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	Catherine II - LoveToKnow 1911
		In 1744 she was taken to Russia, to be affianced to the grandduke Peter, the nephew of the empress Elizabeth (q.v.), and her recognized heir.
		The mere fact that Catherine II., a small German princess without hereditary claim to the throne, ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796 amid the loyalty of the great mass of the people, and the respect and admiration of her neighbours, is sufficient proof of the force of her character.
		When Catherine found herself opposed by the policy of France and England, and threatened by the jealousy of Prussia and Austria, she dropped the Greek design, observing to Voltaire that the descendants of the Spartans were much degenerated.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Catherine_II (3202 words)

	Catherine the Great - MSN Encarta
		In July 1762 Catherine and the imperial guard led by her lover Count Grigory Orlov overthrew Peter in a palace coup, and Catherine was declared empress as Catherine II.
		Catherine II made her considerable mark in history by her extremely successful and expansive foreign policy as well as by her energetic and fruitful continuation of the process of Westernization in the footsteps of Peter the Great.
		Catherine II was succeeded by her son, Emperor Paul I, whom she had managed to keep away from the throne for decades.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761559802/Catherine_the_Great.html (2069 words)

	League of Armed Neutrality@Everything2.com
		Russia was also rather dependent on the British merchant marine for its foreign trade, and it was therefore eager for the Dutch to join in a neutral league so their ships could be utilized and trade pursued with Britain's enemies.
		Catherine II was not the first one to suggest the formation of a neutral league.
		Catherine II did not want to ruin Russian-British relations, and co-operation with Sweden, which was France's friend, and thus indirectly opposed Catherine's expansionist policies against Turkey, did not seem worthwhile (Madariaga, 1981: 382).
	everything2.com /index.pl?node_id=1179781 (1385 words)

	Catherine II - FREE Catherine II Biography \| Encyclopedia.com: Facts, Pictures, Information!
		Some have questioned the sincerity of Catherine's "enlightened" outlook, and there is no doubt that she became more conservative as a result of the peasant rising (1773-74) under Pugachev.
		In 1785, Catherine issued a charter that made the gentry of each district and province a legal body with the right to petition the throne, freed nobles from taxation and state service and made their status hereditary, and gave them absolute control over their lands and peasants.
		Catherine and her advisers, particularly Potemkin, developed a program known as the Greek Project, which aimed at a partition of the Ottoman Empire's European holdings among Russia, Austria, and other countries.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Cathrin2.html (2509 words)

	Catherine II, Empress of Russia (1729-1796) — GAMEO
		Catherine II, Empress of Russia 1762-1796, called the Mennonites as competent colonists (see Chortitza) into her recently acquired lands in the Ukraine.
		Catherine was born Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst on 2 May 1729, daughter of Prince Christian August of Anhalt-Zerbst (1690-1747) and Johanna Elisabeth von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (1712-1760).
		By means of a special document signed by George von Trappe she invited the Mennonites in West Prussia to immigrate to Russia, promising them complete freedom "for all time," and 65 dessiatines (ca.
	www.gameo.org /encyclopedia/contents/C45763.html (377 words)

	Catherine II
		Catherine herself soon came to delight in male attire, and was not reluctant to adopt the principles of a most dissolute court.
		Catherine's death and Paul's interest in Napoleon, who was now the Frederick of the West, put an end to operations on the Persian side which might have then ended the great Kingdom of Cyrus, much as it is ending tobanday namely, by division between Russia and Great Britain.
		Catherine was residing at the palace of Tsarskoye Selo, in the last year of her life, when Vigée Lebrun (who has also described Marie Antoinette for us) was presented and quartered as a guest at the imperial summer home.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles35/famous-women-14.shtml (7567 words)

	Catherine The Great - Empress of Russia
		Catherine, who was a very well-read and cultured woman, was very impressed by the liberal French philosophies of the day and in fact had maintained a lengthy correspondence over the years with French thinkers like Voltaire and Diderot.
		Russia participated in the First Turkish War of 1768, in which she sided with Prussia against Turkey and Austria, and in the Second Turkish War of 1784, in which she sided with Austria against Turkey and Prussia.
		Catherine's relationship with her son Paul was not good — she had no great opinion of his character and even less of his abilities as the future Czar - but she seems to have had better luck with the grandchildren.
	www.buzzle.com /articles/catherine-the-great-empress-russia.html (1435 words)

