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Topic: Catalan phonology and orthography

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	Catalan language - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Catalan (Català) or Valencian (Valencià) is a Romance language understood by as many as 12 million people in portions of Spain, France, Andorra and Italy, although the majority of active Catalan speakers are in Spain.
		Catalan developed by the 9th century from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern part of Pyrenees mountains (counties of Roussillon, Empuries, Besalú, Cerdagne, Urgell, Pallars and Ribagorça).
		Catalan was exported in the 13th century to the Balearic Islands and the newly created Valencian Kingdom by the Catalan and Aragonese invaders (note that the area of Catalan language still extends to part of what is now the region of Aragon).
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/c/a/t/Catalan_language.html (1622 words)

	Phonology Encyclopedia Article @ Interpreted.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The principles of phonological theory have also been applied to the analysis of sign languages, in which it is argued that the same or a similar phonological system underlies both signed and spoken languages.
		In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes which interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed are language-specific.
		Government Phonology, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and vary according to their selection of certain binary parameters.
	www.interpreted.org /encyclopedia/Phonology (2182 words)

	Phonology Encyclopedia Article @ Shopping0.com (Shopping 0) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Phonology (Greek phonē = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sound system of a specific language (or languages).
		Whereas phonetics is about the physical production and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages.
		Phonology also includes topics such as assimilation, elision, epenthesis, vowel harmony, tone, non-phonemic prosody and phonotactics.
	www.shopping0.com /encyclopedia/Phonology (2182 words)

	Informat.io on Catalan Language
		Catalan developed by the 9th century from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern part of Pyrenees mountains (counties of Roussillon, Empuries, Besalú, Cerdanya, Urgell, Pallars and Ribagorça).
		The language was spread to the south by the Reconquista in several phases: Barcelona and Tarragona, Lleida and Tortosa, the ancient Kingdom of Valencia, and transplanted to the Balearic Islands and l'Alguer (Alghero).
		Catalan was exported in the thirteenth century to the Balearic Islands and the newly created Valencian Kingdom by the Catalan and Aragonese invaders (note that the area of Catalan language still extends to part of what is now the region of Aragon).
	www.informat.io /?title=catalan-language (2014 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Catalan IPA: [ËŒkÊ°Ã¦tÉ™lËˆÃ¦n] (catalÃ IPA: [kÉ™.tÉ™\'la] or [ka.ta\'la]) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra and co-official in the Spanish autonomous communities of Balearic Islands, Valencia (under the name Valencian) and Catalonia.
		According to the Ethnologue, its specific classification is a member of the East Iberian branch of the Ibero-Romance branch of the Gallo-Iberian branch of the Western sub complex of the Italo-Western complex of the Romance group of the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family.
		Standard Catalan, as regulated by the IEC, centres on the speech of the educated classes of Barcelona, and so is closest to Central Catalan; however, not all of the features of Barcelonese speech can be considered standard, as there are lots of traditional dialectal traits and Castillian influence in that area.
	www.guamus.com /wiki-Catalan_language (2343 words)

	Catalan Language
		Catalan retained its vigour until the union of the Aragonese and Castilian crowns in 1474.
		Medieval Catalan was so close to Lemosí, the literary dialect of Occitan in southern Gaul, that it is thought by some to have been imported from beyond the Pyrenees in the resettlement of refugees from the Moors.
		Catalan is taught as a separate subject and is used as the teaching medium at all levels of the education system in Catalonia.
	www.orbilat.com /Languages/Catalan/Catalan.html (2004 words)

	Catalan Information Center - catalan language
		The language catalan catalan tradition atlas was spread to the south by the Reconquista in several phases: Barcelona and Tarragona, catalan Lleida and Tortosa, the ancient Kingdom of Valencia, and transplanted to the Balearic Islands and l'Alguer (Alghero).
		Catalan catalan language was exported in the 13th century to the Balearic Islands and the newly learn catalan created Valencian Kingdom by the maurizio catalan Catalan and Aragonese invaders catalan dictionary (note that the area of Catalan language still extends to part of what is now the region of Aragon).
		Barcelona was the pre-eminent city and port of the so-called mayra maribel catalan Aragonese Empire, catalan recipes and escalivada a confederation nominally ruled by the King of Aragon (Aragon, Catalonia, Roussillon, Valencia, the Balearic Islands, Sicily, and — later — Sardinia and Naples).
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_A_-_C/Catalan.html (1662 words)

	Catalan language - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Catalan (Català, Valencià) is a Romance language understood by as many as 12 million people in portions of Spain, France, Andorra and Italy, although the majority of active Catalan speakers are in Spain.
		According to the Ethnologue, its specific classification is a member of the East Iberian branch of the Ibero-Romance branch of the Gallo-Iberian branch of the Western branch of the Italo-Western branch of the Romance branch of the Italic branch of the Indo-European language famiily.
		While professing the unity of the Catalan language, the Spanish government claimed to be constitutionally bound to produce distinct Catalan and Valencian versions because the Statute of the Autonomous Community of Valencia calls the regional language "Valencian", while that of Catalonia calls its regional language "Catalan".
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Catalan_language (1579 words)

