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	Catherine II - LoveToKnow 1911
		The mere fact that Catherine II., a small German princess without hereditary claim to the throne, ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796 amid the loyalty of the great mass of the people, and the respect and admiration of her neighbours, is sufficient proof of the force of her character.
		Catherine would have preferred to control the country through a vassal sovereign of the type of Stanislaus Poniatowski, the old lover whose election she secured in 1763.
		When Catherine found herself opposed by the policy of France and England, and threatened by the jealousy of Prussia and Austria, she dropped the Greek design, observing to Voltaire that the descendants of the Spartans were much degenerated.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CA/CATHERINE_II_.htm (3202 words)

	Catherine the Great
		Catherine II, surnamed "the Great", Empress of Russia, was the daughter of Christian Augustus, prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, and his wife, Johanna Elizabeth of Holstein-Gottorp.
		The mere fact that Catherine II, a small German princess without hereditary claim to the throne, ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796 amid the loyalty of the great mass of the people, and the respect and admiration of her neighbors, is sufficient proof of the force of her character.
		There is a very great difference between Catherine II as she appears in the panegyrics of the encyclopaedists and Catherine as she appears in her correspondence and in her acts.
	www.nndb.com /people/575/000078341 (3113 words)

	Catherine the Great: 1762-1796
		Catherine the Great is remembered as one of the greatest reformers of Russia.
		During her reign, Catherine continued the reforms begun by Peter the Great that ultimately led to the emergence of Russia onto the worldwide stage of politics.
		Catherine the Great and the Expansion of Russia.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/EastEurope/CathyGreat.html (388 words)

	Masonic Forum - Anecdotes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Catherine II, The Great Tsarina of Russia was a remarkable woman who, although not a native Russian, absorbed so much of its traditions, history and culture that by the end of her life, she had become Russia personified, and was referred to as Little Mother by her subjects.
		Catherine the Great who has already been shown to be considerably well aware and deeply suspicious of Freemasonry, considered both the Martinists and the Jacobins a considerable personal threat both to her throne and the established order of things.
		Catherine reacted to this threat from Poland by appointing Field Marshall Count Rumiantsev-Zadunaiskii, a veteran of the Russo-Turkish War with a fearsome reputation in the field and whom had been in ill favor at the Russian Court in St. Petersburg (principally Catherine herself), to Captain the Russian campaign against the Poles.
	members.aol.com /forumlead/Articles/History/catherine.htm (3859 words)

	Catherine the Great (Catherine II) in the history of St. Petersburg, Russia
		The future Catherine the Great was born a German princess in one of many tiny German states, but ended her life a powerful and enlightened ruler of the vast Russian Empire.
		Catherine had a string of sensationalized and widely publicized love affairs with various army officers and politicians, although much of what was reported was untrue.
		Catherine the Great, being the foreign element in the Romanov dynasty, wanted to establish strong links with earlier Russian history and the Romanov Tsars and with this in mind she commissioned an impressive monument to Peter the Great - the Bronze Horseman.
	www.saint-petersburg.com /history/catherine2nd.asp (389 words)

	Russian Catherine II, Catherine II the Great or Russia, Catherine II of Russia, Catherine II de Russie, Catherine the ...
		Russian Catherine II, Catherine II the Great or Russia, Catherine II of Russia, Catherine II de Russie, Catherine the Great II on RussiansAbroad.com
		Imperial Expansion and Maturation: Catherine II Catherine II's reign was notable for imperial expansion, which brought the empire huge new territories in the south and west, and for internal consolidation.
		Catherine brought many of the policies of Peter the Great to fruition and set the foundation for the nineteenth-century empire.
	www.russiansabroad.com /russian_history_32.html (1194 words)

	Coins & Medals of Imperial Russia: Catherine II
		Catherine was the wife of Czar Peter III, who was forced to hand over the throne to her.
		Catherine, a German princess from the small principality of Anhalt-Zerbst, was one of Russia’s greatest rulers.
		Catherine had inherited Shuvalov’s plan to double the face value of the existing copper coinage and to reduce the fineness of the silver coinage.
	www.library.yale.edu /slavic/coins/html/catherine2.html (291 words)

	Alexander Palace Time Machine - Catherine II
		Catherine ascended the throne as the most pious and Orthodox Empress, Catherine II, crowned on September 22, 1762 with tremendous pomp and ceremony at the heart of Russian culture and Orthodoxy in the ancient Moscow Kremlin.
		Catherine solidified her position by awarding her supporters with high government positions and grants of land, money and serfs.
		Catherine quickly began to make changes in government and society based on the convictions she had assimilated during her study of French philosophes of the Enlightenment and the authors of ancient Rome.
	www.alexanderpalace.org /palace/catherine.html (1250 words)

