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	Dniepropetrovsk
		Dniepropetrovsk was founded in 1776 during the reign of Catharine II in Russia.
		In 1776 the plan of construction of the city was submitted to the colonel G. Potyomkin, governor-general of the south of Russia.
		In May 1787 during the trip of Catharine II over the south of Russia empress laid down the first stone to the foundation of Preobrazshenskiy cathedral.
	members.tripod.com /dniepropetrovsk (1460 words)

	Catherine the Great
		After converting to Russian Orthodox, she was crowned Catharine II of Russia (Ekaterina Alexeevna) on 22 September 1762, after deposing her own husband — a husband she married at age 15 by political arrangement.
		Catharine was well-read and selected able advisors, so she proved more than suited to the task of ruling the largest empire in Europe.
		Empress Catharine was early on sympathetic with the French Revolution and its intellectual leadership: she corresponded with Voltaire and d'Alembert, invited Diderot to settle in Russia, and attempted to translate their Rationalist and humanist values to Russian soil.
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/0502almanac.htm (375 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Russia
		The boundaries of Russia are: on the north, the Arctic Ocean; on the west, Sweden, Norway, the Baltic Sea, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Rumania; on the south, the Black Sea, Turkey, Persia, the Caspian Sea; Afghanistan, and China; on the east, the Pacific Ocean.
		This marriage was concluded by Paul II and Cardinal Bessarion, and served as the pretext for the tsars to declare themselves heirs of the Byzantine basileis, to take as their arms the two-headed eagle, and to assume the rôle of defenders and champions of the Orthodox Church.
		The treaty of 15 Jan., 1772, between Russia and Prussia sanctioned the iniquitous division of Poland, which was desired by Frederick II and was hastened by the policy of the Polish nobility and, to a great extent, of the clergy.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13231c.htm (19233 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Religion of Russia
		In 1080 the antipope Clement III sent a letter to the Metropolitan Ivan II (dead in 1089), proposing to the latter the union of the Russian Church; Ivan answered, however, enumerating the heresies of the Latins (Marcovitch attributes this letter to the Metropolitan Ivan IV, who, according to Golubinsky, died in 1166).
		Wherefore, Russia did not accept the decree of union of the Council of Florence; on the contrary, she drew from it arguments to proclaim the superiority of her Orthodox faith over the pliant faith of the Greeks, and to prepare the way for her religious autonomy.
		In 1779 Catharine II invited the Jesuits to exercise their ministry in White Russia, and in 1786 they had in Russia six colleges and 178 members.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13253a.htm (11809 words)

	RUSSIA
		The Varangians/Russes got to Russia through their technology, the sailing ships that could actually take them to Greenland; but they came to rule the area through forms of large scale political organization that may have been rudimentary compared to Francia and Romania, but were beyond anything seen previously east of Moravia.
		Russia would then always be hindered by autocratic government that alternatively smothered dissent and innovation and then, alarmed at the backwardness of the country, attempted to impose top-down reforms and development -- which then would be resisted by a national conservatism that the government in its phase of being threatened by change would have loved.
		While Catharine was a vigorous and successful ruler who counted as one of the "Enlightened Despots" of the age, she was a despot indeed, confirming the Russian tradition of autocracy, an also an anti-Semite.
	www.friesian.com /russia.htm (8586 words)

	GUSTAVUS I. ERIKSSON - LoveToKnow Article on GUSTAVUS I. ERIKSSON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Gustavuss outward appearance in the prime of life is thus described by a contemporary: He was of the middle heig~it, with a round head, light yellow hair, a fine long beard, sharp eyes, a ruddy countenance.
		Throughout 1789 and 1790 Gustavus, in the national interests, gallantly conducted the unequal struggle with Russia, finally winning in the Svensksund (9th-loth July) the most glorious naval victory ever gained by the Swedish arms, the Russians losing one-third of their fleet and 7000 men.
		The peace of Varl saved Sweden from any such humiliating concession, and in October 1791 Gustavus took the bold but by no means imprudent step of concluding an eight years defensive alliance with the empress, who thereby bound herself to pay her new ally annual subsidies amounting to 300,000 roubles.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GU/GUSTAVUS_I_ERIKSSON.htm (2046 words)

