Catalan-Aragonese Empire

Catalan-Aragonese Empire - Factbites
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Topic: Catalan-Aragonese Empire

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	Catalan language - Wikipedia
		Catalan was exported in the 13th century to Balearic Islands and the newly created Valencian Kingdom by the Catalan and Aragonese invaders (note that the area of Catalan language still extends to part of what is now the region of Aragon).
		Aragonese Empire, a confederation nominally ruled by the King of Aragon (Aragon, Catalonia, Roussillon, Valencia, the Balearic Islands, Sicily, and — later — Sardinia and Naples).
		While professing the unity of the Catalan language, the Spanish government claimed to be constitutionally bound to produce distinct Catalan and Valencian versions because the Statute of the Autonomous Community of Valencia calls the regional language "Valencian", while that of Catalunya calls its regional language "Catalan".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Catalan_language

	Aragon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Barcelona was the center of what was in many ways a Mediterranean Empire, ruling the Mediterranean Sea and setting rules for the entire sea (for instances, in the Llibre del Consolat del Mar (in Catalan).
		Catalan kings of Arag�n ruled not only the present administrative region but also
		In addition to Spanish, there is an original Aragonese language, still spoken in some valleys of the Pyrenees, which is different from the Aragonese dialect of Castilian Spanish language.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arag�n

	Catalan Language
		Catalan came to be spoken, even if not always as a first language, in five states around the Mediterranean which were governed by Catalan dynasties.
		Catalan poetry flourished from the 13th century, before which time Catalan poets wrote in Provençal.
		Catalan was reborn as the language of literary culture through the poetry contest known as Jocs Florals (Floral Games).
	www.orbilat.com /Languages/Catalan/Catalan.html

	Barcelona History Guide. Rough guides for entertainment, hotels, bars, restaurants, tourist attractions and sites of interest in Barcelona
		Catalans objected violently to the suggestion that they should go to fight abroad for a state that did little for them at home, and the city's streets saw burning churches, barricades and popular committees, though there was little direction to the protest.
		Catalan poetry became popular, and the late medieval Floral Games (the Jocs Florals), a sort of literary competition, were revived in 1859 in Barcelona: one winner was the great Catalan poet, Jacint Verdaguer (1845-1902).
		Catalan drama developed (although even in the late nineteenth century there were still restrictions on performing wholly Catalan plays), led mainly by the dramatist, Pitarra.
	www.alpha-beds.com /guide_44298_History.aspx

	Chapter 5: A History of Spain and Portugal
		The Aragonese aristocracy had provided most of the military strength for the conquest of the region, but the crown was eager to avoid adding the whole new territory to the possessions of that domineering caste and so kept it separate and encouraged Catalan immigration.
		The Catalan position in Sicily had remained strong, with eighteen commercial consulates ringing the island in an economic web, and in the last years of his reign, Pere was successful in regaining control of Sicily for the Aragonese crown.
		Aragonese interests emerged unscathed from this long contest with a powerful rival, thanks in large part to the diplomatic [112] skill of Pere IV in finding allies and playing off Castilian factions against each other.
	libro.uca.edu /payne1/payne5.htm

	Catalunya Lliure JA Free Catalonia! - A tots els patriotes catalans,que volen una Catalunya lliure.INDEPEND�NCIA -
		Catalan is spoken throughout an area which covers 68,730 km2, is divided between four European states (Spain, France, Andorra and Italy), and has a population of over 11 million people.
		Catalan, for example, is taught in all schools, and many children, especially in Catalonia, receive almost all their teaching in the language.
		Catalan does meet some resistance in certain areas (the courts and the police force), but these are gradually being overcome.
	www.freewebs.com /catalanet/inenglish.htm

	WHKMLA : History of Aragon : 1282-1479
		The Aragonese claim to the island was recognized in 1328, but for long periods of time hardly extended beyond the city walls of Cagliari and ALGHERO, the latter a city where still today a Catalan dialect is spoken.
		Aragonese policy centered around overseas expansion, which was in Catalonian interest rather than in that of landlocked Aragon.
		In 1282 the Aragonese secured Sicily by occupying the island and killing the Angevins they could get a hold of (the SICILIAN VESPERS), taking revenge for what happened to the Aragonese in the Languedoc during the 'crusades' against the Albigensians and a Sicilian revenge for what the Angevins did to the last Staufer King.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/spain/aragonexp.html