	Catherine the Great (Catherine II) in the history of St. Petersburg, Russia
		The future Catherine the Great was born a German princess in one of many tiny German states, but ended her life a powerful and enlightened ruler of the vast Russian Empire.
		Catherine had a string of sensationalized and widely publicized love affairs with various army officers and politicians, although much of what was reported was untrue.
		Catherine the Great, being the foreign element in the Romanov dynasty, wanted to establish strong links with earlier Russian history and the Romanov Tsars and with this in mind she commissioned an impressive monument to Peter the Great - the Bronze Horseman.
	www.saint-petersburg.com /history/catherine2nd.asp (389 words)

	Royal Russia - Empress Catherine II - Catherine the Great
		The latter theory is supported by the fact that when she became empress, Catherine always kissed Betskoi's hand when she entered the room and allowed him to sit in her presence, when everyone else had to stand.
		On 26 January, 1744, Sophie and her mother came to Russia at the invitation of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna to marry the heir to the throne.
		Although Catherine left the Russian finances in a perilous state and the country in a state of disorder, she took care to create the image of a great ruler.
	www.angelfire.com /pa/ImperialRussian/royalty/russia/tsar13.html (752 words)

	Women in Alaska's History - Catherine the II of Russia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Empress Catherine the II of Russia, also known as Catherine "the great" was born Princess Sophia August Frederika on May 2, 1729 in the Baltic seaport town of Stettin.
		She originally came to Russia at the invitation of Empress Elizaveta (Elizabeth) to become the wife of the heir to the throne, Peter Feodorovich.
		Catherine died from a heart attack on November 6, 1796 in St. Petersburg, and was buried in the Cathedral of the St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress.
	library.thinkquest.org /11313/Early_History/Russians/CatherineII.html (1017 words)

	CalendarHome.com - Catherine II of Russia - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Marble statue of Catherine II in the guise of Minerva (1789 - 1790), by Fedot Shubin.
		Catherine did subscribe to the Enlightenment and considered herself a "philosopher on the throne." She showed great awareness of her image abroad, and ever desired that Europe should perceive her as a civilized and enlightened monarch, despite the fact that in Russia she often played the part of the tyrant.
		Catherine's devotion to her favorites, particularly Grigori Alexandrovich Potemkin, often blinded her to the corruption that surrounded her rule, hence the force of the metaphor of the Potemkin villages.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Catherine_the_Great (3653 words)

	Catherine II of Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Catherine made Russia the dominant power in south-eastern Europe after her first Russo-Turkish War against the Ottoman Empire (1768-1774), which saw some of the greatest defeats in Turkish history, including the Battle of Chesma and the Battle of Kagul.
		Marble statue of Catherine II in the guise of Minerva (1789-90), by Fedot Shubin.
		Catherine subscribed to the Enlightenment and considered herself a "philosopher on the throne." She was well aware of her image abroad, and ever desired to be perceived by Europe as a civilized and enlightened monarch, despite the fact that in Russia she often played the part of the tyrant.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Catherine_II_the_Great (2851 words)

	Alexander Palace Time Machine - Catherine II
		Catherine ascended the throne as the most pious and Orthodox Empress, Catherine II, crowned on September 22, 1762 with tremendous pomp and ceremony at the heart of Russian culture and Orthodoxy in the ancient Moscow Kremlin.
		Catherine quickly began to make changes in government and society based on the convictions she had assimilated during her study of French philosophes of the Enlightenment and the authors of ancient Rome.
		Catherine planned to bypass Paul and leave her crown to his first son and her favorite grandson, Alexander.
	www.alexanderpalace.com /palace/catherine.html (1250 words)

	The Ultimate Catherine II of Russia Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference
		Catherine II (Екатерина II Алексеевна: Yekaterína II Alekséyevna, April 21, 1729 - November 6, 1796), born Sophie Augusta Fredericka, known as Catherine the Great, reigned as empress of Russia from June 28, 1762, to her death on November 6, 1796.
		Catherine took a leading role in the partitions of Poland in 1790s, afraid that the May Constitution of Poland might bring a renaissance of the Commonwealth power and the growing democratic movements inside the Commowealth might became a threat to the European monarchies.
		Catherine subscribed to the Enlightenment and considered herself a "philosopher on the throne." She became known as a patron of the arts, literature and education.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/Catherine_II_of_Russia (1272 words)

	Catherine II of Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Catherine II (Catherine the Great) (April 21 1729—November 6 1796 (O.S.)), born Sophie Augusta Fredericka of Anhalt-Zerbst, reigned as Empress of Russia from June 281762 until her death.
		A German Princess and cousin to Gustav III of Sweden and Charles XIII of Sweden, Sophie Augusta Fredericka (nicknamed Figchen) was born in Stettin to Christian Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, and Johanna Elizabeth of Holstein.
		Catherine took a leading role in the partitions of Poland in the 1790s, afraid that the May Constitution of Poland might bring a renaissance of the Commonwealth power and the growing democratic movements inside the Commonwealth might become a threat to the European monarchies.
	www.knowledgehunter.info /wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia (1875 words)

