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	Catlinite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Catlinite (also Pipestone) is a type of red, metamorphosed mudstone (argillite) rock occurring in a matrix of Sioux quartzite.
		The quarries are found and preserved in the Pipestone National Monument outside of Pipestone, Minnesota, in Minnehaha County, South Dakota, and at the Pipestone River in Manitoba, Canada.
		The term, Catlinite was used to refer to pipestone after the painter George Catlin popularized his 1835 visit to the quarries, but it was Philander Prescott who first wrote about the mineral in 1832, noting that evidence indicated that the American Indians had been using the pipestone quarry since at least 1637.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Catlinite (212 words)

	Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center: The Process of Archaeology: Native Technology: Catlinite
		Catlinite, a type of pipestone, is a soft red siltstone named after the 19th century American artist, George Catlin.
		Catlinite outcrops occur in southwestern Minnesota, where traditional Native American quarries are preserved at the Pipestone National Monument.
		Pipes and ornaments were first outlined into the piece of raw catlinite, using a stone tool, such as a chipped stone knife.
	www.uwlax.edu /mvac/ProcessArch/ProcessArch/native_catlinite.html (247 words)

	Pipestone National Monument - Nature & Science
		Catlinite formed when mud layers were buried within the earth, under temperature and pressure conditions very different from those at the surface.
		Since the catlinite contains no quartz, subjection to the same natural heat and pressure metamorphosed it into a very dense material which is roughly the same hardess as a human fingernail.
		At least five different catlinite layers are now exposed in the quarries at the Monument.
	www.nps.gov /pipe/pphtml/naturalfeatures.html (340 words)

	A Historical Account About Catlinite or Pipe Stone
		The stone, or rather rock, named catlinite, and popularly known as "pipe-stone," was regarded by certain tribes as one of their most valuable materials, and was extensively used for pipe-bowls.
		In color it ranges from a deep red to an ashy tint; the chief quarry is situated some three hundred miles west of the Falls of St. Anthony, on the dividing ridge between the Saint Peter's and Missouri rivers.
		Catlinite takes a fine polish and is easily worked; a peculiarly attractive variety is red with white and gray spots.
	www.jjkent.com /articles/history-catlinite-pipe-stone.htm (461 words)

	Pipes & Tobaccos Magazine
		Mineralogically, catlinite is made up of diaspore, pyrophyllite, muscovite and hematite oxide, along with traces of anatase and chlorite.
		Catlinite is found beneath beds of the much harder rock Sioux quartzite, in layers that are typically two inches to six inches thick.
		Because catlinite itself contains little or no quartz, it is softer than the quartzite overburden and thus lends itself to carving with harder stone or metal tools.
	www.pt-magazine.com /backissues/winter2003/story1.asp (1046 words)

	Minnesota Pipestone (Catlinite) from Rockman
		The thin 2 to 6 inch layers of reddish-brown catlinite - a metamorphic claystone argillite - is normally found sandwiched between layers of quartzite which is often found under an overburden of 10-15 feet.
		The catlinite deposits of southwestern Minnesota are estimated to be between 1.6 billion and 1.8 billion years old.
		Catlinite is a mineral made up of diaspore, pyrophyllite, muscovite and hematite, along with traces of anatase and chlorite.
	www.rocksandminerals.com /specimens/pipestonegeo.htm (809 words)

	Pipestone National Monument information, pictures and videos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Monument was established in 1937 to provide American Indians of all tribes’ access to the pipestone quarries for extraction of the red pipestone (catlinite).
		Most of the sand grains of which the quartzite is made are rounded crystals of quartz "glued" together by other quartz crystals that grew between the sand grains after the layers were buried.
		Since the catlinite contains no quartz, subjection to the same natural heat and pressure metamorphosed it into a very dense material which is roughly the same hardness as a human fingernail.
	www.adventure-crew.com /parks/pipestone.asp (3558 words)

	Native American Pipestone (Catlinite) Pipes, Peace pipes and Smoking Pipes
		Stone pipes were made from shale, steatite, argillate, limestone, serpentine slate and catlinite.
		Catlinite was a soft red stone found in the southwestern Minnesota area and could be easily worked with flint or a knife.
		The catlinite stems were either round or oblong in cross section.
	www.nativeartstrading.com /co.uk/Peacepipes.htm (209 words)

	La catlinite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Di fatto tutti i fornelli delle Pipe di tutte le tribù nordamericane sono ricavati da una pietra rossa chiamata Inyan sha, pipestone in inglese.
		Si tratta della "Catlinite", reperibile in un unico luogo al mondo, a Pipestone appunto, in Minnesota.
		Il Parco Nazionale della Catlinite è aperto tutti i giorni dalle 8.00 alle 17.00, ed è localizzato nel sudovest del Minnesota, a destra dell'Interstatale 90 a sinistra dell'Highway 75, a nord della città di Pipestone.
	www.farwest.it /Imperdibili/catlinite/la_catlinite.htm (904 words)