	Tirant lo Blanch
		Some parts of Tirant bear certain parallels with the life of Admiral Roger de Flor, the leader of the Almog�vers (Catalan and Aragonese mercenaries that helped the Byzantine Empire to fight the Turks), and who was murdered by the Byzantines.
		Tirant accepts, is made Megaduke of the Empire, becomes the captain of an army, defeats the Turks and saves the Empire, then battles Moors in many regions of the Oriental Mediterranean and Northern Africa, but dies just before he can marry the pretty heiress of the Empire.
		It is one of the most important books of Catalan literature and has been described as one of the best books ever written.
	www.portaljuice.com /tirant_lo_blanch.html

	Visiting Barcelona
		By happy coincidence it also found itself spring up at a time when Barcelona's merchants were extending the Catalan-Aragonese empire half way across the Mediterranean and today, as you walk down the Calle Montcada, La Ribera's best known street, the palaces to left and right are testimony to the fortunes then made.
		Typical of the Catalan Gothic, it's sober and much less baroquely ornate than, for example, Barcelona Cathedral, and much more pleasing to look at for that.
		The narrowness of La Ribera's streets even today are witness to the fact that it too was originally built in late medieval times.
	www.ihes.com /bcn/spanish/visiting_barcelona.html

	Italy
		The latest theories are that he was actually Catalan and deliberately tried to obscure his origins because of a brief stint at piracy.
		The "Catalan Company," mercenaries from Aragón who had fought for Romania and then mutinied, killed the Duke of Athens and seized the Duchy in 1311.
		Ironically, Prince Eugene is now remembered as a German national hero because of his service to the Empire -- there was even a German heavy cruiser in World War II named the Prinz Eugen (sunk after the War at the Kwajalein atomic bomb test in 1947).
	www.friesian.com /italia.htm

	Paradox Interactive Forums - - ARCHIVE - Royal Court of Aragon (substituted)
		Aragonese merchants seemed to be in uproaring over the piracy, the alleged turnaround for our merchants in venetian lands and eve....
		They could even increase it as the increased commerce come our ways and the ability to get any goods from entire Aragonese land without any tariffs, nor any dues.
		Look at your father's effort to keep the Roman Empire out of the war at any cost while we are rebuilding.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?t=127220&page=3

	Urgel CUR 00
		One of several Christian bastions which held out against the Islamic invasion of the 7th century, Urgel, initially under a line of Prince-Bishops of Seo de Urgel, came under Aragonese and Catalan influence after the collapse of the Carolingian Empire.
		The area was created a county in 1040, but disputes between the counts and the Prince-Bishops plagued it for over two centuries, until resolved by the King of Aragon in favor of the former.
		A small place in Roman times, it became more important under Visigothic rule, St. Justo becoming the first Bishop in 524.
	www.hyw.com /hywdocs/Fiefs/Other/URGEL_CU.HTM

	CHAPTER FIFTEEN
		Either by allying himself with the kings of France, or by scheming against them with the Holy See and with Italian potentates, Ferdinand in 1504 succeeded in retrieving from the bastard Aragonese branch the Kingdom of Naples, the eastern bastion of the Catalan-Aragonese expansion in the Mediterranean.
		Ferdinand's concept of Hispania as a pluralistic monarchy did not prevent him from encouraging Catalan and Aragonese families and institutions to amalgamate with their counterparts in Castile.
		Lured by the Mediterranean policy of the Catalan-Aragonese Crown, Castile adopted a course of action on the European problem that was diametrically opposed to that which she had followed during the Middle Ages �that is, the new course opposed the interests of France, her faithful ally since the time of the Trastámara King, Henry II.
	www.art.man.ac.uk /SPANISH/courses/sp2230/Vicens_ordering.html

