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Topic: Catalan dialect examples

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Valencian dialect

Catalan language

Catalan phonology and orthography

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Rioplatense Spanish

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Dialect
		Dialects can be distinguished from: sociolects, which are varieties of a language spoken by a certain social class; standard languages, which are standardized for public performance (e.g.
		An opposite example is the case of the Chinese language whose variations are often considered dialects and not languages despite their mutual unintelligibility because they share a common literary standard and common body of literature.
		An example of this is sanskrit, which was considered the proper way to speak in northern India, but only accessible by the upper class, and prakrit which was the common (and informal or vernacular) speech at the time.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Dialect (1932 words)

	Catalan_language information. LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		Catalan IPA: [ËkÊ°Ã¦tÉlËÃ¦n] (catalÃ IPA: [kÉ.tÉ'la] or [ka.ta'la]) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra and co-official in the Spanish autonomous communities of Balearic Islands, Valencia (under the name Valencian) and Catalonia.
		By the criterion of mutual intelligibility, Valencian and other varieties of Catalan are dialects of a single language; but according to this criterion, Galician and Portuguese are also dialects of a single language, as are Norwegian and Swedish, a contentious conclusion in either case.
		Catalan was exported in the thirteenth century to the Balearic Islands and the newly created Valencian Kingdom by the Catalan and Aragonese invaders (note that the area of Catalan language still extends to part of what is now the region of Aragon).
	www.school-explorer.com /Catalan (2438 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Catalan language
		Catalan ˌkʰætəlˈæn (català kə.tə'la or [ka.ta'la]) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra and co-official in the Spanish autonomous communities of Balearic Islands, Valencia (under the name Valencian) and Catalonia.
		Catalan developed by the 9th century from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern part of Pyrenees mountains (counties of Roussillon, Empuries, Besalú, Cerdanya, Urgell, Pallars and Ribagorça).
		The language was spread to the south by the Reconquista in several phases: Barcelona and Tarragona, Lleida and Tortosa, the ancient Kingdom of Valencia, and transplanted to the Balearic Islands and l'Alguer (Alghero).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Catalan_language (2326 words)

	Catalan language - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Catalan (Català, Valencià) is a Romance language understood by as many as 12 million people in portions of Spain, France, Andorra and Italy, although the majority of active Catalan speakers are in Spain.
		According to the Ethnologue, its specific classification is a member of the East Iberian branch of the Ibero-Romance branch of the Gallo-Iberian branch of the Western branch of the Italo-Western branch of the Romance branch of the Italic branch of the Indo-European language famiily.
		Catalan developed by the 9th century from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern part of Pyrenees mountains (counties of Roussillon, Empuries, Besalú, Cerdagne, Urgell, Pallars and Ribagorça).
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=5282 (1258 words)

	NACS · North American Catalan Society
		Catalan Review is the premier international scholarly journal devoted to all aspects of Catalan culture.
		By Catalan culture is understood all manifestations of intellectual and artistic life produced in the Catalan language or in the geographical areas where Catalan is spoken.
		Catalan Futurism was not Italian Futurism, but it shared many of its principles, and poets like Salvat tried to put those principles into practice.
	www.nacs-catalanstudies.org /catalan_reviewAbstracs17.html (1691 words)

	HLW: Introduction: Dialects and Languages
		The standard dialect is often the only dialect that is written, and it is the one that is taught in schools and (with some exceptions) used in the media.
		The non-standard dialects have less prestige, and their use may be discouraged in formal situations, not just situations in which writing is called for.
		At this point the words dialect and language become politically charged terms because the supporters of official status for the non-standard dialect may feel the need to argue that it is not "just" a dialect of the larger language but rather a language in its own right.
	www.indiana.edu /~hlw/Introduction/dialects.html (3345 words)

	HLW: Appendices: Languages Cited
		Calling them "dialects" emphasizes that they are all spoken in China and that they all have a single written standard (closest to Mandarin); Calling them "languages" emphasizes the large differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar among them; I will follow this usage here.
		For example, expressions showing location ('be at') take a handshape that conveys something about the thing that is in the location (that is, whether it is a vehicle, an animal, etc.).
		For example, in ASL participants in a discourse are usually assigned places in the signing space and then pointed to later on when they are referred to, that is, where pronouns would appear in a spoken language.
	www.indiana.edu /~hlw/Appendices/languages.html (3920 words)

	Catalan dialect examples - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The following dialect examples all use 19th century Catalan, as they are extracted from the works of 19th century linguist Manuel Milà i Fontanals.
		Despite being more or less outdated and obviously previous to the current Catalan grammar and official dictionary, they remain the most quoted source on the differences between Catalan dialects in textbooks and such.
		Also, some of the texts contain non-Catalan words (namely "adiós", "dios" and "campante") which shouldn't be regarded as dialectal norm, but are just contaminations frequent at the time of the examples.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Catalan_dialect_examples (1088 words)

