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	Catalan language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		According to the Ethnologue, its specific classification is a member of the East Iberian branch of the Ibero-Romance branch of the Gallo-Iberian branch of the Western subcomplex of the Italo-Western complex of the Romance group of the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family.
		Catalan developed by the 9th century from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern part of Pyrenees mountains (counties of Roussillon, Empuries, Besalú, Cerdagne, Urgell, Pallars and Ribagorça).
		Catalan was exported in the 13th century to the Balearic Islands and the newly created Valencian Kingdom by the Catalan and Aragonese invaders (note that the area of Catalan language still extends to part of what is now the region of Aragon).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Catalan_language (1612 words)

	Catalan grammar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Catalan grammar is the grammar of the Catalan language.
		The three modes in Catalan are: indicative (typically used to say something is true), subjunctive (typically used to indicate some degree of conditionality), and imperative (used to give a command).
		Catalan verbs are classified into three conjugations according to the ending of the infinitive: the first conjugation applies to verbs ending in "ar" (e.g.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Catalan_grammar (1424 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com
		Catalan literature Catalan literature, like the Catalan language, developed in close connection with that of Provence.
		Catalan language Catalan language, member of the Romance group of the Italic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages.
		grammar grammar, description of the structure of a language, consisting of the sounds (see phonology); the meaningful combinations of these sounds into words or parts of words, called morphemes; and the arrangement of the morphemes into phrases and sentences, called syntax.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Catalan+grammar (546 words)

	Catalan language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Catalan appeared as a distinct language during the 10th and 11th centuries.
		The founding of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans (Institute of Catalan Studies) in 1907 led to the language being codified through the publication of Normes ortogràfiques (Spelling Rules) in 1913, the Diccionari ortogràfic (Spelling Dictionary) in 1917, and the Gramàtica catalana (Catalan Grammar) by Pompeu Fabra in 1918.
		During the Second Republic (1931-1939), Catalan was restored to its official language status, which it had lost in the 18th century.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/catalan.htm (506 words)

	Catalan Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Catalan, a language spoken by a population of around ten million, is, as French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Rumanian, a neo-latin language, that is, a language derived from Latin.
		Catalan is spoken mainly in the nort-eastern region of Spain (Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands), with notable encroachments in the South of France (Roussillon) and even in Italy (in the town of Alguer, on the island of Sardinia.) (see the map).
		The Catalan language is fairly homogeneous, although exist two main dialects or variants: the western (which includes Valencia, the western part of Catalonia and the eastern fringe of Aragon) and the eastern (which includes the rest of Catalonia, the Roussillon, the Balearics islands and Alguer).
	www.sola-sole.com /gcatala.htm (581 words)

	Catalan Studies at Monash University - Hispanic Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Catalan has been spoken since the Middle Ages, when it was the language of Catalonia's extensive seaborn empire which included parts of what is now southern France, Corsica, almost half of modern day continental Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, as well as substantial parts of Greece.
		Despite the decline in the use of Catalan and the repressive practices, the language underwent a cultural renaissance in the nineteenth century such that, unlike many regional languages, Catalan is not limited to rural areas, but is a vibrant language of the middle and upper classes, particularly in Catalonia itself.
		Catalan Studies are an exciting field of academic research, particularly in the areas of linguistic normalisation, bilingualism, sociolinguistics, second-language acquisition, cultural maintenance and reconstruction, postcolonialism, regionalism and nationalism, ethnicity and multiculturalism.
	www.arts.monash.edu.au /spanish/catalan.html (881 words)

	[No title]
		Catalan is one of the group of western Romanic languages, together with Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and French, the most widely-spoken languages in the same family.
		Catalan is the language of the artists Gaudí, Miró, Dalí, Brossa, Bohigas, Tàpies, Domènech i Montaner, etc. It's also the language of the musicians Josep Carreras, Clavé, Montserrat Caballé, Pau Casals, Lluís Llach, Jordi Savall, Tete Montoliu and Frederic Mompou.
		Catalan went through various periods of prohibition and even of repression, such that changes in the extent to which the language was used in its own territory from the 18th century on were due to politics rather than to any socio-cultural reasons.
	www.geocities.com /irturrad/language.html (1968 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com
		Russian language -> Pronunciation and Grammar It is difficult to master Russian pronunciation because the accent is free; that is, it can be placed on any syllable.
		grammar -> Syntax In syntax, units larger than morphemes, such as phrases and sentences, are isolated in manner that reflects a hierarchical structure; thus the sentence My sister Mary slowly took the cake from the shelf would have as primary constitutents My sister Mary and slowly took the cake from the shelf.
		part of speech part of speech, in traditional English grammar, any one of about eight major classes of words, based on the parts of speech of ancient Greek and Latin.
	www.encyclopedia.com /search.asp?target=Catalan+grammar&rc=10&fh=18&fr=11 (548 words)