	The Catalan Grand Company (1302-1388) DBA IV-60
		Further losses occurred in conflict with the Genoese soon after, but Catalan and Aragonese reinforcements, plus the addition of disaffected Turkish and Turkopouli deserters from the Byzantine army kept the Catalan Company in existence.
		Catalan Almughavars, who fought with a long spear, several javelins, and a big sword, but no shield.
		The Byzantine emperor then attempted to stop the Catalans (who were by then reduced to 206 horse and 1256 horse) at Apros in July 1305, but was defeated a fter his Alan allies, fearful of Catalan wrath at the loss of de Flor, deserted the Byzantine army in the field.
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/IV60/index.html

	BMM n�49
		In effect, the expansion of the Ottoman empire through the Balkan Peninsula, Anatolia, Palestine and Northern Africa made it harder for Westerners to gain access to the commercial ports that used to be part of their trading routes in the East, thus contributing to the general decline of Mediterranean trade.
		Many Catalan towns wished to free themselves from feudal rule and endeavoured to put themselves under the juridiction of Barcelona, geographical distances notwithstanding.
		As an institution, Barcelona asserted its direct authority over an increasingly vast area; the whole plain surrounding the city was under its juridiction, but the city's influence extended over a much larger area.
	www.bcn.es /publicacions/bmm/49/ang_07.htm

	ICOMOS-CIIC
		The growth of the Aragonese - Catalan empire can be regarded as an integral part of the reconquista of the Iberian peninsula.
		The growth of the Aragonese Empire and its spread eastwards into the Mediterranean: islands and North Africa meant that a clash with the Moslem East was inevitable.
		The policy behind the establishment of these presidios was to try to reduce the effect of the pirate raids on the coastal regions of the empire.
	www.icomos-ciic.org /CIIC/pamplona/PROYECTOS_David_Mallia.htm

	Catalan-Aragonese Empire
		The article Catalan-Aragonese Empire has taken this page on our site and is slated for creation.
		If you have interest in Catalan-Aragonese Empire, we ask that you help support our efforts by clicking "view live article" on the header of this site or by visiting a site sponsor listed above.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/c/a/Catalan-Aragonese_Empire.html

	ANISTORITON: Viewpoints
		Extremely capable warriors, the Almogavars were utilized by James to complete the Aragonese phase of the Reconquest, the eight hundred year long duel between the Christians and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula.
		Indeed, the acquisition of Sicily, Sardinia, and Latin Greece can only be described as haphazard or accidental, the combination of unplanned circumstances that resulted in the moving of these areas into a Catalan sphere of influence.
		He would have had more men if it had not been for the fact that 500 Catalans in his employ deserted to join the enemy arrayed against him: a force of Almogavars, 8,000 strong, which was bolstered by Turkish and Thessalian contingents.
	www.anistor.co.hol.gr /english/enback/v004.htm

	Untitled Document
		Below is an example of a 13th-14th Catalan (NW quadrant of the peninsula) constitution and next to that a medieval Catalan- Aragonese parliament or cortes.
		In some ways one can consider Catalan-Aragon Kingdom to be in fact an Empire.
		Spanish national identity had for most of the peninsula's history been molded not by a unified, centralized state, but by a balance between the ideal of independent kingsdoms and empire.
	pegasus.cc.ucf.edu /~velez/sporigins.htm

	Let's Go - Barcelona - Museu Mar�tim
		The Drassanes Reiales de Barcelona (Royal Shipyards of Barcelona) began constructing ships for the Catalan-Aragonese empire in the 13th century.
		Still amazingly well preserved today, the shipyards are considered the world's greatest standing example of Civil (i.e., non-religious) Gothic architecture and are currently awaiting nomination as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
	www.letsgo.com /BARC/05-Museums-96

	Contents: A History of Spain and Portugal
		The Catalan Economy during the Imperial Age, 275; Expansion and
		The Amina Dictatorship 967/981-1008, 26; Breakup of the Caliphate 1008-1031, 28; The Taifa Kingdoms, 29 ; Parallel between the Caliphate and the Later Spanish Empire, 30)
		These have been inserted into the text in boldface, set off in brackets, as in [29].
	libro.uca.edu /payne1

