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Topic: Catalytic cracker

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	Hydrocarbon pretreatment process for catalytic cracking - Patent 4585544
		A process as in claim 15 wherein the process conditions in the catalytic cracker comprise a reactor pressure of 0 to 350 psig; the catalyst solids delivered to the reactor are at a temperature of 1000.degree.
		F.; the ratio of catalytic solids to the thermally pretreated gas feed to the catalytic cracker is 0.1 to 20.
		In general, the processes for producing gasoline are catalytic cracking processes in which a catalyst and the hydrocarbon feed are joined in a reactor at a high temperature to vaporize the hydrocarbon feed and crack the heavy molecules to smaller molecules capable of boiling in the range appropriate for practical commercial application.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4585544.html (4997 words)

	Cracking (chemistry) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fluid catalytic cracking is a commonly used process and a modern oil refinery will typically include a cat cracker, particularly at refineries in the USA due to the high demand for gasoline.
		Hydrocracking is a catalytic cracking process assisted by the presence of an elevated partial pressure of hydrogen.
		The catalytic cracking process involves the presence of acid catalysts (usually solid acids such as silica-alumina and zeolites) which promote a heterolytic (asymmetric) breakage of bonds yielding pairs of ions of opposite charges, usually a carbocation and the very unstable hydride anion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cracking_(chemistry) (1751 words)

	Catalytic cracking unit with internal gross cut separator and quench injector - Patent 5087427
		A catalytic cracking unit in accordance with claim 11 including a conduit comprising a substantially horizontal flow line extending between and connecting the top portion of said catalytic cracking riser reactor to said internal gross cut cyclone.
		During catalytic cracking, the feedstock, which is generally a cut or fraction of crude oil, is cracked in a reactor under catalytic cracking temperatures and pressures in the presence of a catalyst, to produce more valuable, lower molecular weight hydrocarbons.
		Catalytic cracking in the test of Example 2 was conducted with an LCCO quench with a temporary gerry-rig quench line.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5087427.html (11240 words)

	Cat Cracking
		The catalyst is in the form of pellets that are moved continuously to the top of the unit by conveyor or pneumatic lift tubes to a storage hopper, then flow downward by gravity through the reactor, and finally to a regenerator.
		Because of the presence of heaters in catalytic cracking units, the possibility exists for fire due to a leak or vapor release.
		Because the catalytic cracker is a closed system, there is normally little opportunity for exposure to hazardous substances during normal operations.
	www.setlaboratories.com /cat.htm (1073 words)

	OSHA TECHNICAL MANUAL - SECTION IV: CHAPTER 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Catalytic hydrotreating is a hydrogenation process used to remove about 90% of contaminants such as nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and metals from liquid petroleum fractions.
		In a typical catalytic hydrodesulfurization unit, the feedstock is deaerated and mixed with hydrogen, preheated in a fired heater (600°-800° F) and then charged under pressure (up to 1,000 psi) through a fixed-bed catalytic reactor.
		In the catalytic process the feedstock is either passed over a solid phosphoric acid catalyst or comes in contact with liquid phosphoric acid, where an exothermic polymeric reaction occurs.
	www.osha.gov /dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_2.html (10392 words)

	Controlling yields and selectivity in a fluid catalytic cracker unit - Patent 5298155
		In the petroleum refining industry, the fluidized catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons is well known and may be accomplished in a variety of processes which employ fluidized solid techniques.
		During the cracking reaction, coke is deposited on the catalyst particles in the reaction zone thereby reducing the activity of the catalyst for cracking and the selectivity of the catalyst for producing gasoline blending stock.
		For example, the naphtha from a catalytic cracker is a large part of the mogas yield from a refinery.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5298155.html (9755 words)

	Problems Solved
		RES conducted catalytic reforming training classes for the operators and the engineers and helped with the catalysts regenerations and the unit start ups.
		By using the RES procedures, significant improvements were made in catalyst cycle length as measured in barrels processed per pound of catalyst.
		Significant cost savings and time savings were realized by the refiner due to RES working with the contractor during the tray installation process rather than conducting a post installation inspection which would have resulted in much rework.
	www.roddey-engr.com /success/index.html (3263 words)