	Pipestone National Monument
		The catlinite is only eight to eighteen inches thick and lies in a slightly angled bed sandwiched below about six feet of Sioux Quartzite of at this point and above another layer quartzite that is up to 5000 feet thick.
		Only about four to six inches of the layer of catlinite is useful for carving or making of pipes and that is often fractured so that slabs are seldom more than two inches thick.
		The following table contains analysis of catlinite, the first by Dr. Jackson (Boston) of the red pipestone brought to him by George Catlin in 1836, the second from Dr. Ellestad (University of Minnesota) for Berg in 1938.
	www.angelfire.com /mn2/MrD/page20.html (701 words)

	Technologies
		Flintknapping is the process of creating stone tools (lithics) such as arrowheads, spear points, knives, drills, and scrapers.
		Catlinite and copper were worked into useful and decorative items.
		Catlinite, a type of pipestone, is a soft red siltstone named after the 19
	www.uwlax.edu /mvac/Research/technologies.htm (1653 words)

	[No title]
		While catlinite is found in other locations, only that which is quarried in the sacred quarries at Pipestone is generally considered suitable for making the canupa wakan.
		Catlinite from other regions, and even that obtained in other quarries in close proximity to Pipestone tends to be too hard or brittle, and lack consistent workability.
		The sacred pipe has two parts; the bowl, traditionally made of catlinite (other materials may be used, such as steatite, or bone), and the stem, made of wood (usually sumac or ash, but may be almost any wood).
	www.wicca.com /celtic/forums/view_topic.php?id=9702&forum_id=15 (2486 words)

	Peace pipe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A common material for calumet pipe bowls is red pipestone or catlinite, a fine-grained easily-worked stone of a rich red color of the Coteau des Prairies, west of the Big Stone Lake in South Dakota.
		Red pipestone was used by the Eastern Tribes, Western and Great Basin Tribes, and the Plains Tribes, with sources of the stone in Tennessee (South Central), South Dakota (Pipestone), and Utah (Delta, Uinta).
		Catlinite from South Dakota is harder than that found at other locales, and has been widely commercialized and promoted for tourism, which explains the popular myth that all pipestone came from South Dakota in ancient times.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Peace_pipe (844 words)

	"Catlinite" and the spread of the calumet ceremony. - American Antiquity - HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		"Catlinite" and the spread of the calumet ceremony.
		In truth, the mineralogy of each of the pipestones from those three geologic sources (provenances) are distinct from one another, and that of catlinite is diagnostic.
		Although most of the artifacts he evaluates are probably true catlinite, many of them might not be.
	highbeam.com /doc/1G1:14526289/...?refid=ip_hf (157 words)

	Far West Cultural Center - Daily, Updates, Archaeology, Haun's, Mill, Clean, Up, Work, Day, Far, West, Cultural, ...
		Catlinite 4 is fully ground in a trianular shape, presumably as jewelry.
		Catlinite 5 is more complex, ground on each face but still rough.
		If the catlinite is from the pipestone mines of Minnesota, transported down the Mississippi, up the Missouri, the Grand and Shoal Creek, nearly a thousand miles of transport of raw material would be evident.
	www.farwesthistory.com /arch4.asp (5389 words)

	Artifact analyses dispute assumptions about a prehistoric society
		This finding shatters the long-held belief that the presence of catlinite in Cahokia proved that the Cahokian people traded on a large scale with their Upper Mississippi River Valley neighbors.
		False assumptions have always colored the study of red stone artifacts in general and red stone pipes in particular, the UI researchers wrote, including the general consensus that all aboriginal red pipes were made of catlinite.
		The new study demonstrates that catlinite is mineralogically different from similar stones in that it doesn’t contain quartz.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-08/uoia-aad080101.php (496 words)

	OhioPix: Catlinite Figurine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This figurine, carved from catlinite, a type of red clay, dates from the historic period, which began around 300 years ago when Europeans first arrived in the region that now includes Ohio.
		Red Minnesota catlinite became a popular trade item among Indian tribes in the Great Lakes area in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
		However, it was most frequently carved and drilled to make beads; this human representation is quite rare.
	www.ohiohistory.org /etcetera/exhibits/ohiopix/image.cfm?ID=2078 (123 words)

	Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society -- Volume 17; December, 1970 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Sigstad has continued his interest in catlinite and is currently engaged in a study involving the time of initial quarrying at Pipestone and the patterns whereby the soft red stone was distributed throughout portions of North America.
		Recent investigations in Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota tend to support the assumption that the aboriginal utilization of catlinite was, in the main, rather recent.
		The evidence suggests that the quarrying of catlinite in this area was primarily an activity of protohistoric and historic peoples.
	www.uiowa.edu /~osa/focus/publications/ias/abstracts/jias17.htm (187 words)