	Queen Catherine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Catherine of Aragon (1485 - 1536), queen consort of England: daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile; 1st wife of Henry VIII of England; mother of Mary I of England
		Catherine de Médicis (1519 - 1589), queen consort and regent of France: daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici; wife of Henry II of France; mother of Francis II of France and Charles IX of France and Henry III of France
		Catharine of Braganza (1638 - 1705), queen consort of England: daughter of John IV of Portugal; wife of Charles II of England
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Queen_Catherine (419 words)

	The Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies - Commentary - Khan of the Kremlin
		Russia is interested in becoming a new home for Saudi investment, much of which has begun to shy away from the US and Europe in light of massive 9/11-related class-action lawsuits.
		Russia’s UN opposition to the invasion of Iraq was reinforced by Kadyrov, Russia’s new ‘Islamic agent’.
		Orthodox patriarch Alexei II speaks glowingly of ‘the unification of the state and the church, the unity forcibly interrupted by the tragic events of the twentieth century’.
	www.ciss.ca /Comment_Chechnya.htm (3782 words)

	[No title]
		The Jews are more numerous in Russia than in any other part of the world, being found mainly in those portions of the Empire which formed part of the ancient Kingdom of Poland, and the governments nearest to these territories.
		As the Jews in Russia are to a great extent kept out of the ordinary trades, many of them have resorted to the business of money lending, and by means of mortgages placed to secure loans they have obtained control of small landed properties.
		The fierce persecution to which the Jews have been subjected in Russia and Rumania has caused an emigration on a vast scale to the United States." It was started as a political move, the promoters desiring to discredit the Liberals and Socialists through the Jews.
	www.bklyn-genealogy-info.com /Ethnic/Jewish/Emmigration.Jew.html (4222 words)

	Manifesto of Catherine the Great
		All foreigners who settle in Russia either to engage in agriculture and some trade, or to undertake to build factories and plants will be offered a helping hand and the necessary loans required for the construction of factories useful for the future, especially of such as have not yet been built in Russia.
		Those among the foreigners in Russia who establish factories, plants, or firms, and produce goods never before manufactured in Russia, will be permitted to sell and export freely for ten years, without paying export duty or excise tax.
		Foreign capitalists who build factories, plants, and concerns in Russia at their own expense are permitted to purchase serfs and peasants needed for the operation of the factories.
	members.aol.com /jktsn/manifest.htm (1618 words)

	Untitled Document
		(II) Nicholas William, son of governor Petrus and Judith (Bayard) Stuyvesant, was born in New York, in 1648, died there in 1698.
		(II) Aaron, son of Marcus Levison, was born in Gross Hertzhochthum, Hessen, Germany.
		Czar Nicholas II of Russia, and King Humbert of Italy, hearing of Mr.
	www.usgennet.org /usa/topic/historical/southernnewyork/s_ny_45.htm (4367 words)

	Women in power 1770-1800
		She was the 14th and last child of the Elector of Sachsen and King of Poland and Lithauen, Friedrich August II and Maria Josepha von Habsburg.
		The oldest daughter of Heinrich Paul Franz II, Count von Mansfeld-Vorderort, Fürst von Fondi and his second wife Marie Josefa Czerninova z Chudenicz, she was the sole heiress of the Mansfeld-Querfurt Line of the Conts of Mandsfeld.
		Also known as Bala Bai, she was regent for son, Ananol Rao II Khande, who was born six months after the death of his father and lived until 1807.
	www.guide2womenleaders.com /womeninpower/Womeninpower1770.htm (7399 words)

	Catharine II Announces the First Partition of Poland (1772)
		The following is the declaration which the minister plenipotentiary of Russia communicated in the name of her Imperial Majesty Catharine II, to the king and republic of Poland on September 18, 1772, announcing the first partition of that country.
		Nothing is consequently more urgent than a prompt remedy for these ills, which are producing the most vexatious effects in the neighboring states, and which, if no measures of prevention are taken, will probably entail modifications of the political system of this part of Europe.
		Each of the three powers reserves the privilege of issuing a statement in due time, by which their Majesties will renounce hereafter all rights, claims, and pretensions for damages or interest which they may have upon the possessions and subjects of the Republic.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/PartPol1.html (473 words)