	Tsarskoe Selo - History - Part Five-The Golden Age of Catherine the Great
		Immediately after ascending the throne, the Empress Catherine II appointed Lieutenant General Betzkoy as administrator of the Court affairs; he was endowed with the superior supervision of the palaces, houses, gardens, and peasants of the Tsarskoe Selo patrimony.
		The Empress Catherine II, as well as her aunt, The Empress Elizabeth, generously helped the peasants of Tsarskoe Selo, who lived much better, than the other serfs.
		The Empress Catherine II, from the beginning of her reign, showed great perseverance in trying to defend peasants and servants from the cruelty of their nearest chiefs.
	www.alexanderpalace.org /tsarskoe/historyfive.html (1880 words)

	How Voltaire praised the 'enlightened despot' Catherine the Great \| Special reports \| Guardian Unlimited
		They are the heartfelt correspondence from the great acerbic wit of the European Enlightenment to the last Russian empress, in which he praises her authoritarian style and mocks the extravagances of her French counterparts.
		Catherine, who ruled Russia for three decades until her death in 1796, viewed herself a patron of the arts and liberty, and a "philosopher on the throne", but has been criticised for the little she did for the millions of peasants in her empire.
		Catherine II the Great was born Sophie Augusta Fredericka in 1729, a German princess who was sent to Russia in a diplomatic Prussian intrigue and grew more popular than the man she married, the Grand Duke Peter - later Peter III.
	www.guardian.co.uk /russia/article/0,,1788534,00.html (696 words)

	Catherine the Great - Page 7
		When Catherine met the Senate for the first time at the Summer Palace, she was stunned by the realities of the country's financial and social situation.
		Catherine founded factories for textiles outside the Moscow region, for linen in the area of Yaroslov and for leather and candles in the central Volga region.
		Her great love for Russia and pride in her adopted country comes through to us when we look at this beautiful collection of paintings done by the world's greatest masters, acquired not for personal indulgence, but as an effort to make Russia respected.
	members.tripod.com /~Nevermore/CGREAT7.HTM (2313 words)

	Temple of Catherine the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Catherine the Great (1729-1796), empress of Russia (1762-1796), who continued the process of Westernization begun by Peter the Great and made Russia a European power.
		Catherine's more benevolent achievements included the foundation of the first Russian schools for girls and of a medical college to provide health care for her subjects.
		Under Catherine, the territory of the Russian Empire was greatly expanded, especially through two wars with the Ottoman Empire (1768-1774 and 1787-1791) and the annexation of Crimea (1783), which gave Russia control over the northern coast of the Black Sea.
	sangha.net /messengers/Catherine.htm (237 words)

	catherine ii of russia - infos
		Empress Catherine II "the Great" She had been born Princess Sophia August Frederika on May 2, 1729 in the Baltic seaport town of Stettin, then a part of German Pomerania.
		The story of Catherine the Great, from her childhood as a German princess to her rise to power as Empress of all the Russias.
		Catherine II of Russia (1729-1796), also known as Catherine the Great, was empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796...
	www.angelfire.com /alt2/ang2/11/catherine-ii-of-russia.html (373 words)

	Catherine the Great
		Probably the greatest hardship in Catherine's reign, the thing that caused the most changes in both government and the Russian's attitude towards Catherine, was the Pugachew Rebellion.
		In truth, Catherine's husband had been killed by one of her lovers' brothers, but Pugachew played on the doubt that he actually died.
		Catherine did so much for Russia during her reign that she was called Catherine the Great more often than Catherine II.
	www.angelfire.com /anime2/100import/catherine1.html (549 words)

	Catherine II of Russia Summary
		It is difficult to define Catherine the Great's place in literature because a long and controversial career made her into a "world-historical" figure who still seems larger than life.
		The Russian empress Catherine II (1729-1796), known as Catherine the Great, reigned from 1762 to 1796.
		Catherine II of Russia, called the Great(Russian: Екатерина II Великая or Yekaterina II Velikaya, 2 May 1729 — 6 November[ O.S. 17 November] 1796), born Sophie Augusta Fredericka of Anhalt-Zerbst) — sometimes referred to as an e...
	www.bookrags.com /Catherine_II_of_Russia (421 words)

	RUSNET :: Encyclopedia :: C :: Catherine II
		At the age of 14 she was chosen to be the wife of Karl Ulrich, duke of Holstein-Gottorp, grandson of Peter the Great and heir to the throne of Russia as the Grand Duke Peter.
		Catherine had only to strike: she had the support of the army, especially the regiments at St.
		In September 1762, she was crowned with great ceremony in Moscow, the ancient capital of the tsars, and began a reign that was to span 34 years as empress of Russia under the title of Catherine II.
	www.rusnet.nl /encyclo/c/catherine_II.shtml (676 words)

	The Russian Monarchy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		During her occupation of the estate, between 1717 and 1723 the first stone buildings were erected, forming the basis for the Catherine Palace, and part of the regular park was created.
		The reign of Catherine II significantly changed the appearance of Sarskoje Selo, which under her rule became known as Tzarskoje Selo.
		Following the abdication, former Emperor Nicholas II and his family were placed under house arrest and kept under guard at the Alexander Palace in Tzarskoje Selo, where, on August 14, 1917, Nicholas Romanov and his family were sent to Tobolsk.
	eng.tzar.ru /history/monarchy (1886 words)