	Learn Catalan Language - Free Conversational Catalan Lessons Online - Common Catalan Words and Phrases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		When you learn Catalan grammar or sentence structure, you will not naturally understand it when it's spoken to you.
		The key is to immerse yourself in the language and use it as often as possible in order to build up your skills of speaking it and listening to it, understanding and comprehending it...
		Catalan Language Exchange Pen-Pals - Community of people from around the world interested in teaching you their language and sharing their culture with you.
	www.phrasebase.com /learn/catalan.php (1872 words)

	Catalan grammar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Catalan also has three pronouns that do not correspond to the scheme diagrammed in the previous section: "en","ho", and "hi".
		A verb expresses the process or action performed by the subject, or which expresses the existence or state of the subject, ordescribes the relationship between the predicate noun and the subject.
		Catalan verbs areclassified into three conjugations according to the ending of the infinitive: the first conjugation applies to verbsending in "ar" (e.g.
	www.therfcc.org /catalan-grammar-68648.html (1281 words)

	AllRefer.com - Catalan language (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		Catalan language, member of the Romance group of the Italic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages.
		It is spoken by about 8 million people in Catalonia, Valencia, the Balearic Islands, and part of Aragon in Spain, in the region of Roussillon in SE France, the city of Alghero in Sardinia, and in the tiny nation Andorra (where it is the official tongue).
		Like the other Romance languages, Catalan is descended from Latin.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/CatalanLan.html (227 words)

	Inside Europe: Iberian Notes
		Not coincidentally, say the Marxists, Catalan nationalism enjoyed a resurgence at around this time, which is now referred to as the Renaixenca, and most Catalan nationalists were of the middle class.
		Anyway, of course, this Catalan petit-bourgeois nationalistic movement had its response from the rest of Spain, which had its own growing urban educated middle class which did not like the idea of being shut out of government jobs in Catalonia at all.
		This steamed the Catalans off no end, since the Valencians were locking the Catalans out of government jobs in Valencia by the same device the Catalans were using to lock the Spaniards out of their local government jobs.
	www.iberiannotes.blogspot.com /2003_11_30_iberiannotes_archive.html (8956 words)

	Catalan - Language Directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Catalan is spoken in the city of Alghero in the North-West of Sardinia by some 20.
		In relation to the Balearic Islands and Valencia, the source of data available is the 1986 census which indicates that 90% of the population on the Balearic Islands understands Catalan and 72% speak it, and that 74% of the population of Valencia understand Catalan and nearly 50% also speak it
		Catalan is most closely related to the Occitan language of southern France and to
	www.geocities.com /language_directory/languages/catalan.htm (213 words)

	Catalan: A Comprehensive Grammar (Routledge Grammars) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This grammar, written by a team of excellent experts in Catalan linguistics, is useful to both (foreign) learners of the language and scholars of Romance or General Linguistics.
		Yates, who in my opinion is one of the best Catalan linguists in the world, previously wrote the excellent "Teach Yourself Catalan" book, which was the first book that allow me to comprehend Catalan in little time.
		While Catalan is primarily spoken only in four countries (Spain, France, Andorra, and Italy), it is a language that should be studied by those interested in Catalan studies.
	www.getgourmetrecipes.com /cook_books/isbn0415103428.html (606 words)

	Easy Catalan
		Catalan is a latin language which means that it has the same roots as
		Valencià's vocabulary is mostly Catalan whereas its pronunciation seems to be closest to the Spanish one (which not means Valencià's pronunciation comes from Spanish one!).
		Catalan A, E and O have different sounds if they are stressed or not.
	perso.wanadoo.fr /babel-site/easycat.htm (1236 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Social Sciences: Linguistics: Languages: Natural: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Catalan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Catalan Grammar - Comprehensive grammar of the Catalan language, with sections on pronunciation, morphology, prepositions, and noun derivation.
		The Catalan Language - A very short overview by the Generalitat de Catalunya (the autonomous government of Catalonia) on the Catalan language and its legal framework, history and socio-linguistic situation.
		Journal of Catalan Studies / Revista Internacional de Catalanística - The Journal of Catalan Studies is an on-line academic periodical established to promote the study of Catalan language, linguistics and culture through the publication of research articles, conferences and reviews.
	dmoz.org /Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Indo-European/Italic/Romance/Catalan (450 words)

	wais:spain: dialects of catalan december 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		From the UK, George Sassoon forwards this letter from a friend in Spain: The problem with Catalan is that it was "normalized" by Pompeu Fabra in the late ninteenth century when he wrote a Catalan grammar.
		This grammar is pretty well accepted by all as the written Catalan.
		Unfortunately this is being eroded in Mallorca (and elsewhere) by Catalan TV, and by school teachers in the Balearics who are teaching the "normalized" Catalan.
	www.stanford.edu /group/wais/ztopics/week120804/spain_041230_dialectscatalan.htm (322 words)

	[cafe] Re: Catalan pronunciation
		The pronunciation of Catalan b / v(which in Catalan have the same sound) and d sound like in Engl.
		Catalan, like French and Spanish, is > derived from Latin and, in many respects, is closer to Latin than either > of those languages.
		It is said that the confusion between V and B arose > because Roman soldiers wore helmets with tight chin straps.
	www.mail-archive.com /cafe@andorraweb.com/msg01631.html (295 words)