	Catlinite Products
		Catlinite Pipestone Nice Slab 4.80 lb Sacred Quarry MN 15" Pipe Stem for Catlinite Peace Pipe, Apache Made 11
		CATLINITE PIPE AND BEADED ASH STEM___28"___ ALAN MONROE
		Two Catlinite RED pipestone pipes with stems DIY F
	charleshansel.com /catlinite.html (130 words)

	Pipe indiennne (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		De couleur rouge, la catlinite est une pierre tendre et facile à travailler.
		Les pipes et la catlinite se rapidement parmi les tribus grâce aux trocs qu'elles entretenaient les unes avec les autres.
		La catlinite était d'une grande valeur, son prix était souvent égal au prix des meilleurs chevaux.
	www.artindien.com /pipe.html (222 words)

	Welcome to GoLive CyberStudio 3
		They had to be sufficiently soft for carving when the pipe was first made, but it had to be durable enough to withstand use and the natural elements.
		Catlinite disc pipes have been found along the Mississippi River in Illinois, Missouri and Arkansas.
		Because Catlinite was probably mined in southwest Minnesota, it is likely that Catlinite was a popular but exotic trade material for the Mississippians living along the Mississippi River so far from the stone's point of origin.
	www.mississippian-artifacts.com /html/pipes.html (1467 words)

	PipemakingStory01
		The French were trading on the upper Mississippi by the 1690’s, and maintained a number of temporary trading posts within 125 miles of pipestone quarry by 1750.
		Under the quartzite are 1 to 3 inch sheets of catlinite.
		Quarriers lift the broken sheets from the pits, and then cut them into smaller blocks from which the pipes are carved.
	www.fsst.org /PipemakingStory01.html (955 words)

	The Oto and Missouria Tribes in Nebraska
		The Otos were also a reliable source of catlinite for the Pawnee.
		Catlinite was used by the Pawnee to carve tobacco pipes.
		The Oto could trade catlinite because they used to live in the Pipestone, Minnesota, region where catlinite is plentiful.
	www.nebraskastudies.org /0300/stories/0301_0105.html (829 words)

	Pipestone: The Rock -- National Register of Historic Places Pipestone, Minnesota Travel Itinerary
		Although pipestone was utilized for many years by American Indians to create ceremonial pipes, Pipestone, the town, found its wealth in the quarrying of pipestone and Sioux quartzite, another valuable stone in the region.
		Geological History of Sioux Quartzite and Catlinite: Established in 1937, Pipestone National Monument, where much of the Sioux quartzite and catlinite (pipestone) is located, occupies a 282-acre tract of land.
		Geologically, much of this monument is characterized by a mantle of glacial drift less than 10 feet thick and consists dominantly of oxidized, light-olive-brown, clayey, calcareous till (unstratified glacial drift of clay, sand, and gravel) with scattered pebbles and cobbles of basalt and quartzite.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/travel/pipestone/rock.htm (2210 words)

	Chickadee's Etc. - Pipes
		Catlinite (genuine red pipestone) which is found in only one location in Minnesota, these authentic styles are expertly hand carved using traditional methods.
		The most common style of pipe used from the Western Ohio River Valley to the Rockies and from the Arkansas River to the Canadian Plains.
		Made from genuine red pipestone or “Catlinite,” which is found in only one location in Minnesota, these authentic styles are expertly hand carved using traditional methods.
	www.chickadeetc.com /pipes.html (449 words)

	Pipestone NM: History (Aboriginal Background) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Indian occupancy of the area and earliest use of catlinite from the quarries has long been discussed, but archeological studies over the past 30 years have greatly improved knowledge in this field.
		The proto-Mandan people who once frequented the area are not believed to have used catlinite.
		Copyright © 1965 by the Pipestone Indian Shrine Association and may not be reproduced in any manner without the written consent of the Pipestone Indian Shrine Association.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/pipe2/sec2.htm (189 words)

	GemRocks: Argillite
		Catlinite - strictly speaking this "rock" is a deep reddish brown indurated clay that hardens upon exposure to the air rather than an argillite per se.
		This designation should NOT to be confused with catalinaite (sometimes spelled catalinite), the name given to sardonyx/jasper pebbles from Santa Catalina Island in the Gulf of California, Mexico.
		Apparently Its early use stemmed from the fact that it is relatively easily carved and polished and, like meerschaum, does not deteriorate when hollowed out and used as a pipe for smoking tobacco.
	www.cst.cmich.edu /users/dietr1rv/argillite.htm (811 words)

	Wabun - Spirit Keeper Of The East
		All of their inventory is obtained from American Indian craftspeople, and has been gathered, prepared, and/or crafted in a sacred manner.
		True Catlinite is smooth to touch and carves easily, "even with a regular pen-knife".
		This Catlinite has been quarried at the Sacred Quarries in Pipestone, MN, by the original Peoples of Turtle Island and their descendants for many thousands of years.
	www.ewebtribe.com /StarSpiderDancing/east (962 words)

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