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	Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Literature is literally "an acquaintance with letters" as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary; the term has, however, generally come to identify a collection of texts.
		Critics may exclude works from the classification "literature", for example, on the grounds of a poor standard of grammar and syntax, of an unbelievable or disjointed story-line, or of inconsistent or unconvincing characterss.
		Typically though, poetry as a form of literature makes some significant use of the formal properties of the words it uses — the properties attached to the written or spoken form of the words, rather than to their meaning.
	www.gogoglo.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/l/li/literature_1.html (2409 words)

	Catalan language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to the Ethnologue, its specific classification is a member of the East Iberian branch of the Ibero-Romance branch of the Gallo-Iberian branch of the Western subcomplex of the Italo-Western complex of the Romance group of the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family.
		Catalan developed by the 9th century from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern part of Pyrenees mountains (counties of Roussillon, Empuries, Besalú, Cerdagne, Urgell, Pallars and Ribagorça).
		Catalan was exported in the 13th century to the Balearic Islands and the newly created Valencian Kingdom by the Catalan and Aragonese invaders (note that the area of Catalan language still extends to part of what is now the region of Aragon).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Catalan_language (1627 words)

	Catalan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Catalan is a Romance language, with its earliest literary text, the Homilies d'Organya, dating back to about the middle of 12th century.
		In the Institut d'Estudis Catalans, Pompeu Fabra effected the regulation and grammatical systematization of the unifying norms for its spelling (1913).
		Catalan is also spoken in some areas of Aragon and Murcia and, outside Spain, in the French Roussillon region, the Principality of Andorra and in the Italian city of Alguer (Sardinia).
	www.sispain.org /english/language/language/catalan.html (341 words)

	Catalan literature. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In both regions the rhymed songs of the troubadours flourished as an art form from the 11th to the 14th cent.
		From the rise of Castile during the Renaissance, Catalan literature was eclipsed until the 19th cent., when it experienced a marked revival.
		Although Catalan literary life proceeded underground, it was not until well after World War II that normal activity was resumed, reflected in the establishment of awards such as the City of Barcelona Prize for Catalan Poetry.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ca/CatalanLit.html (409 words)

	Catalan Language
		Catalan came to be spoken, even if not always as a first language, in five states around the Mediterranean which were governed by Catalan dynasties.
		Medieval Catalan was so close to Lemosí, the literary dialect of Occitan in southern Gaul, that it is thought by some to have been imported from beyond the Pyrenees in the resettlement of refugees from the Moors.
		Catalan is taught as a separate subject and is used as the teaching medium at all levels of the education system in Catalonia.
	www.orbilat.com /Languages/Catalan/Catalan.html (2004 words)

	Encyclopedia: Catalan literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Catalan grammar is the grammar of the Catalan language.
		Catalan myths and legends are the traditional myths and legends of the Catalan-speaking world, especially Catalonia itself, passed down for generations as part of that regions popular culture.
		Catalan literature Gabriel Alomar (Palma de Mallorca 1873, Cairo 1941) is a poet, essayist, and educator of the early twentieth century in Spain.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Catalan-literature (1080 words)

	Hispanic Exhibitions at The British Library: 800 years of Catalan literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Catalan, spoken by some six million people (more than speak Danish, Finnish, Norwegian, Lithuanian, Irish or Albanian), is one of the Romance languages and reflects in its linguistic features its geographical position between Castilian to the west, and French and Provençal to the north.
		The medieval court of Aragon was bilingual in Aragonese and Catalan; with the establishment of the Castalian Trastámara dynasty in 1412, Catalan had to share literary status with Castilian.
		In both, political, literary and linguistic Catalanism are present, although a traditional distinction is made between the pro-Europeanism of Modernisme and the sense of nationalist political responsibility of Noucentisme.
	www.bl.uk /collections/westeuropean/catalan.html (1145 words)

	[No title]
		Catalan is one of the group of western Romanic languages, together with Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and French, the most widely-spoken languages in the same family.
		Catalan is the language of the artists Gaudí, Miró, Dalí, Brossa, Bohigas, Tàpies, Domènech i Montaner, etc. It's also the language of the musicians Josep Carreras, Clavé, Montserrat Caballé, Pau Casals, Lluís Llach, Jordi Savall, Tete Montoliu and Frederic Mompou.
		Catalan went through various periods of prohibition and even of repression, such that changes in the extent to which the language was used in its own territory from the 18th century on were due to politics rather than to any socio-cultural reasons.
	www.geocities.com /irturrad/language.html (1968 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The reign of Ferdinand VII (reigned 1808—1833) saw several Catalan uprisings and after his death the conflict over the succession between the absolutist "Carlist" partisans of Infante Carlos and the liberal partisans of Isabella II led to the First Carlist War, which lasted until 1840 and was especially virulent in the Catalan territory.
		The Catalan workers movement at the turn of the twentieth century consisted of three tendencies: syndicalism, socialism, and anarchism, part of the last openly embracing "propaganda of the deed" as advocated by Alejandro Lerroux.
		The Catalan Generalitat was revived, and a September 1932 statute of autonomy for Catalonia gave a strong, though not absolute, grant of self-government.
	www.catalunyacafe.eu (5135 words)

