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Topic: Catalytic cracking

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	Petroleum Refining Process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Thermal cracking subjected heavy fuels to both pressure and intense heat, physically breaking their large molecules into smaller ones, producing additional gasoline and distillate fuels.
		The introduction of catalytic cracking and poly- merization processes in the mid- to late 1930s met this demand by providing improved gasoline yields and higher octane numbers.
		Alkylation, another catalytic process, was developed in the early 1940s to produce more high-octane aviation gasoline and petrochemical feedstocks, the starting materials, for explosives and synthetic rubber.
	www.ilo.org /encyclopaedia/?doc&nd=857200393&nh=0&ssect=0 (746 words)

	Cracking (chemistry) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC for short) produces a high yield of gasoline and LPG while hydrocracking is a major source of jet fuel, gasoline components and LPG.
		Fluid catalytic cracking is a commonly used process and a modern oil refinery will typically include a cat cracker, particularly at refineries in the USA due to the high demand for gasoline.
		The catalytic cracking process involves the presence of acid catalysts (usually solid acids such as silica-alumina and zeolites) which promote a heterolytic (asymmetric) breakage of bonds yielding pairs of ions of opposite charges, usually a carbocation and the very unstable hydride anion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cracking_(chemistry) (1729 words)

	Method and apparatus for injecting liquid hydrocarbon feed and steam into a catalytic cracking zone - Patent 4555328
		The catalytic cracking apparatus usually comprises a reactor section where catalytic cracking occurs coupled with a regenerator section where coke deposited on spent catalyst is burned.
		The catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons, such as a gas oil hydrocarbon feed material, is practiced at a temperature within the range of 900.degree.
		In many oil-steam nozzles employed in fluid catalytic cracking units, the system is in the annular flow regime with oil flowing on the walls of the pipe or nozzle and steam flowing in the center of the passageway.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4555328.html (3610 words)

	Fluid catalytic cracking of amorphous polypropylene - Patent 4143086
		wherein the cracking catalyst in the catalytic cracking unit is in contact with at least one metal capable of poisoning the catalyst and wherein the titanium catalyst residue in the amorphous polypropylene deactivates at least a portion of the at least one metal that is capable of poisoning the catalyst.
		In accordance with the present invention, at least a portion of the propylene value of by-product amorphous polypropylene is recovered by employing such polymer as at least a portion of the feed to a catalytic cracking process so that the amorphous polypropylene is converted, at least in part, to propylene.
		Also, in the embodiment of the invention presently described, the catalytic cracking reactors are of the fluidized flow type employing a finely divided catalyst.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4143086.html (1316 words)

	Cat Cracking
		The catalysts used in refinery cracking units are typically solid materials (zeolite, aluminum hydrosilicate, treated bentonite clay, fuller's earth, bauxite, and silica-alumina) that come in the form of powders, beads, pellets or shaped materials called extrudites.
		This cracking continues until the oil vapors are separated from the catalyst in the reactor cyclones.
		Because of the presence of heaters in catalytic cracking units, the possibility exists for fire due to a leak or vapor release.
	www.setlaboratories.com /cat.htm (1073 words)

	Catalysis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Research into catalysis is a major field in applied science, and involves many fields of chemistry, notably in organometallic chemistry, and physics.
		Catalysis is important in many aspects of environmental science, from the catalytic converter in automobiles to the causes of the ozone hole.
		Catalytic converters made from platinum and rhodium break down some of the more harmful byproducts of automobile exhaust.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Catalytic (319 words)

	Matrix Effects in Catalytic Cracking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This tends to be true for reactions which directly involve large molecules, where the influence of zeolitic cracking is limited by diffusion, such as primary cracking of large molecules or the depositing of metals from asphaltenes.
		Cracking sites have been attributed to the external surfaces of zeolite crystals, and these also can crack molecules which are too large to readily enter zeolite pores (Ref. 7).
		The relative benefits of matrix and external zeolite surface cracking of large molecules cannot be separated from available data on commercial catalysts because the relative rates of cracking on these surfaces are not known.
	www.refiningonline.com /EngelhardKB/npra/NPR8662.htm (3725 words)

