until October 1986 that the Catalan parliament voted to create an organization to build an international standard racing circuit in the Barcelona area.
	www.grandprix.com /gpe/cir-010.html (965 words)

	Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy
		Andronicus II also named Roger de Flor, leader of the Catalan Grand Company, kaisar in 1304.
		Megas doux — the "Grand Duke," he was the basically the equivalent of the modern Lord High Admiral, and organized the Byzantine naval themes.
		He was very likely one of the few who knew the secret of the composition of Greek fire.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/byzantine_aristocracy_and_bureaucracy (1691 words)

	Probert Encyclopaedia: Warfare (C-Ch) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In France the name was given to soldiers armed with carbines and formed into special cavalry companies.
		A casemate is a vaulted chamber within a fortress wall with embrasures for defence, and more recently it describes the armoured enclosure in which warship guns are mounted with embrasures through which they fire.
		The Catalan Grand Company was a troop of soldiers raised by Roger di Flor around 1303.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /F2B.HTM (2531 words)

	Lexiko
		Catalan Grand Company: Military organisation founded in Catalonia in the 13th century by the Catalans, and joined by various adventurers.
		The men of the Company served various sovereigns, including the Byzantine emperor Andronikos II, as mercenaries.
		Following their rebellion against the Byzantines, they raided Thrace, Macedonia and Thessaly, then turned to eastern Greece in 1311 where they settled until 1387.
	www.fhw.gr /chronos/10/en/lexiko/lexc.html (1281 words)

	Did you know: Food History
		Between 1420 and 1430 the Swiss company Diesbach-Watt of Bern Saint Gall and the Grand Company of Ravensburg established factories near Valencia.
		Cookbooks of the time, such as the Catalan Libre de sent soví, were explicit in their directions to use molt sucre blanch (lots of sugar).
		For the wedding of Princess Anna, daughter of the king of Valencia, to the Count of Medinaceli at Saragossa, the pharmacist Johan Gilabert was employed to exercise his knowledge of confectionary, often the job of medieval pharmacy.
	www.cliffordawright.com /history/sugar.html (528 words)

	World History
		By its methods of collecting taxes and tribute it contributed to the rise of the grand dukes of Muscovy; and it was eventually a Moscow-led alliance that broke the power of the Mongols (by then more frequently called Tatars), at the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380.
		It is said that he had some valuable marble shipped to his son Renier for the construction of the great palace of the Dandolos on the Grand Canal.
		Ruins of a building in Moorish style and an ancient column of green marble were discovered in an excavation performed during the 19th century in the San Luca section of Venice, where the Dandolo palace had been located.
	members.tripod.com /gpf/worldhistory.html (20406 words)

	The Probert Encyclopaedia - Weapons and Warfare (C-F)
		These ten companies were united under Colonel George Monck in 1650 and were officially known as Monck's Regiment of Foot, serving with distinction at the Battle of Dunbar in 1651.
		Colour-Sergeant was a British Army rank which was created in 1813 at Wellington's suggestion for a senior N.C.O of a company to attend the companies colours (standards and flags).
		A cordon is a line of military (and nowadays also police) posts placed around a district or house etc. in order to prevent communication between it and the parts around it.
	www.vets.com /questionmanager/encyclopaedia/ency1/F3.HTM (8840 words)

	Africa and the Middle East 1300-1615 by Sanderson Beck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha concealed the Sultan's death, executed the doctor for secrecy, and had Suleiman's body embalmed and not buried until the battle was won and Selim II could take power in Istanbul.
		A revolt in the capital by the sipahis in 1603 was suppressed by Grand Vizier Hasan Pasha and the Janissaries.
		Grand Vizier Mirza Salman vied for influence with the princess Pari Khan Khanum and Queen Khair al-Nisa Begum, both of whom were murdered.
	www.san.beck.org /AC4-MidEastAfrica.html (23404 words)

	House of Commons - Foreign Affairs - Minutes of Evidence
		This company's soldiers were recruited from the Aragon region of Spain and commanded by a German, Roger Von Blum.
		Their definition of Private Security Companies (PSCs) is one that provides security services abroad, for governments and for other bodies, including the UN and NGOs.
		We have therefore considered regulation of these companies from the position of lethal and non-lethal capabilities, which is whether or not their employees carry arms.
	www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk /pa/cm200102/cmselect/cmfaff/922/2061321.htm (3213 words)

	Athens, city, Greece. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In 1311 the duchy was captured by a band of Catalan soldier-adventurers who offered (1312) the ducal title to King Frederick II of Sicily, a member of the house of Aragón.
		Members of the house of Aragón carried the title, but Athens was in fact governed by the “Catalan Grand Company,” which also acquired (1318) the neighboring duchy of Neopatras.
		The French feudal culture disappeared, and Athens sank into insignificance and poverty, particularly after 1377, when the succession was contested in civil war.
	www.bartleby.com /65/at/AthensGr.html (1888 words)