	KCPC Education Resource Web Site: 9.2.1 More about Catalytic Cracking
		The catalysts used in catalytic cracking are usually zeolites, compounds of aluminium, silicon, and oxygen containing strongly acid sites.
		There are a large number of ways a molecule might rearrange itself when heated up to ridiculous temperatures and given a charge, as happens in a catalytic cracker.
		These reactions are involved in the decomposition pathways that the catalytic crackers use to make more useful products.
	www.kcpc.usyd.edu.au /discovery/9.2.1/9.2.1_CrackingCatalytic.html (494 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In fluid catalytic cracking, for instance, "refinery propylene" can vary from less than 2 percent to over 6 percent of cracker output on a weight basis; the latter is produced from high severity (gasoline-oriented) operations.
		DCC is a catalytic cracking process for producing light olefins (C3-C5) from heavy feedstocks such as vacuum gas oil.
		These sources include, but are not limited to, the raw C4 stream from a steam cracker, a raffinate-1 stream, a raffinate-2 stream, a FCC C4 stream, and the C5 stream from cracker pyrolysis gasoline.
	www.chemsystems.com /newsletters/perp/Mar05_N03S7.cfm (2127 words)

	cat cracker in The AnswerBank: Science
		Most commercial catalytic crackers use catalysts that are fairly indiscriminate what they will crack.
		Secondly a particular cut of crude may produce a base stock that is not as commercially attractive as chucking it through a cracker to make a greater volume of a lighter cut.
		After organic leads were removed from gasoline there was an increase in the amount of shorter chain molecules that were redirected though catalytic crackers to make high octane value components that could used to boost the RON of gasoline rather than having to rely on the comparatively expensive and rather unpleasant alternative MTBE.
	www.theanswerbank.co.uk /Science/Question87799.html (233 words)

	COMBINATION OF PROCESSES RESULTS IN CLEANER PETROL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Catalytic cracking, with a worldwide processing capacity of over 500 million tonnes of oil per year, is one of the most important processes applied in modern oil refineries and the prime method for making petrol from oil.
		The disadvantage of catalytic cracking is that a further expensive process (hydrotreatment) is often required to render the petrol and diesel sufficiently clean and bring it into line with the necessary specifications.
		Dupain believes it can be economically and environmentally interesting to catalytically crack the fairly ‘heavy’ faction (waxes) which is created by the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis process.
	www.newmaterials.com /news/9121.asp (652 words)

	Oil Compatibilty
		Tests with mixtures of oil, toluene, and n-heptane were applied to the two streams found to contain asphaltenes, propane asphalt and fluid catalytic cracker bottoms, to determine an insolubility number, measure of asphaltene insolubility, and a solubility blending number, measure of oil solvency, for each stream.
		The solubility blending numbers of the remaining streams without asphaltenes were determined by either replacing toluene or n-heptane, depending if it were a solvent oil or a nonsolvent oil, in tests rerun on the fluid catalytic cracker bottoms.
		As a result, the propane asphalt was determined to be compatible with all other streams but the fluid catalytic cracker bottoms were determined to be incompatible with the unprocessed gas oils and catalytic kerosene oil.
	www.solublesolutions.com /oilcomp.html (1018 words)

	PRESS RELEASE Star Petroleum Corp.: Company Comments on the Benefits of Low Fluid Catalytic Cracking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fluid Catalytic Cracking represents the heart of most petroleum refineries in the United States.
		The Fluid Catalytic Cracker converts the heavy, low value portions of crude oil into gasoline, diesel fuel and other higher value products.
		During the past fifty years, the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) became the largest and most important unit on a refinery; it has been improved and upgraded, but no revolutionary changes have been made.
	www.marketwire.com /mw/release_html_b1?release_id=121144 (696 words)

	FCC Complex EN
		A principle of cracking process in the Fluid Catalytic Cracker Unit is the feeding of preheated feed mixture into the
		Light Catalytic Cracking Oil (LCCO) is pumped from the main column to the existing Gas Oil Hydrotreater.
		The Complex of Fluid Catalytic Cracker is designed and constructed as pollution very friendly process.
	www.prokop-engineering.cz /fccEN.htm (1344 words)

	BUNKERWORLD -- Catalyst Fines: Source and Composition -- Bunkers, Marine Fuel, Bunkering, Bunker Prices, BunkerNews, ...
		The purpose of the catalytic cracker in refinery processing is to increase the quantity of gasoline from the crude processed.
		Fluid bed catalytic cracking (FCC) was pioneered in the early 1940s and today there are numerous grades and manufacturers of catalyst.
		In a catalytic cracker the particles of catalyst are in constant motion at relatively high velocities and they collide with each other and the containment vessels.
	www.bunkerworld.com /technical/tech_catfines.htm (365 words)

	catalytic cracker - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Catalytic Converter, device incorporated into the exhaust system of an automobile that reduces the amount of pollutants in the automobile's exhaust...
		Catalytic Cracking: oil refining and fractional distillation (diagram)
		Search for books about your topic, "catalytic cracker"
	encarta.msn.com /catalytic+cracker.html (118 words)

