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Topic: Categories (Aristotle)

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Corpus Aristotelicum

Prior Analytics

Aristotle

	Aristotle's Metaphysics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Aristotle's description ‘the study of being qua being’ is frequently and easily misunderstood, for it seems to suggest that there is a single (albeit special) subject matter — being qua being — that is under investigation.
		Aristotle proposes a solution that applies to definitions reached by the “method of division.” According to this method (see Aristotle's logic), one begins with the broadest genus containing the species to be defined, and divides the genus into two sub-genera by means of some differentia.
		The answer Aristotle proposes is that the cause of being of a substance (e.g., of a house) is the form or essence that is predicated of the matter (e.g., of the bricks and stones) that constitute that substance.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/aristotle-metaphysics (12922 words)

	Aristotle
		Although the surviving works of Aristotle probably represent only a fragment of the whole, they include his investigations of an amazing range of subjects, from logic, philosophy, and ethics to physics, biology, psychology, politics, and rhetoric.
		Aristotle appears to have thought through his views as he wrote, returning to significant issues at different stages of his own development.
		There he considered the natural desire to achieve happiness, described the operation of human volition and moral deliberation, developed a theory of each virtue as the mean between vicious extremes, discussed the value of three kinds of friendship, and defended his conception of an ideal life of intellectual pursuit.
	www.philosophypages.com /ph/aris.htm (779 words)

	Aristotle
		Aristotle's thought must be viewed over against the background of the matter-metaphysics of the naturalists and the form-metaphysics of Plato as answers to this question.
		Aristotle's thought is characterized by empirical starting-points, adequately pursued, and then the development of theories to explain the data of observation.
		Aristotle recognizes two general kinds of change: one in which there is a persisting subject (qualified coming into Being) and one in which a new subject comes into being (unqualified coming into Being).
	www.homestead.com /philofreligion/files/Aristotle.html (1832 words)

	Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
		Aristotle married Pythias, a niece of Hermeias, the ruler of Assos.
		Aristotle replies that the production of an artefact and the generation of an organism introduce a new subject, a substance that is neither identical to nor wholly dependent on the matter that constitutes it at a time (see Identity §2).
		Aristotle does not endorse the conception of oratory as a technique of persuasion that is indifferent to the moral and political aims that it serves.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /ip/rep/A022.htm (15788 words)

	Aristotle - Free Online Library
		Aristotle (384 B.C. Aristotle was born in 384 B.C.E. in Stagirus, Macedonia, Greece, the son of Nicomachus, a medical doctor, and Phaestis.
		Aristotle married Pythias, the adopted daughter of Hermias, ruler of Atarneus, after Hermias' murder by the Persians.
		Aristotle then went to Athens after it was conquered by Alexander and created a school, the Lyceum or Peripatetic School, in 335 B.C.E., running it for twelve years.
	aristotle.thefreelibrary.com (569 words)

	Predication, Homonymy, and the Categories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Aristotle calls a thing with this property universal (kath'holou: 'of a whole'), and he calls a thing without it particular (kath' hekaston: 'according to each').
		Aristotle has quite definite views on how words may be combined to make sentences and on what their meanings may be.
		That is, if A and B are in the same category and A is predicated of B, then the definition of A will also be predicated of B. This is precisely Aristotle's definition of synonymy: both A and its definition are true of B as well as A, so A and B are synonymous.
	aristotle.tamu.edu /~rasmith/Courses/Ancient/predication.html (2316 words)

	Aristotle's Metaphysics
		Aristotle begins Z.10 by endorsing the following principle about definitions and their parts: “a definition is an account, and every account has parts, and part of the account stands to part of the thing in just the same way that the whole account stands to the whole thing” (1034b20-22).
		Aristotle begins by returning to the candidates for the title of ousia introduced in Z.3, and points out that having now discussed the claims of the subject and the essence, it is time to consider the third candidate, the universal.
		In Z.17 Aristotle proposes a new point of departure in his effort to say what sort of a thing substance is. The new idea is that a substance is a “principle and a cause” (archê kai aitia, 1041a9) of being.
	www.seop.leeds.ac.uk /archives/fall2002/entries/aristotle-metaphysics (11037 words)

	Categories (Aristotle)
		Categories (or "Categoriae") is a text from Aristotle's Organon that enumerates all the possible kinds of thing which can be the subject or the predicate of a proposition.
		The Categories places every object of human apprehension under one of ten categories (known to medieval writers as the praedicamenta).
		Note, however, that although Aristotle has apparently distinguished between being in a subject, and being predicated truly of a subject, in the Prior Analytics these are treated as synonymous.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Aristotle/Categories.html (713 words)

	Aristotle's Categories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Of the ten categories, substance is not present in a subject; the rest are present in a subject.
		The particular instances of each category are not said of a subject, but the universals of particular instances are said of a subject.
		Because substance is the highest genus of its category, it cannot be defined (for a definition requires a genus and a differentia, but substance has no genus); and so we give a list of its characteristics.
	www.humanities.mcmaster.ca /~hitchckd/Aristotle'sCategories.htm (637 words)