	Rationalism and its Effects: The Suppression of the Society of Jesus @ ELCore.Net
		and Frederick II., according to which the Jesuits in Prussian territory were to be disbanded formally and were to lay aside their dress, but they were permitted to continue under a different name to direct the colleges which they possessed.
		of Russia continued till her death to protect the Society.
		In 1778 she insisted upon the erection of a novitiate, for which oral permission seems to have been given by Pius VI.
	catholicity.elcore.net /MacCaffrey/HCCRFR1_Chapter08d.html (2911 words)

	Mennonites, The - KS-Cyclopedia - 1912
		Members of this sect located in Switzerland, Austria and Russia and it is from these countries that the greatest number emigrated.
		In 1783 Catharine II, of Russia, invited the Mennonites to colonize the recently acquired province of Taurida.
		A period of ten years was granted, during which time any of the 3,000,000 colonists might leave, but few knew of this and had not one of their leaders, Cornelius Jansen, advised emigration to America, many would have become Russian subjects.
	skyways.lib.ks.us /genweb/archives/1912/m/mennonites_the.html (779 words)

	History of the Johann Friedrich Mohr Family
		Catherine II issued a manifesto on 4 December 1762 inviting people of all nationalities, except Jews, to come to Russia, however, because of the Seven Year’s war most of the men were away in the army and the invitation received no response.
		Thus with a part of the family in Russia, and others in Indiana, and the additional burden of caring for a sick son, Margaret’s mother also became ill due to her grief for the absent members and the sick son.
		Catherine II of Russia, was born into a family of minor nobility.
	mysite.verizon.net /tw.mohr/mohrhistory.htm (22941 words)

	Johann Kepler biography
		In 1594 he accepted the chair of astronomy and mathematics at Graz, which he held until 1600, when he was compelled to leave on account of religious difficulties.
		In July, 1628, he left the service of the Emperor Ferdinand II and entered that of Wallenstein, who promised to pay the amount of his former salary that still remained unpaid.
		His extant manuscripts were purchased by Empress Catharine II of Russia, donated by her to the Academy of St. Petersburg and deposited in the observatory of Pulkowa, where they remained inaccessible for a long time.
	www.dromo.info /keplerbio.htm (704 words)

	The NDSU Libraries: Germans From Russia
		The Germans from Russia Heritage Collection appreciates the detailed book review provided by Eric J. Schmaltz and Sam Sinner, graduate students at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Nebraska.
		First providing the historical background by briefly covering the period from Russia's traditional "founding" date of 988 A.D. to World War I's 1914 outbreak, the contributors then devote most of their attention to the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries.
		After broadly defining Russia's geographical parameters and explaining Russian geography's historical importance, the edition emphasizes the modern era's major socio-economic continuities and transformations that deeply affected the ethnic Germans' way of life.
	www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu /grhc/order/german_language/stricker.html (1870 words)

	Mother Russia
		Under a Manifesto issued in 1763 by the Russian Czarina, Catharine II (the Great), large numbers of West Prussian Mennonite families immigrated to the Ukraine region of Russia in the years 1788 to 1835.
		Exemption from military service was only for 20 years and each family had to make a payment to the Russian embassy in Berlin of 35 talers, a considerable sum in those days.
		In addition these Mennonites were expected to be model farmers, an example to the surrounding population, and to bring with them to Russia the necessary implements, draft animals, and seeds.
	www.kansasfolks.net /Genealogy/mother_russia.htm (1114 words)

	Sketches of Jewish Life in Russia.
		A General Survey of the Condition of the Jews in Russia
		A similar fate befell a second ukase, in which the Emperor assigned to the Jews land in the crown domains near St. Petersburg and Moscow, with the condition that they should learn agriculture.
		In the wars which Europe waged against Napoleon, Russia took so large a share, that the Emperor had not the leisure to direct enough of his attention to the internal affairs of his own country.
	www.jewish-history.com /Occident/volume5/oct1847/russia.html (277 words)