	Catalan 285 Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		We shall begin with an intensive study of the historical grammar of Catalan accompanied by readings of documents and texts chosen chiefly for their linguistic interest.
		Over the course of the semester the focus of the class will shift toward more purely literary concerns, so that by the time we reach the fifteenth century, we shall be studying the texts primarily for their literary interest.
		In parallel with those exercises and alternating with them, we shall be transcribing portions of one of the two medieval Catalan manuscripts held in The Bancroft Library, either the Biblia pauperum, attributed to the so-called Bisbe de Jahen, or the Catalan translation of the De consolatione Philosophiae of Boethius.
	www.lib.berkeley.edu /~catalan (776 words)

	Amazon.com: Catalan (Teach Yourself): Books: Alan Yates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		After my return from eastern Spain, I took up the study of learning Catalan, which was the language many of my ancestors spoke before they settled in the New World.
		This book will help you learn grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure, however as the other reviewer of this book said, the only thing negative is that there is no audio tapes to accompany this book.
		The main feature of "Teach Yourself Catalan" is that, unlike the rest of the titles in the series, it shies away from focusing on "tourist" language and, instead, assumes that you want to learn Catalan for its own sake.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0844237558?v=glance (1239 words)

	ATTENTION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The course corrects the student's grammar; its focus is to teach the art of writing.
		An introduction to Catalan grammar, conversation and composition: tenses and verbs; articles; possessives; demonstratives; numerals; adverbs; prepositions; interrogatives; adjectives; pronouns; adverbial phrases (etc.).
		A continuation of the study of Catalan grammar, conversation and composition: verb and tense review; the subjunctive; future and conditional of probability; irregular imperatives; ser/estar; defective verbs; subordinate clauses; past perfect tenses; adjectival structures; use of prepositions; pronouns and the verb; interrogatives.
	www.sip.uiuc.edu /kats/studyabroadinfo/corecourses.html (1163 words)

	Study Abroad in Barcelona (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		An in-depth study of the fundamental rules of Spanish grammar, together with its idiomatic and learned vocabulary.
		corrects the student's grammar; its focus is to teach the art of writing.
		A continuation of the study of Catalan grammar, conversation and composition: verb and tense review; the subjunctive; future and
	www.sip.uiuc.edu /barcelona/courses.htm (866 words)

	any europeu de les llengües
		Catalan grammar = Gramàtica catalana, http://www.sola-sole.com/txtingl.htm (in English), http://www.sola-sole.com/txtcast.htm (in Spanish), http://www.sola-sole.com/txtcatal.htm (in Catalan)
		There are a number of detailed reports on the situation of the Catalan language (in Spain, France and Italy), commissioned by the European Union and available on the Internet.
		An overview of Catalan: A synthetical account, in the least technical possible language, of Catalan's structure, grammar, pronunciation, etc., which may be considered as an appetizer for those curious enough about the language as to seriously coinsider the possibility of beginning to study it.
	www.fundccc.org /htmdocs/recomanem2.htm (1256 words)

	Results for Catalan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Annotated collection of links for people wishing to learn Catalan on the Internet, with some additional information on Catalan grammar.
		Comprehensive grammar of the Catalan language, with sections on pronunciation, morphology, prepositions, and noun derivation.
		Catalan (Català) or Valencian (Valencià) is a Romance language understood by...
	www.gogoglo.com /buscar/search/Catalan (277 words)

	Catalan Adfunk Internet Solutions Article
		AECCSA's Catalan Page - FAQs on the Catalan language and its social context, together with a description of the language, and a selection of poetry.
		Catalan Language Introductory Page - a Romance Language of the West branch.
		Learning Catalan - lessons are designed to help you grasp an understanding of Catalan grammar and vocabulary used by real people, today.
	www.geocities.com /satria_web/Catalan.htm (1707 words)

	Abbeys Bookshop - Catalan: A Comprehensive Grammar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Catalan: A Comprehensive Grammar is a complete reference guide to modern Catalan grammar, presenting an accessible and systematic description of the modern language.
		The Grammar reflects the current reality of Catalan by acknowledging regional diversity and features Balearic and Valencian varieties alongside the language used in the Barcelona region.
		Features include: comprehensive coverage of all parts of speech a wealth of authentic examples illustrating language points attention to areas of particular difficulty for those whose first language is English full cross-referencing detailed index Catalan: A Comprehensive Grammar will remain the standard reference work for years to come.
	www.abbeys.com.au /items/01/31/25 (159 words)

	Grammar Resources
		Grammar of Central Kurdish (in Kurdish) from Qazi's Kurdish grammar
		A Grammar of Sûdovian Prussian by Joseph Poshka
		Seneca (Mingo) Extensible Grammar by Lachler, McElwain, and Burke
	www.semarweb.com /grammars.html (752 words)

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