	[No title]
		Available online at http://classics.mit.edu//Aristotle/categories.html Categories By Aristotle Translated by E. Edghill ---------------------------------------------------------------------- SECTION 1 Part 1 Things are said to be named 'equivocally' when, though they have a common name, the definition corresponding with the name differs for each.
		We spoke, moreover, of the category of position when we were dealing with that of relation, and stated that such terms derived their names from those of the corresponding attitudes.
		(i) Pairs of opposites which fall under the category of relation are explained by a reference of the one to the other, the reference being indicated by the preposition 'of' or by some other preposition.
	classics.mit.edu /Aristotle/categories.mb.txt (13236 words)

	categories2notes
		Aristotle's works are usually divided into "Books" and "Chapters," but Categories is too short to need more than one book, so it has only chapters.
		Aristotle would call them "universals." A universal is something that applies to many things, such as "human" (there are many particular humans), "color" (there are many particular colors), "red" (there are many particular reds), etc.
		For instance, cerise is a member of the species red, which is a member of the genus color, which is a member of the higher genus quality (quality is one of Aristotle's categories).
	www.uvm.edu /~jbailly/courses/Aristotle/notes/categories2notes.html (1174 words)

	Aristotle (384-322 BC) By Miles Hodges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Thus for Aristotle the perfect-imperfect dualism in life occured not between things seen and unseen (as it had for Plato), but between the imperfect things seen on earth and the perfect things seen in the heavens.
		Also unlike his teacher, Aristotle was very focused on the things of the earth, its "Particulars." He had what we would call a very strong empirical mindset--which delighted in discovering new shapes and forms in the world around him.
		Aristotle was a great organizer of the world's particulars, setting up categories and rules for orderly thinking--not only in biology and geology, but also in logic, ethics, and politics.
	www.newgenevacenter.org /biography/aristotle2.htm (1305 words)

	International Catholic University: 32.3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Aristotle makes three distinctions before he deals with the categories themselves, then he enunciates a law, and third he begins to discuss the categories.
		Since the categories are the ultimate, the highest genera, and they have to predicated of their species according to the same meaning, the categories must be words used univocally.
		First Aristotle notes that all of these express the understanding of the first operation of the intellect, since none of them by themselves signify the true or the false.
	home.comcast.net /~icuweb/c03203.htm (4009 words)

	Predication and Ontology: Categories
		Similarly, the category of quality can be divided into subcategories such as color, which can in turn be divided into red, green, etc. Aristotle thinks that these specific qualities can be further divided into individuals (analogous to individual substances) such as this individual bit of white.
		Predication within a category (“Socrates is a human,” “a tiger is an animal,” “red is a color”) involves classifying something (whether a particular or a universal) under some higher universal within the same category tree.
		Aristotle’s solution goes between the horns of this dilemma: it is not precisely correct to say that the whole universal is in each particular of which it is predicated, nor is it precisely correct to say that it is “only” a part of the universal that is in a given particular.
	faculty.washington.edu /smcohen/320/cats320.htm (1627 words)

	Harvard University Press: Categories. On Interpretation. Prior Analytics by Aristotle
		Aristotle, great Greek philosopher, researcher, reasoner, and writer, born at Stagirus in 384 BC, was the son of Nicomachus, a physician, and Phaestis.
		After Philip's death in 336, Aristotle became head of his own school (of 'Peripatetics'), the Lyceum at Athens.
		Nearly all the works Aristotle prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture-materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious).
	www.hup.harvard.edu /catalog/L325.html (394 words)

	Lecture on Categories
		For Aristotle, man is what Socrates IS; wise, on the other hand, is not what he IS (even though we say he is wise).
		When Aristotle talks about “parts of substances”; in the Categories, he is probably thinking of “conceptual” parts, and differentiae would be such parts (cf.
		The argument he gives in the Categories consists in choosing some non-substances as values of x, and then showing that for a choice of values of F (with respect to which we would expect there to be change) x does not go from being F at one time to being not-F at another time.
	faculty.washington.edu /smcohen/433/catlec.htm (1731 words)

	"CAT"egories in Aristotle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Primary Non-Substance: This white, this lying-on-its-back, this furriness (an individual which is one in number but in a non-substance category) ("In a subject, not said of a subject")
		White is "in" Fluffy, as a non-substance item in the category of quality.
		The species cat is not spoken of by Aristotle as being "in" Fluffy because it's more true "of" Fluffy, it's what must be there for Fluffy to be what he is. In the same way, four-footed is not "in" Fluffy because it is part of the very definition of what he is as a cat.
	www.uh.edu /~cfreelan/courses/categories.html (438 words)

	Category - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Categories (card game), a variant of the above, played with cards.
		Category (mathematics), from category theory, a collection of mathematical objects of the same kind, together with the structure-preserving processes between them.
		Other sports sometimes have categories during tournaments, or categories that divide players and athletes by talent level.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Categories (177 words)

	The Internet Classics Archive \| Categories by Aristotle
		Categories has been divided into the following sections:
		Commentary: Many comments have been posted about Categories.
		Recommend a Web site you feel is appropriate to this work,
	classics.mit.edu /Aristotle/categories.html (27 words)

	Aristotle - Categories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Aristotle's Works are best viewed with Netscape 2.0
		The Works of Aristotle makes extensive use of Netscape 2.0's "Frames" feature for maximum enjoyment.
		You can download Netscape 2.0 for free for your computer.
	libertyonline.hypermall.com /Aristotle/Logic/Categories.html (33 words)

	The Categories - Aristotle - Microsoft Reader eBook
		The Categories - Aristotle - Microsoft Reader eBook
		Home > eBook Categories > Literature > Classics > Microsoft Reader eBooks > Aristotle > The Categories
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	www.ebookmall.com /ebook/78421-ebook.htm (498 words)

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