	The Hendrix Group - petroleum refining corrosion
		The thermally cracked residue tar, which accumulates in the bottom of the fractionation tower, is vacuum flashed in a stripper and the distillate recycled.
		Because thermal cracking is a closed process, the primary potential for fire is from leaks or releases of liquids, gases, or vapors reaching an ignition source such as a heater.
		Catalytic hydrotreating is a hydrogenation process used to remove about 90% of contaminants such as nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and metals from liquid petroleum fractions.
	www.hghouston.com /refining.html (8939 words)

	cracking alkanes - thermal and catalytic
		Cracking is the name given to breaking up large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller and more useful bits.
		The zeolites used in catalytic cracking are chosen to give high percentages of hydrocarbons with between 5 and 10 carbon atoms - particularly useful for petrol (gasoline).
		In thermal cracking, high temperatures (typically in the range of 450°C to 750°C) and pressures (up to about 70 atmospheres) are used to break the large hydrocarbons into smaller ones.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /organicprops/alkanes/cracking.html (662 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Burton process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Burton process is a thermal cracking process invented by William M. Burton; the oil industry first used it to double the production of gasoline in 1913.
		This thermal cracking process was patented on January 7, 1913 (Patent No. 1,049,667).
		In 1937 it was superseded by catalytic cracking.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Burton_process (78 words)

	Invent Now \| Hall of Fame \| Search \| Inventor Profile
		Eugene Houdry discovered a revolutionary method for cracking low-grade crude oil into high-test gasoline, developed a catalytic process for producing synthetic rubber in World War II, and invented the catalytic converter for cleaning automobile exhaust.
		After the war Houdry expanded on his work that had yielded a catalytic process for producing gasoline from coal and invented a method for catalytically cracking low-grade crude oil.
		His catalytic muffler, patented in 1962, greatly reduced the amount of carbon dioxide and unburned hydrocarbons.
	www.invent.org /hall_of_fame/82.html (306 words)

	KCPC Education Resource Web Site: 9.2.1 More about Catalytic Cracking
		The key reaction in catalytic cracking is the addition of H
		The catalysts used in catalytic cracking are usually zeolites, compounds of aluminium, silicon, and oxygen containing strongly acid sites.
		X and Y zeolites are the major catalysts used in catlytic cracking.
	www.kcpc.usyd.edu.au /discovery/9.2.1/9.2.1_CrackingCatalytic.html (494 words)

	Chem 381- CHAPTER TWO part 2
		Catalytic cracking- The primary objective of catalytic cracking is the production of gasoline.
		The gasoline obtained by the direct distillation of crude petroleum is insufficient to meet demand (i.e., not enough is produced) and additional gasoline is obtained by the cracking of higher boiling petroleum fractions.
		Feedstocks are cracked by heating in the absence of catalysts
	web.umr.edu /~wlf/CHEM381/chap22.html (1917 words)

	Exotic Research Report \| Vol 3 No 2 \| Thermal Catalytic Cracking: Vital Key to 100MPG Super Carbs!
		It had a large catalytic chamber heated by the exhaust and electric elements powered by additional alternators capable of reaching this 747° and beyond.
		This cracking action uses all the fuel instead of leaving leftover high boiling point fuel that normally burns in the exhaust pipe or is reburnt in regular exhaust catalytic converters if enough oxygen is present.
		In this invention the gasoline is catalytically converted to small molecular, light hydrocarbons, methane and methanol which are then mixed with air for combustion.
	www.teslatech.info /ttstore/report/articles/v3n2art/crack.htm (3059 words)

	Expert: Catalysis, Petroleum Refining Expert
		He has worked with streams from crude oils/natural gas, catalytic cracking and thermal coking or steam cracking.
		Expert has worked with fluid catalytic cracking, delayed coking, fluid- or flexi-coking, and other thermal cracking units.
		Having worked in steam cracking operations for over 15 years, Expert is familiar with units which crack single or multiple feedstocks such as ethane, LPG, naphtha, gasoline, oils, and gas oil fractions.
	www.intota.com /viewbio.asp?bioID=603456&perID=108443&show=Full (783 words)

	How Oil Refining Works by Craig C (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Cracking takes large hydrocarbons and breaks them into smaller ones.
		After various hydrocarbons are cracked into smaller hydrocarbons, the products go through another fractional distillation column to separate them.
		The major unification process is called catalytic reforming and uses a catalyst (platinum, platinum-rhenium mix) to combine low weight naptha into aromatics, which are used in making chemicals and in blending gasoline.
	www.tstctech.com /Refining/Chemical_processing.htm (459 words)

	CB&I : Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units
		CBandI is a leading provider of engineering, procurement and construction services for fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) projects.
		The Baton Rouge Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Unit Turnaround consisted of two separate FCC turnarounds that were completed within schedule and within budget.
		The El Segundo Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Process Unit upgrade turnaround project increased the gasoline for the El Segundo refinery.
	www.cbi.com /services/fluid-catalytic-cracking-units.aspx (474 words)