	Catalan Phonology and Orthography Encyclopedia Article @ 216.92.11.26 () (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Unlike Spanish and other Iberian Romance languages, betacism or loss of b/v distinction seems to be in Catalan an innovation since the modern era, although non-betacist dialects are still preserved in most areas.
		Standard Catalan /ʎ/ has not merged with /j/, unlike in French, and ieisme is socially stigmatized in the prestigious speech of Barcelona.
		Catalan /a/ is tenser and more open than the Spanish or French ones.
	216.92.11.26 /encyclopedia/Catalan_phonology_and_orthography (1564 words)

	Catalan
		Catalan belongs to the Romance branch of the Indo-European language family.
		Following the death of Franco in 1975 and the restoration of democracy, the ban was lifted, and Catalan is now an official regional language that is used in politics, education and the media.
		The grammar of Catalan is similar to the grammar of Spanish.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/january/Catalan.html (1147 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The reign of Ferdinand VII (reigned 1808—1833) saw several Catalan uprisings and after his death the conflict over the succession between the absolutist "Carlist" partisans of Infante Carlos and the liberal partisans of Isabella II led to the First Carlist War, which lasted until 1840 and was especially virulent in the Catalan territory.
		The Catalan workers movement at the turn of the twentieth century consisted of three tendencies: syndicalism, socialism, and anarchism, part of the last openly embracing "propaganda of the deed" as advocated by Alejandro Lerroux.
		The Catalan Generalitat was revived, and a September 1932 statute of autonomy for Catalonia gave a strong, though not absolute, grant of self-government.
	www.catalunyacafe.eu (5135 words)

	Country Information, a world portal on countries, politics and governments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Catalan, regarded as the native language of Catalonia, is one of the three official languages of the region as established in the Catalan Statute of Autonomy [2].
		Some Catalan speakers argue that this policy is necessary to protect their language in the face of residents and immigrants who fail to learn or use Catalan.
		Catalan is properly regarded by most linguists as being an Iberian Romance language (the group that includes Spanish), but it has many features of Gallo-Romance languages such as French.
	www.countryiworld.com /wiki-Catalonia (2149 words)

	Catalan Phonology And Orthography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Unlike Spanish and other Iberian Romance language s, '' betacism '' or loss of ''b/v'' distinction seems to be in Catalan an innovation since the modern era, although non-betacist dialects are still preserved in most areas.
		Standard Catalan IPA/Ê/ has not merged with IPA/j/, unlike in French, and ieisme is socially stigmatized in the prestigious speech of Barcelona.
		Catalan IPA/É‘/ is tenser and more open than the Spanish or French ones.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/catalan_phonology_and_orthography (1356 words)

	Where do I find Catalan Language information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Catalan IPA: [ËkÊ°Ã¦tÉlËÃ¦n] (catalÃ IPA: [kÉ.tÉ'la] or [ka.ta'la]) Romance language, the native terminology of Andorra co-official in the Spanish autonomous communities of Balearic Islands, Valencia (under the topmost Valencian) Catalonia.
		Catalan mellowed by the 9th century from Vulgar Latin on both obliques of the eastern module of Pyrenees mountains (counties of Roussillon, Empuries, BesalÃº, Cerdanya, Urgell, Pallars RibagorÃ§a).
		Catalan was exported in the thirteenth century to the Balearic Islands the newly inaugurated Valencian Kingdom by the Catalan Aragonese invaders (note that the lea of Catalan terminology deathly extends to module of forthwith the scope of Aragon).
	en.cd-sealed.info /Catalan_language (2809 words)

	Idioma Valencià - WIKIPEDIA ¿ UNA ENCICLOPEDIA A ON FA NIU EL FASCISME CATALANISTE ?
		With the intention of absorbing the Valencian language inside the Catalan one, the catalan intellectuality of the 19th century invented the term "Western Catalan" ("catalán occidental") being based on some lexical and phonetic similarities that the languages of the zone of Lerida(Lleida) had with the Valencian language.
		Catalan was exported in the 13th century to the Balearic Islands.
		Barcelona was the pre-eminent city and port of the so-called [[Aragonese Empire]], a confederation nominally ruled by the King of Aragon (Kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia, Sicily, — later — Sardinia and Naples and the Balearic Islands, and counties of Catalonia, Roussillon).
	perso.wanadoo.es /idiomavalencia/docs/val/wikipedia.htm (3368 words)