	Russian Lacquer Box - Catherine the Great (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Catherine II Alekseevna, or Catherine the Great (1729-1796), was born the Princess Sophia-Frederika-Augusta of the German principality of Anhalt-Zerbst.
		She came to Russia as the fiance of the future emperor Peter III (whom she married in 1745), was baptised, and took the name Catherine.
		One of the biggest issues that soils Catherine II's generally favorable mark in history, is the vexing issue of serfdom, which continued to rise and expand during her reign.
	www.lacquerbox.com /TSEKV.HTM (644 words)

	NowNow.com beta
		Catherine was crushed to death by a horse whilst attempting to have sex with it (usually the collapse of a harness/lifting mechanism is blamed).
		Catherine the Great of Russia's death while attempting an unusual practice with a horse is one of the most virulent myths in modern history, transmitted by whispers in school playgrounds and lecture halls across the western world.
		However, that won't stop us from repeating the rumor, to wit: that Catherine the Great, empress of Russia in the latter part of the 18th century, was crushed to death when attendants lost their grip on ropes supporting a horse that was being lowered on her for, ah, sexual purposes.
	nownow.com /nownow/viewresults.jsp?hitid=J0ZRTRZQRHKA2VHSMHT0 (1612 words)

	History of St. Petersburg, Russia: Catherine the Great (short biography)
		The future Catherine the Great was born a German princess in one of the tiny German states, but turned out to be a powerful and enlightened ruler of the vast Russian Empire.
		Throughout her long reign many reforms were undertaken and the territory of Russia was further extended by acquiring the lands of Southern Ukraine and the Crimea.
		Catherine's love affairs with different officers and politicians were widely publicized, though much of what was published was not true.
	www.cityvision2000.com /history/catherine.htm (340 words)

	Russian Catherine II, Catherine II the Great or Russia, Catherine II of Russia, Catherine II de Russie, Catherine the ...
		Imperial Expansion and Maturation: Catherine II Catherine II's reign was notable for imperial expansion, which brought the empire huge new territories in the south and west, and for internal consolidation.
		Russia's westward expansion under Catherine was the result of the partitioning of Poland.
		Catherine's push to the south, including the establishment of Odessa as a Russian port on the Black Sea, provided the basis for Russia's nineteenth-century grain trade.
	www.russiansabroad.com /russian_history_32.html (1194 words)

	Catherine the Great - Empress of Russia
		Catherine became more and more disgusted with Peter, declaring that all he did was play with toy soldiers and lustfully look at other women.
		Meanwhile, Elizabeth was angry because nine months after the wedding Catherine still showed no signs of pregnancy and she realized that the marriage had not yet been consummated.
		Catherine felt that Peter was ill equipped to govern Russia and in 1762 she overthrew him with support from the Imperial Guard and her new lover, Gregory Orlov.
	www.hyperhistory.net /apwh/bios/b2catherinegreat.htm (881 words)

	Coins & Medals of Imperial Russia: Catherine II
		Catherine was the wife of Czar Peter III, who was forced to hand over the throne to her.
		Catherine, a German princess from the small principality of Anhalt-Zerbst, was one of Russia’s greatest rulers.
		Catherine had inherited Shuvalov’s plan to double the face value of the existing copper coinage and to reduce the fineness of the silver coinage.
	www.library.yale.edu /slavic/coins/html/catherine2.html (291 words)

	Russian Royal History - Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia
		With humor and candor, Catherine presents her eyewitness account of history, describing the dramatic fall and rise of her fortunes.
		Born a German princess, Catherine became empress of Russia and one of the greatest monarchs in history.
		The Life of Catharine II, Empress of Russia: With Eleven Elegant Portraits, a View of the Fortress of Schlusselburg, and a Correct Map of the Russian Empire; Volume 1 by Jean Henri Castéra.
	www.royalty.nu /Europe/Russia/Romanov/CatherineII.html (574 words)

	Virginia Rounding: Catherine the Great
		This is the story of Catherine the woman, whom power alone could never satisfy, for she also wanted love, affection, friendship and humour.
		Using many of Catherine's own words from her voluminous correspondence and other documents, as well as contemporary accounts by courtiers, ambassadors and foreign visitors, Virginia Rounding seeks to penetrate the character of this most powerful, fascinating and surprisingly sympathetic of eighteenth-century women.
		Rounding is able to picture for us, through dozens of letters from Catherine to her various male correspondents, the richness of her private life and the roundness of her character.
	www.virginiarounding.com /catherine.html (350 words)

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