	Search by City: Biographies, Indiana Women's History Association, Inc.
		Catharine went from her birthplace (Corydon) by covered wagon to Indianapolis at the age of nine months.
		In 1869 Catharine was the second woman in the U.S. to be named to a university professorship.
		Katharine was niece and namesake of Catharine Merrill.
	www.iwh.iupui.edu /searchbycity.html (20373 words)

	§3. Strawberry Hill. XI. Letter-Writers. Vol. 10. The Age of Johnson. The Cambridge History of English and ...
		When he himself came into the property, there was little left to manage.
		The picture gallery at Houghton, which Horace greatly loved, was sold to the empress Catharine II of Russia; and, before Lord Orford died, in December, 1791, he had become practically bankrupt.
		Horace Walpole had thus to take up an earldom which had fallen on evil days.
	www.bartleby.com /220/1103.html (951 words)

	Wrote. Yesterday's News, Today.
		Diane de Potiers was 36 when she won the heart of Henry II.
		Bianca Capello was 33 when the Grand Duke francis of Florence fell captive to her charms and made her his wife, though he was five years her junior.
		of Russia was 33 when she seized the empire of Russia and captivated the dashing young Gen. Orloff.
	www.wrote.org /archives/week_2002_07_21.php (1402 words)

	[No title]
		Alexander, Emperor of Russia, Madame de Sta~Ms character of, viii.
		Belus, remains of the tower, pyramid, or sepulchre of, ii.
		Charles II, the effect on English literature of the taste of his age, x.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /ndlpcoop/nicmoas/nora/noraind2.sgm (12466 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		At that time, Katharina II of Russia, who was a German, was encouraging Germans to live in the Wolga area of Russia by offering land.
		Roots-saknes.lv web site, "The Tzarin Catharine II (she was also a German by ethnicity) organized some migrations of Germans to Russia in the 18th century and one of her projects was directly related to the region of Latvia.
		The Latvian community consisted of serf farmers, whose emancipation began in 1819 in Latvia (in Russia the emancipation of the serfs took place in 1861).
	home.comcast.net /~jmhartley/Rath/rathf001.htm (3727 words)

	Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Catharine of Russia.
		Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference > Brewer’s Dictionary > Catharine of Russia.
		When Czar Peter wished to marry her, it was needful to make her of noble birth; so a private person was first converted into her brother, and then into a great lord by birth.
		Hence Catharine, being the sister of a “great lord,” was made fit to be the wife of the Czar.
	www.bartleby.com /81/3203.html (95 words)

	Russian Coins & Medals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		There are over 10,000 Russian coins and 1,250 medals in this collection once owned by the Grand Duke Georgii Mikhailovich, nephew of Tsar Alexander II of Russia.
		The collection begins with a few examples of ingots and coins from the early principalities which made up Russia, and then goes on to the time of Peter the Great, who is very well represented, including over 400 rubles, plus many examples of the smaller denominations and various medals and commemorative pieces.
		Of special interest are the very rare pattern two ruble piece of 1722, and the beard tokens of 1705, issued at the time when Peter had ordered the Boyars (Russian nobility) to shave their traditional beards as part of his program to modernize Russia.
	americanhistory.si.edu /collections/numismatics/russianc/russ.htm (277 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.1, Entry 9, ACADEMIES: Library of Economics and Liberty
		What the state can and should do, if only in its own interest, is to surround its academies and learned men with the consideration due them.
		Great monarchs, powerful ministers, such as Peter the Great in Russia and Richelieu in France, understood perfectly well the power which the cultivation of letters, science and art gives the state.
		There are weekly sessions, and three solemn public sessions each year: on January 24th, the anniversary of the birth of King Frederick II.; July 3rd, in memory of Leibnitz; and on the anniversary of the birth of the reigning sovereign.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy9.html (4572 words)

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