	Catalan phonology and orthography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Most j of standard western Catalan correspond to the affricate phoneme /dʒ/ in Valencian, and then in Apitxat Valencian (comarques around Valencia city) /dʒ/ has merged with voiceless /tʃ/.
		In western Catalan unstressed /ɛ/ remains generally mid-close /e/ (as in pre-classic eastern Catalan) but this /e/ is weakened to [ə] in eastern dialects.
		In eastern Catalan unstressed /e/ generally merges with unstressed /a/ and the result of this merger is a mid-central vowel/ə/.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Catalan_phonology_and_orthography (1738 words)

	Catalan language
		Catalan (Català, Valencià) is a Romance language spoken by approximately 12 million people in a territory called the Catalan countries which spans portions of Spain, France, Andorra and Italy, although the majority of Catalan speakers are in Spain.
		The issue, as with Serbian and Croatian of whether Catalan and Valencian constitute different languages or merely dialects has been the subject of political agitation several times after the Franco era by extreme right wing parties in the area of the city of Valencia.
		Catalan developed by the 9th century from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the Pyrenees mountains (counties of Rosselló (Roussillon), Empuries, Besalú, Cerdanya, Urgell, Pallars and Ribagorça).
	207.150.180.135 /Catalan_language (1254 words)

	Catalan language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is spoken or understood by as many as 12 million people who live not only in Andorra and Spain, but also in parts of south western France (most of Pyrénées Orientales) and in the city of Alghero in Sardinia, Italy.
		An adjacent strip (Franja de Ponent) of Aragon, Spain, in particular the comarques of Baixa Ribagorça, Llitera, Baix Cinca, and Matarranya, and parts of the comarques of Alta Ribagorça, Terra Alta and Ribera d'Ebre.
		In Francoist Spain (1939-1975), the use of Castilian over Catalan was enforced, and public use of Catalan was forbidden, though thousands of books were published in Catalan in other countries and smuggled into Catalonia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Catalan_language (2389 words)

	Northern Catalonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Northern Catalonia (Catalan: Catalunya Nord; French: Catalogne Nord or Pays Catalan) is the name mainly used by the Catalan-speaking community to refer the part of the historic Principality of Catalonia that came under French governance through the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 between France and Spain.
		Catalan is estimated to be spoken by a quarter of the population at the most, and understood at some level by around 40%, but it has no official status.
		Catalan, Occitan and French toponomy in Northern Catalonia (Catalan)
	zdnet.co.za /wiki/Northern_Catalonia (223 words)

	Catalan language resources
		Catalan is regarded by most linguists as being an Ibero-Romance language (the group that includes...
		Catalan is considered by many specialists as a transition language between the Gallic group and the Iberian group, since it shares characteristics from both...
		Catalan Webmaster J. Edward Ellis Send suggestions to the Webmaster Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy.
	mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Catalan.html (1037 words)

	Catalan_mor_pronouns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In Catalan, the subject is indicated by verb agreement in the clause.
		Catalan speakers typically have trouble with the three-way deictic system of Spanish and English in which the two demonstratives are different from that of Catalan.
		Catalan has the following question words, with quin and quant used both as pronouns and adjectives.
	web.hku.hk /~h0301350/Catalan_mor_pronouns.html (254 words)

	Spanish language (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Typical features of Spanish diachronical phonology include lenition (Latin vita, Spanish vida), palatalization (Latin annum, Spanish año) and diphthongation (stem-changing) of breve E/O from vulgar Latin (Latin terra, Spanish tierra; Latin novus, Spanish nuevo); similar phenomena can be found in most Romance languages as well.
		During the Reconquista, this northern dialect was carried south, and indeed is still a minority language in northern Morocco.
		Spanish orthography is such that every speaker can guess the pronunciation (adapted for accent) from the written form.
	spanish-language.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (2326 words)

	LangX - A NEW TEMPLATE FOR THE INTERNATIONAL AUXILIARY LANGUAGE - Orthography
		The challenge, therefore, is to provide an IAL which can be used in either a simple or a complex manner: in the case of orthography this means common phonemes for common words, but also a gradation to rarer speech sounds as words become more specialised, or specific to particular cultures with certain preferences.
		Moreover, in order to obtain an exact correspondence between orthography and phonology, it would be necessary to establish a global standard pronunciation (GSP) for reference purposes.
		The "dual orthography", using English lower-case letters for consonants and upper-case for vowels (as shown in the right-hand columns of the above tables), is widely disliked, as those who have tried it in English spelling reform schemes have discovered.
	bahai-library.com /books/lango/lang02.html (969 words)

	Alguerese Photos, Alguerese Pictures, Alguerese Images, Photos of Alguerese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Alguerese Alguerese or Algherese is the variant of the Catalan language spoken in the city of Alghero, in the northwest of Sardinia.
		Alguerese or Algherese is the variant of the Catalan language spoken in the city of Alghero in the northwest of Sardinia Catalan invaders repopulated the...
		Alguerese is the variant of Catalan language spoken in the city of Alghero...
	www.iphotofind.com /Alguerese.html (295 words)

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