	Astrocartography of Catherine the Great's Least-aspected Mercury/Uranus
		Catherine II (née Sophie Friederike Auguste Prinzessin von Anhalt-Zerbst), also known as Catherine the Great, was born in Stettin, Prussia (14E32), just several degrees west of the vertical midnight position of her Secondary Venus line.
		Yet Catherine (like the French Revolution itself) was fated for an intense Uranian “reversal of conditions,” at least as far as her “innovative methodologies,” “attempts at reform” (Uranus), and “forward looking belief in increasing the freedom / of the common people” (Uranus / Mercury) were concerned.
		Catherine worked for more than two years on the “draft of a document” (Primary Mercury) which would guide a body of “enlightened” (Primary Uranus) delegates who would, in turn, convene to work on “revising” the laws and constitution under her general guidelines.
	www.dominantstar.com /b_cather.htm (1671 words)

	Catherine II the Great, Empress of Russia - Virtual Gallery
		Catherine II the Great, Empress of Russia (1729-1796) from 1762.
		The government was carried on with great energy, and the dominions and power of Russia rapidly increased.
		Catherine the Great by Henri Troyat, Joan Pinkham.
	www.francesfarmersrevenge.com /art/bio/catherine2.html (179 words)

	Worldroots.com
		Catherine came to the conclusion that Peter's love affairs were probably imaginary as he spent all his time playing soldiers.
		At the headquarters of the Ismailovsky Guards, Catherine insisted that her actions were for the sake of Russia and the Orthodox religion.
		Although Europe was scandalized and her announcement regarded as cynical, Catherine ignored the disapproval of the European courts.
	worldroots.com /brigitte/royal/bio/caththegreatbio.html (1272 words)

	boys clothing: European royalty--Russia Catherine the Great
		This is a portrait of Catherine II the Great (1729-1796), Empress of Russia.
		Catherine Augusta was the daughter of Christian Augustus von Anholt-Zerbst, Prince of Anholt-Zerbst (1690-).
		Catherine on the other hand was a complete success, respected as much for her intellect as for her winning personality.
	histclo.com /royal/rus/royal-rusc2.htm (1864 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Catherine the Great
		Catherine II (l762-1796), a German princess who became Empress of Russia after disposing of her ineffectual husband was one of the most successful European monarchs.
		From Documents of Catherine the Great: The Correspondence with Voltaire and the Instructionof l767 in the English Text of l768, W.
		Although Catherine liked to use the liberal rhetoric of the Enlightenment, she actually ruled Russia with a heavy hand.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/18catherine.html (1476 words)

	Virginia Rounding: Catherine the Great
		Yet the great Catherine was not even Russian by birth and had no legitimate claim to the Russian throne.
		Using many of Catherine's own words from her voluminous correspondence and other documents, as well as contemporary accounts by courtiers, ambassadors and foreign visitors, Virginia Rounding seeks to penetrate the character of this most powerful, fascinating and surprisingly sympathetic of eighteenth-century women.
		Rounding is able to picture for us, through dozens of letters from Catherine to her various male correspondents, the richness of her private life and the roundness of her character.
	virginiarounding.com /catherine.html (350 words)

	Catherine
		Czar Peter III was considered unstable; the marriage was unhappy, and Catherine spent much of her time in political intriguing, and extramarital affairs.
		Catherine II, with the advise of her lover Potemkin, carried out an energetic foreign policy.
		Domestically great cultural advances were made among the nobility under Catherine's rule, but in 1774 she suppressed the popular rebellion led by Pugachev, and later actively persecuted members of the progressive-minded nobility.
	www.hyperhistory.com /online_n2/people_n2/persons6_n2/catherine.html (141 words)

	Catherine the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Catherine was a German princess who was given in marriage to peter III, the homely grandson of Peter the Great.
		Catherine was clever and adventurous and had fallen (instead of with her husband) deeply in love with her new homeland.
		Catherine described her reign as the ‘thornless rose that never stings’.
	www.dakotapins.com /catherin.htm (898 words)

	The Catherine Palace
		The first attempt to expand the palace was undertaken during the reign of Empress Elizabeth according to plans by Mikhail Zemtsov at the end of 1742 and beginning of 1743.
		Reconstruction of the Catherine Palace and park ensemble was carried out by his pupils, Andrei Kvasov and Savva Chevakinsky.
		The palace's new owner, Empress Catherine II, with her penchant for antique art, demanded her own personal quarters in the palace, decorated by Charles Cameron.
	eng.tzar.ru /catherine (890 words)

	ALEXEI PETROVICH ANTROPOV
		In the portrait of Catherine the Great, the Empress is depicted in a less formal pose -- instead of standing, she is seated on her throne.
		In her right hand Catherine is holding a bejeweled scepter which she has just picked up from a red pillow decorated with gold embroidery and gold tassels.
		However, it is also possible that the words relate to Catherine's belief that she continued and finished the reforming of Russia started by Peter the Great; perhaps the statue under the inscription portrays the reformer.
	www.rollins.edu /Foreign_Lang/Russian/antropov.html (998 words)

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