	MuseumSurplus Medieval Coins
		During his reign the Ottoman Turks under Osman conquered nearly the whole of Bithynia; and to resist them the emperor called in the aid of Roger de Flor, who commanded a body of Aragonese and Catalan adventurers known as Almogavares.
		He allowed the fleet, which his father had organized, to fall into decay; and the empire was thus less able than ever to resist the exacting demands of the rival powers of Venice and Genoa.
		The Romaion Empire rose from the remnants of the ROMAN EMPIRE and based on its founding on EARLY CHRISTIANITY in CONSTANOPLE by Constantine the Great (around 320 AD).
	www.museumsurplus.com /MedievalCoinsPAGE1.htm

	Records for The rise of the Aragonese-Catalan empire, 1200-1350. (in MARION)
		Records for The rise of the Aragonese-Catalan empire, 1200-1350.
		The rise of the Aragonese-Catalan empire, 1200-1350 by J. Lee Shneidman.
		Please send comments, suggestions, or bug reports to webmaster
	pblib.utpb.edu /MARION/%2BRISE/6a4520003100/0

	Romance languages - free-definition
		Catalan is considered by many specialists as a transition language between the Gallic group and the Iberian group, since it shares characteristics from both groups (just for an example, among many others: 'fear' is 'medo' in Portuguese, 'miedo' in Spanish, but 'por' in Catalan — compare with 'peur' in French).
		The Romance languages, also called Romanic languages, are a subfamily of the Italic languages, specifically the descendants of the Vulgar Latin dialects spoken by the common people evolving in different areas after the break-up of the Roman Empire.
		Roughly speaking, those varieties that are definitely separate languages include the main national languages (French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian and Catalan), plus Occitan (or Provençal), Sardinian, and Rumansh.
	netlexikon.akademie.de /Romance-languages.html

	Broder's Rare and Used Books Your Internet Bookstore
		Argonese Catalan History Jews Jewish Jewish religion Judaica Judaism.
	members.aol.com /bookssss/nature_books.html

	Hungarian - Wiktionary
		A person from the former Kingdom of Hungary, during the Austro-Hungarian Empire, regardless of that person's ethnicity.
		Of, from, or pertaining to the Kingdom of Hungary, during the days of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, regardless of ethnicity.
	en.wiktionary.org /wiki/Hungarian

	The Rise of the Aragonese-Catalan Empire, Compare Book Prices, 0814703844 ISBN, Cheap Books
		The Rise of the Aragonese-Catalan Empire, Compare Book Prices, 0814703844 ISBN, Cheap Books
		Catalan Contexts of Columbus: Proceedings of the T...
		Play the Catalan: Closed Variation and Catalan Ope...
	www.bookfinder4u.com /detail/0814703844.html

	byzpaleo.txt
		535-557 [BX1.4662.H33] Conomos, Dimitri, The Late Byzantine and Slavonic Communion Cycle: Liturgy and Music, (Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1985) [NYPL: JFF-87-1298] Djuric, Ivan, "Titles of the Rulers of the Second Bulgarian Empire in the Eyes of the Byzantines", in Angeliki Laiou-Thomadakis, ed., Charanis Studies, (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers UP, 1980), pp.
		Edition revue et augmentee par Chryssa Meltezou, 2 vols., (London: Variorum, 1975) [DF623.Z3 1975] Zachariadou, Elizabeth, "The Catalans of Athens and the Beginning of Turkish Expansion in the Aegean Area", Studia Medevalia 21:2 (1980), pp.
		135-157 [D1.B82] Karlin-Hayter, Patricia, "Les Catalans et les Villages de la Chaldique", Byzantion 52 (1982), pp.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/byzantium/texts/byzpaleo.txt

	Biblio: The Rise of the Aragonese-Catalan Empire 1200-1350. 2 volumes (Complete) by ISBN 0814703844: Details
		Biblio: The Rise of the Aragonese-Catalan Empire 1200-1350.
		ISBN 0814703844: The Rise of the Aragonese-Catalan Empire 1200-1350.
		Keywords: Argonese Catalan, History, Jews Jewish, Jewish religion, Judaica, Judaism.
	www.biblio.com /books/2416211.html

	links and tools
		Catalan language resources : Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística
		How to get money for writing rubbish in Catalan
		Lorna's Shorts : Barcelona and Catalan news headlines in English by Lorna the goat.
	www.oreneta.com /baldie/links/index.asp

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Topic: Catalan-Aragonese Empire

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In the News (Fri 25 Dec 09)