	ANDROS (ISL.) - LoveToKnow Article on ANDROS (ISL.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		There he remained for about twelve years, during which time he made repeated but unsuccessful attempts to escape.
		At last, in 1165, he was successful; and, after passing through many dangers, reached the court of Yaroslav, grand prince of Russia, at Kiev.
		While under the protection of the grand prince, Andronicus brought about an alliance between him and the emperor Manuel, and so restored himself to the emperor's favor.
	92.1911encyclopedia.org /A/AN/ANDROS_ISL_.htm (1348 words)

	Chapter 13: A History of Spain and Portugal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Catalans had dealt with the problem of controlling far-flung territories by creating the office of "vice-roy" (sub-king) for direct representation of the crown.
		Yet the grand Hispanic counteroffensive into northwest Africa did not fully materialize, for almost from the beginning it was shoved into the background by other considerations.
		The Catalans had been used to employing professional infantrymen in their Mediterranean operations, and foot soldiers had been used to great advantage in the siege warfare of the Granada region.
	libro.uca.edu /payne1/payne13.htm (8447 words)

	Encyclopedia: Andronicus II
		Roger de Flor, a military adventurer of the 13th and 14th century, was the second son of a German falconer surnamed Blum (flower) in the service of the emperor Frederick II, who fell at Tagliacozzo (1268).
		The Almogavars (in Catalan AlmogÃ vers) were a class of Catalan soldiers, well known during the Christian reconquest (reconquista) of what is now known as Spain, and much employed as mercenaries in Italy and the Levant during the 13th and 14th centuries.
		Jump to: navigation, search Catalan (CatalÃ) or Valencian (ValenciÃ) is a Romance language understood by as many as 12 million people in portions of Spain, France, Andorra and Italy, although the majority of active Catalan speakers are in Spain.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Andronicus-II (1090 words)

	Politics in Late Byzantine Period
		In 1304 the Catalans defeated the Turks, who were besieging Philadelphia, and liberated the city.
		The strange course of the Catalans, which led them from Asia Minor to Athens, undoubtedly shows how weak not only Byzantium, but also the other small states of the Greek mainland had become.
		Taking advantage of the Catalans' turn toward Frankish Greece, Andronikos II strengthened the Byzantine possessions in the Morea and appointed there as permanent governor, first Michael Kantakouzenos and then Andronikos Asen Palaiologos.
	pegasos.fhw.gr /chronos/10/en/p/pb3/pb3b4.html (279 words)

	CNN/SI - World Motor Sports - Okada dominates Dutch GP; Criville crashes - Saturday June 26, 1999 11:35 AM
		She said the situation would become clearer over the next two days but his team hoped he would be able to race at the British Grand Prix at Donington Park next weekend.
		But the fast, twisty circuit was also the scene in 1992 of his first 500cc grand prix victory.
		Capirossi's win was all the more satisfying in that he was suspended for last week's Catalan Grand Prix for dangerous riding at the Italian Grand Prix earlier this month.
	sportsillustrated.cnn.com /motorsports/world/news/1999/06/26/dutch_grandprix (600 words)

	The Fourth Crusade and the establishment of the Latin Empire In 1195 Isaac II was deposed and blinded by his brother ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 1303 Andronicus hired a professional army of mercenaries, the Grand Catalan Company.
		The Catalans finally moved west; in 1311 they conquered Athens from the French and established the Catalan Duchy of Athens and Thebes.
		The cost of hiring the Catalans, and then of repairing the damage that they had done, had to be met by desperate measures.
	www.history-world.org /byzantine3.htm (5471 words)

	Ryerson and Burnham Archives: Collection Descriptions
		The Luxfer Prism Company, a Chicago-area manufacturer of prismatic windowpanes and fittings, was in business from c.1897 to 1920.
		The Village of Maywood was officially incorporated in 1881 and between 1880 and 1890 the population doubled.
		Included are large groups of photographs by the Chicago Aerial Photography Company (active c.1920-1940), the Detroit Photographic Company/Detroit Publishing Company (active 1898-1924), Henry Fuermann and Sons (Frank Lloyd Wright's preferred photographers), Albert Levy (active 1890s), and J.W. Taylor (active 1885-1910).
	www.artic.edu /aic/libraries/rbarchives/rbarchcoll.html (13215 words)

	Karl Ristikivi's Historical Novels - a Panorama of Shadow and Light - Jyri Kork
		Novel number three is titled Riders of Death and follows the battles of the mercenary Grand Catalan Company under its legendary commander Roger de Flor in 1302 -11.
		After Roger is assassinated in the Emperor's Palace, the revengeful Company ravages the countryside they originally came to defend and in a final battle (another ruthless tactical trick!) annihilates the 8000-man cavalry of the Duke of Athens, capturing the city and becoming a new nobility.
		The first three volumes treat, correspondingly, the death of the old idea of the Roman Empire, as a symbol for a peaceful millenium; the collapse of the military might of the Crusaders and a corresponding blow to the old dogmatic religion, and finally a destruction of human and moral values (chivalry!) in the Catalan Company.
	www.lituanus.org /1970/70_2_03.htm (2142 words)

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