	Untitled Document
		In sum, a dialect is a particular variety of a language, and we all have a dialect.
		A dialect is a particular variety of a language that differs noticeably from the variety or varieties of the same language spoken by another group or groups of people.
		Basically, the standard dialect is the dialect that is associated with prestige in the society at large.
	www.unc.edu /~gerfen/Ling30Sp2002/sociolinguistics.html (7840 words)

	Reflections on Diglossia
		One example is German Switzerland, where colloquial use of Swiss-German is maintained at all social levels as a kind of symbol of Swiss identity.
		Further examples abound of areas where a Bible translation was adopted in a related language of a neighboring area, which then became the school language.
		In particular, younger people of the Barcelona middle class are equally fluent in Catalan and Spanish oral and written use, so that their situation is the peculiar one of bilingual weak diglossia – weak by definition, because they don’t think of the colloquial and formal versions of either language as distinct language varieties.
	www.ce.berkeley.edu /~coby/essays/refdigl.htm (3793 words)

	Diccionaris en línea del Gabinet de Terminologia
		The Diccionari de la llengua catalana (Dictionary of the Catalan Language) is the standardized dictionary of the Catalan language, elaborated by the Institute of Catalan Studies.
		Catalan equivalents of various Greek words and expression can be found in this dictionary (under construction).
		With 83,500 entries, the Gran diccionari de la llengua catalana (Unabridged Dictionary of the Catalan Language) compiles all the lexicon of the Gran enciclopèdia catalana (Unabridged Catalan Encyclopedia) and the contents of the dictionary of the Institute of Catalan Studies.
	www.uib.es /secc6/slg/gt/diccionaris_generals (1454 words)

	The Aragonese Dialect
		The Northern area of Aragón was largely dominated by pre-Roman division such as the Basques, the ‘cerretanos’ and other tribes although further to the South there was less linguistic diversity and more interaction between valleys and villages etc. In 1076, it annexed Navarra.
		In 1118 the Pyreneen Reino was invaded by the Francos who brought with them their own dialect and were clearly to have a considerable impact on the habla of the region.
		After this stage ‘castellanización’ of the region was rapid although influences from Catalan and France were still present.
	artsweb.bham.ac.uk /AengusWard/LingsPres0001/IVLings.2.3.aragonese.htm (1555 words)

	Adventures in Glossonomy
		There is, moreover, a general tendency for the inhabitants of a compact geographic entity (such as an island or a polity with well-defined borders), when they contrast their local speech with a high-prestige language that is current over a wide area, to name it for that entity.
		Catalans, on the other hand, named it lemosi (llemosí in modern Catalan spelling), after the Limoges region, even though this is the Occitan-speaking district that is perhaps the farthest from Catalonia.
		In the West (that is, west of the Seipel line) there is, as a rule, no automatic identification between language and nation, and while Catalonia is currently pushing for a recognition of its status as a nation in the Spanish Constitution, it is meant to be as a territorial, not an ethnic, nation.
	www.ce.berkeley.edu /~coby/essays/gloss.htm (4657 words)

	Do you speak any slavic language? (page 5) \| Antimoon Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Note that it is not always the central dialect that is chosen as the basis of the standard language, for example in Bulgaria, France or Germany.
		The morphoxyntactic differences between Catalan and Occitan already existed 8 centuries ago and, since then, evolution has mainly affected the lexicon, which has become very partially more iberised in Catalan and greatly more francised in the case of Occitan, since the situation of Occitan (as a political entity) has always been much weaker.
		Catalan is the evolution of Latin as spoken in the Tarraconensis and Occitan (specially Lengaocian and Provençal) are the result of the Latin spoken in the Narbonensis.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/posts/7238-5.htm (1809 words)

	Catalan, Basque, Valenciano or Galego? \| Antimoon Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		While Castile moved south conquering New Castile and Andalusia, the Aragonese and Catalan settlers from the Crown of Aragon conquered and populated Valencia.
		That notwithstanding, there are many examples of language change without large scale population movement, notably in Ireland, Wales and Scotland where indigenous languages were replaced by English in the space of a few generations, with very little inward migration.
		Catalan still has enough features and isoglosses in common with Aragonese and Castilian, I think, to be placed in the Hispano-Romance category like Elcock says.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/t2947-30.htm (1735 words)