	Spanish literature after the civil war/JOCS/UOC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As far as the Catalans were concerned, the popularity of the Jocs Florals, together with the quality of what was being produced, served as conclusive proof of the existence of a distinct Catalan literature and of a language suitably equipped for literary use.
		Catalan writers were divided between a few who were prepared to write in Castilian and thus compromise, and those who refused to give in, regarding the former with contempt.
		Indeed, by repressing the Catalan language, it was his aim to perpetrate cultural genocide against Catalonia, the idea being brutal in its simplicity: if a nation has a soul and the organ of expression of such soul is its language, by eliminating the language you effectively kill the nation.
	www.fitz.cam.ac.uk /jocs/1/historia/historia.html (3539 words)

	AELC - Escriptors en Llengua Catalana
		Writers in Catalan participated in all of the vindicatory movements of our country without obtaining the level of coordination necessary that would have permitted them to create a professional association such as the one that existed at the time of the Generalitat of Catalonia during the Spanish Republic of 1931 to 1938.
		When the Conference of Catalan Culture (in 1975) was convoked, collective reflection was called for concerning the state of our culture and its future in reference to the origins of the democratization process of the state and the autonomous processes.
		From 1977 to 1988, the AELC developed the representative functions of the literary vitality of the Catalan countries with the desire to articulate a program that would be an instrument of dialogue and relation with the new political powers that constituted what was known as the Spanish democratic transition.
	www.escriptors.cat /pagina.php?id_sec=50 (1979 words)

	AllRefer.com - Catalan literature (Miscellaneous European Literature) - Encyclopedia
		Catalan literature, like the Catalan language, developed in close connection with that of Provence.
		Although Catalan literary life proceeded underground, it was not until well after World War II that normal activity was resumed, reflected in the establishment of awards such as the City of Barcelona Prize for Catalan Poetry.
		With the return of Spanish democracy, Catalan literature revived more markedly, attracting worldwide attention with the novels of MercE Rodoreda (1909–83) and Terenci Moix (1943–), the plays of Jordi Teixidor (1939–), and the poetry of Pere Gimferrer (1945–).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/CatalanLit.html (480 words)

	Kristen Razy Hansen
		Also, in Catalan, the open /e/ and the closed /e/ as well as the open /o/ and closed /o/ are all separate phonemes, whereas in Castilian there are only open and closed variants of the single phonemes /e/ and /o/.
		However, "Catalan never ceased to be spoken or written, and remained the normal medium of elementary education, business, and regional government affairs until early in the eighteenth century" (Azevedo 307).
		The survival of the Catalan language, then, will depend on the will and dedication of its people, as they fight to overcome the conflict that is so much a part of their history.
	linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/reports/catalan.htm (2162 words)

	[No title]
		Furthermore, the Catalan language itself is depicted in the role of a persecuted victim, being separated from its ancient glory.
		An important factor of the Catalan Conference was the role of dialects in the framework of the language.
		Catalan did not have a rival language as was the case with Yiddish and Hebrew.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/academic/languages/yiddish/mendele/vol08.059.txt (1928 words)

	Search Results for Catalan - Encyclopædia Britannica
		Catalan is closely related to Provençal, a language spoken in southern France.
		It is spoken by the majority of the population in Catalonia (Cataluña), Valencia, and the Balearic Islands.
		Catalan political leader who led the struggle for an autonomous Catalonia as head of the Catalan government-in-exile (1939–77) and as interim president (1977–80).
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Catalan&submit=Find&source=MWTAB (435 words)

	NACS · North American Catalan Society
		Founded in 1978, during the First Colloquium of Catalan Studies in North America (held at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), the NACS is committed to encouraging and advancing the study of Catalan language and culture in the North American academy.
		Catalan is a Romance language spoken by a population of around ten million people in the eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Catalonia, Balearic Islands, most of the Valencia region, and the eastern fringe of Aragon) and the Principality of Andorra.
		In addition, Catalan is still spoken in the French region of Roussillon and the town of Alghero (L'Alguer) on the island of Sardinia.
	www.nacs-catalanstudies.org (282 words)

	Spain Languages
		Catalan is another of the Romance languages spoken in Spain, with its earliest literary text, the Homilies d'Organya, dating back to around the middle of the 12th century.
		And it is at this famed Institut where Pompeu Fabra effected the regulation and grammatical systematisation of the Catalan; thus unifying norms for its spelling (1913).
		Both Castilian and Catalan (since 1979) are the official languages of Catalonia and the Balearic Islands (since 1983).
	www.donquijote.org /culture/spain/languages/catalan.asp (255 words)