	Hydrodesulfurization
		Third, some of the sulfur in gas oil fed to a catalytic cracker is in the form of coke, which is then hydrogenated and released as sulfur dioxide in the combustion gases.
		The hydrodesulfurization process involves catalytic treatment with hydrogen to convert the various sulfur compounds present to hydrogen sulfide.
		Catalytic activity is related to the presence of sulfides of group 6 and group 9-10 elements; however, the most important role of these last elements is to act as promoters.
	www.che.lsu.edu /COURSES/4205/2000/Mattson/HDS.htm (1140 words)

	Study of Catalyst Particle Emissions From a Fluidized Catalytic Cracker Unit
		The control of particle emissions from an oil refinery is often difficult, due to changing operational conditions and the limited range of available treatment options.
		Excessive particle emissions have often been attributed start up problems with Fluidized Catalytic Cracker Units (FCCU) and little information is available regarding the exact composition and nature of these excessive emissions.
		Also the refinery should be careful in using correlation found in the literature to predicted operational conditions in the system as these correlations are misleading when used under industrial situations.
	www4.gu.edu.au:8080 /adt-root/public/adt-QGU20031003.152200/index.html (711 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Petrotrin to revamp catalytic cracker soon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A key initiative of the upgrade of the FCCU, better known as the Cat Cracker, is to increase daily production of petroleum products from 30,000 to 35,000 bpd.
		Earlier, the Cat Cracker was in the news when during start up operations catalyst particles from the unit's stack was inadvertently released into the atmosphere.
		It also said safety measures were in place for the resumption of operations at the unit, which was back on stream within 24 hours of the incident.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/company/cnl42035.htm (330 words)

	Energy Slang
		A catalytic cracker, or "cat cracker," is the basic gasoline-making process in a refinery.
		The cat cracker uses high temperatures, low pressure, and a catalyst to create a chemical reaction that breaks heavy gas oil into smaller gasoline molecules.
		With a cat cracker, more of each barrel of oil can be turned into gasoline. ;
	www.eia.doe.gov /kids/energy_fungames/energyslang/catcracker.html (53 words)

	Chemicals Technology - Sasol Polypropylene Plant - Catalytic Cracker
		Along with the cracker is 220,000tpa of low-density polyethylene (ldPE), located in Sasolburg and 300,000tpa of polypropylene (PP), located in Secunda and slated to come on stream in 2007.
		The Superflex technology is a fluidised catalytic cracking process which converts light hydrocarbon streams to propylene and ethylene.
		The cracker and polymer production facilities are part of a large investment known as Project Turbo.
	www.chemicals-technology.com /projects/sasol (684 words)

	Company Profile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Light naphtha is processed through an isomerization unit and heavy naphtha is processed in a catalytic reforming unit or reformer so that gasoline octane is improved.
		Gas oil is converted in fluid catalytic cracking and hydrocracking units or hydrocracker into gasoline and diesel.
		Light olefins from the fluid catalytic cracker are processed in either HF acid (hydrofluoric acid) or sulfuric acid alkylation units.
	www.petroleumrefining.com /seminars.asp (652 words)

	2002 Press Releases
		The facility is part of the Sasol Technology Pty (SASOL) Synfuels Catalytic Cracker Project.
		Technology is a fluidized catalytic cracking process which converts light hydrocarbon steams with a high degree of selectivity to propylene and ethylene.
		Harl added that approximately 40 percent of the world market share of fluid catalytic cracker technology in refineries is KBR technology.
	www.halliburton.com /news/archive/2002/kbrnws_110602.jsp?printMe (274 words)

	Investor's Business Daily: Breaking News
		Additionally, operating the refinery without the Fluid Catalytic Cracker resulted in the production of approximately 18,000 barrels per day of lower value feedstocks that were sold at a substantial discount.
		Normally, these feedstocks are processed in the Fluid Catalytic Cracker where they are upgraded to higher value finished products.
		On a positive note, earnings in the first quarter at our Four Corners refineries exceeded the prior year level as well as their budgeted levels for the first quarter of 2006 as refining margins were strong in our marketing areas.
	www.investors.com /breakingnews.asp?journalid=37288380 (1621 words)

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