	Kinetic Modeling of Catalytic Cracking of Gas Oil Feedstocks: Reaction and Diffusion Phenomena (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Catalytic cracking experiments of vacuum gas oil on fluid catalytic cracking (FCC)-type catalysts are carried out in a fluidized bench-scale batch Chemical Reactor Engineering Centre (CREC) riser simulator reactor.
		A five-lump kinetic model describing the catalytic cracking of vacuum gas oil is considered, which accounts for diffusional constraints experienced by hydrocarbon species while evolving in the zeolite pore network.
		This study provides insights into the effect of intracrystalline diffusion in the catalytic cracking of heavy feedstocks.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/iecred/2006/45/i05/abs/ie050683x.html (225 words)

	Gasoline sulfur reduction in fluid catalytic cracking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In a fluid catalytic cracking process in which a heavy hydrocarbon oil feed comprising organosulfur compounds is catalytically cracked to lighter products by contact in a cyclic catalyst recirculation cracking process with a circulating fluidizable catalytic cracking catalyst inventory consisting of particles having a size ranging from about 20 to about 100 microns, comprising:
		A method according to claim 17 in which the cracking catalyst comprises zeolite USY and the separate particle additive catalyst comprises zeolite USY.
		A method according to claim 20 in which the zeolite of the cracking catalyst comprises a large pore size zeolite having cracking activity.
	typhoon.he.net /~sella001/patents/6852214c.html (638 words)

	Glossary & Trademarks - Shell Chemicals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A thermal cracking process to break up large molecules into smaller ones with the generation of quantities of petroleum coke.
		If a catalyst is used as well it is known as catalytic cracking.
		Cracking causes molecular decomposition and recombination to produce a range of more useful base chemicals.
	www.shellchemicals.com /glossary/1,1098,1159,00.html (1632 words)

	Amazon.co.jp： Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook: Design, Operation and Troubleshooting of Fcc Facilities (Chemical ...
		This thoroughly updated edition of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook provides practical information on the design, operation, troubleshooting, and optimization of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) facilities.
		Based on the author's years of field experience, this expanded, second edition covers the latest technologies to improve the profitability and reliability of the FCC units, and provides several "no-to-low-cost" practical recommendations.
		Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) continues to play a key role in an integrated refinery as the primary conversion process. 最初のページを読む
	www.amazon.co.jp /o/ASIN/0884152898/bosscity-22/ref=nosim (283 words)

	Cleaner Petrol From 'Catalytic Cracking' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Catalytic cracking, with a worldwide processing capacity of over 500 million tonnes of oil per year, is one of the most important processes applied in modern oil refineries and the prime method for making petrol from oil.
		The disadvantage of catalytic cracking is that a further expensive process (hydrotreatment) is often required to render the petrol and diesel sufficiently clean and bring it into line with the necessary specifications.
		At the moment this cracking is still done using expensive hydrocracking that focuses mainly on the production of diesel and that also involves high consumption of hydrogen.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?newsID=5047 (1089 words)

	Company Profile
		Light naphtha is processed through an isomerization unit and heavy naphtha is processed in a catalytic reforming unit or reformer so that gasoline octane is improved.
		Gas oil is converted in fluid catalytic cracking and hydrocracking units or hydrocracker into gasoline and diesel.
		Light olefins from the fluid catalytic cracker are processed in either HF acid (hydrofluoric acid) or sulfuric acid alkylation units.
	www.petroleumrefining.com /seminars.asp (621 words)

	Amazon.ca: Fluid Catalytic Cracking V: Books: M.L. Occelli,P. O'Connor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		During the cracking reactions, the FCC surface is contaminated by metals (Ni, V, Fe, Cu, Na) and by coke deposition.
		As a result, the catalyst activity and product selectivity is reduced to unacceptable levels thus forcing refiners to replace part of the recirculating equilibrium FCC inventory with fresh FCC to compensate for losses in catalyst performance.
		It is for these reasons that refiners' interest in FCC research has remained high through the years almost independantly, of crude oil prices.
	www.amazon.ca /Fluid-Catalytic-Cracking-M-L-Occelli/dp/0444504753 (466 words)

	ORGANIC CHEMISTRY MECHANISMS ALKANES - chlorine/bromine heat/uv ultraviolet chlorination/bromination alkanes ...
		C, with/without superheated steam) they are thermally decomposed or 'cracked' to form mainly alkanes of lower C number, alkenes of equal or smaller C number and hydrogen.
		When the temperature is high enough, the kinetic energy of the particles is sufficient to cause bond fission on collision, and this initiates a free radical chain reaction.
		I found little help for ionic cracking mechanisms in either textbooks or the internet, I'm quite happy with the catalytic cycle in (b), but frankly I found the descriptions for (a) not easy to follow and cannot vouch for their absolute authenticity.
	www.wpbschoolhouse.btinternet.co.uk /page06/OrgMechs.htm (1467 words)

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