	<Catalan>
		There is an extensive literature in Catalan, which dates from the medieval times of Joanot Martorell and Ramón Llull to present times, with authors publishing in all possible genres (I like Jaume Fuster and Maria Mercè Roca) and and important editorial industry of classic and contemporary translations.
		Catalan people have a strong feeling of cultural identity, and discussions about the constitution of an independent Catalan state are a current topic in public and private conversations.
		The Catalan case is often cited as a relatively successful example of language planification and revitalization.
	sophia.smith.edu /~ejuarros/Catalan.htm (346 words)

	Catalan literature -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The oldest extant text in Catalan is the Homilies d'Organyà, a collection of sermons dating from the 12th or early 13th century but now appreciated more for their linguistic than for their literary value.
		Provençal literature flourished from the 11th to the 14th century, when its poetry reached rare heights of virtuosity and variety in its celebration of courtly, or chivalric, love.
		It shows, nonetheless, many traces of kinship with Provençal, and the literature in its origins used the Occitan language (langue d'oc, the dialects of Old French spoken south of the Loire River) and the poetic forms cultivated by troubadours north of the Pyrenees.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9020753 (730 words)

	Medieval literature Summary
		Just as in modern literature, it is a complex and rich field of study, from the utterly sacred to the exuberantly profane, touching all points in-between.
		Travel literature was highly popular in the Middle Ages, as fantastic accounts of far-off lands (frequently embellished or entirely false) entertained a society that, in most cases, limited people to the area in which they were born.
		Much of medieval literature relied on allegory to convey the morals the author had in mind while writing--representations of abstract qualities, events, and institutions are thick in much of the literature of this time.
	www.bookrags.com /Medieval_literature (1747 words)

	Catalan Language in Barcelona
		Catalan is the official government language of Barcelona (and all of Catalonia).
		The language of Catalan came on to the scene as early as the 10th and 11th centuries, appearing in official documents as early as the second half of the 12th century.
		The Catalan language continued to prosper into the 15th century with what is considered the Gold Age of Catalan literature.
	www.spain-info.com /barcelona/Catalan-official-government-language.htm (565 words)

	LFTS people: Arthur Terry
		Catalan writers and artists, to whom he remained a constant and faithful source of support throughout a very difficult period for Catalan culture.
		His Catalan Literature (1972, reissued in 2003 as the thoroughly revised and up-dated Companion to Catalan Literature) was the backdrop to his anthology with translations of the great fifteenth-century poet Ausiàs March (1976).
		His presidency of the Associació Internacional de Llengua i Literatura Catalanes (1982-88) coincided with democratization in Spain and the relative normalization of Catalan within the domestic education system, and he was able to enjoy the symbolism of his office during years of such change, and such promise.
	www.essex.ac.uk /literature/people/arthur_terry.htm (1369 words)

	Department of Spanish and Portuguese: Indiana University
		Catalan is a non-national language, that is, a language that has survived and thrived despite the fact that no substantial sovereign nation-state sustains it; it is spoken quite widely in areas under different official languages, mostly Spanish.
		As a field of study, Catalan offers great literature and a tremendous opportunity to get to know a culture that is easier to grasp in its entirety than larger cultural constructs.
		A description of contemporary Catalan, including a survey of grammar; an overview of the history of the language and its evolution; and topics in sociolinguistics, including the study of attitudes towards the language as a whole.
	www.indiana.edu /~spanport/catalan.shtml (489 words)

	NACS · North American Catalan Society
		Catalan can be divided into two varieties: the western variety, spoken in Valencia, the western part of Catalonia, the eastern fringe of Aragon, and Andorra; and the eastern variety, spoken in the rest of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, Roussillon, and L'Alguer.
		In 1997, the Institut d'Estudis Catalans and the Catalan government granted the NACS the prestigious Ramon Llull Award in recognition of its role in promoting Catalan culture on an international scale.
		By Catalan culture is understood all manifestations of intellectual and artistic life produced in the Catalan language or in the geographical areas where Catalan is spoken.
	www.nacs-catalanstudies.org /faq.html (763 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Catalan
		Catalan Romance language spoken mainly in ne Spain, but also in the Balearic Islands, Andorra, and s France.
		Catalan zeal.(regional government of the Catalan area of Spain wants to make government and court proceedings be conducted in the Catalan language, as well as in Spanish)(Brief Article)
		Essay: Mind your language: essay Justin Webster is a Spanish-speaking Englishman with a Catalan wife and a trilingual daughter.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Catalan (793 words)

	Catalan 285 Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This class is intended to serve as a basic introduction to the study of Old Catalan language and literature.
		In parallel with those exercises and alternating with them, we shall be transcribing portions of one of the two medieval Catalan manuscripts held in The Bancroft Library, either the Biblia pauperum, attributed to the so-called Bisbe de Jahen, or the Catalan translation of the De consolatione Philosophiae of Boethius.
		Students interested primarily in literature will be encouraged to take a topic, theory, or methodology already familiar from previous studies (e.g., the literature of chivalry, new historicism, feminism) and study a Catalan texts or texts from the same standpoint.
	www.lib.berkeley.edu /~catalan (776 words)

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