	Phonology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		a and e unstressed in the eastern Catalan dialects are pronounced as a "relaxed" neutral sound similar to Engl.
		Even if in writing it is always difficult to know if this [å] should be represented by a or e, it will be convenient to remember that in the case of the plurals in -es and of the verbal endings in -en we always write e.
		Written Catalan has three kinds of l-s: simple l, pronounced like "London," in Engl.; l·l (geminated l, sometimes written also as l.l due to the difficulty of reproducing the dot in the middle) which should sound like a double or sustained l (e.
	www.sola-sole.com /gphonolo.htm (1104 words)

	Sardinia
		The religious linguistic references are not at all casual; on the contrary, they are intended to underscore, right from the start, the origin and strictly religious nature of the first literary manifestations in the island, subjected, as is well known, to recurrent foreign dominations for two thousand years, a considerable time span.
		Twentieth Century dialect poetry is in Sardinia first of all a poetry, a poetic word that bears the weight of this immense tragedy, of this initial trauma, which has become, as I stated earlier, obsessive.
		And the dialect of poetry regains its "primitive" function of naming objects, places, feelings, a whole civilization of manners, forms, behaviors: the most civilized and honest, the most authentic and freest way to bear witness to an oppositional presence with respect to that "civilization" that has turned even language into a place of widespread pollution.
	home.att.net /~l.bonaffini/sardegna.htm (1517 words)

	THE SPANISH OF MURCIA
		A glance at folkloric texts from Murcia, from the 18th century to the first half of the 20th, reveal a dialect which is substantially different from canonical Andalusian, Castilian, and Valencian varieties.
		As befits a transitional dialect zone marked by the historical confluence of several powerful dialects and languages, Murcian Spanish exhibits considerable regional and social variation within a small geographic area.
		seseo dialects, which was historically accurate, but the rapid spread of the urban Castilian standard throughout the region has resulted in a high degree of differentiation of the two sibilant phonemes, much as has occurred in eastern Andalusia.
	www.personal.psu.edu /faculty/j/m/jml34/Murcia.htm (4425 words)

	LINGUIST List 6.1334: English Numerals, Language and Dialect
		It differs from dialect in that the dialect can be understand to contain many registers/styles and the like, some of which are acquired later than the vernacular, but still with the connotation of "localised", even to include local varieties of the standard.
		In at least some communities (or "dialects"), this may be an example of a later acquired non-vernacular construction, the essence of which linguistically is that "compound" pronouns do not have case and are invariant in all contexts.
		In popular speech a rather clearcut usage in England (at least Northern) seems to be equivalent to the linguistic understanding of "dialect", but with the connotation of "illegitimacy" (in terms of the standard reference form of English) that characterises the popular use of "dialect" as well.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/6/6-1334.html (1383 words)

	Easy Occitan-L'Occitan fàcil
		Provençal is a dialect of Occitan the same way US English or Cockney are dialects of standard English.
		This dialect is the most conservative among Occitan dialects and is thus the best bridge to the other dialects.
		It is the most conservative dialect and that's the reason why it became the root of standard normalized Occitan.
	perso.orange.fr /babel-site/occitan.html (969 words)

	pronunciationguide.org: Spanish and Catalán
		Spanish is spoken in a variety of countries in a variety of dialects, the most significant difference being the lisped z and c (soft) of Castilian Spanish (spoken in much of Spain), as opposed to the unlisped versions, pronounced as s in Latin America.
		Catalán is often erroneously described as a dialect of Spanish, but is really a distinct member of the Romance language family, having much in common with both Spanish and French; its pronunciation is therefore similar to both, and identical to neither.
		A potentially useful though imprecise rule of thumb can be derived from these examples: if someone you believe to be Spanish has a name with vaguely French looking elements, then it might be Catalán.
	www.math.nyu.edu /~wendlc/pronunciation/Spanish.html (675 words)

	Are you a native speaker of a language or a dialect? (Linguistics)
		Thus the variety of English that I speak is a dialect, but the variety that I write is a language.
		The official \"speech\" (to avoid confusion between language and dialect) in the People\'s Republic and the Republic of China is Mandarin, based on pronunciation in the northern region (around Beijing).
		So is Afrikaans a dialect, well, if you consider a big Germanic phylum, then it is a subbranch, a dialect in a moment in time that afterwards had 'its own army'.
	www.proz.com /post/66286 (1819 words)

	how to teach kids a 2nd language when it's a dialect? (Multilingual families)
		Everyone speaks a dialect form of the fuzzy thing we refer to as language.
		I speak my US West Coast Portland area American English dialect (with a slight bit of Minneapolis dialect) to our kids (who are growing up primarily immersed in French), and yet they understand not only my variety/ies of English but also the dialect types of English spoken by our British friends.
		There are more examples in each of these languages, but this shows that even the phonetic differences of language disappear in the written language which levels out the differences as a phonemic level concept.
	www.proz.com /topic/58922 (594 words)

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