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Topic: Catskill Aqueduct

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Aqueduct (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Roman-style aqueducts were used as early as the 7th century BC, when the Assyrians built a limestone aqueduct 30 feet (10 m) high and 900 feet (300 m) long to carry water across a valley to their capital city, Nineveh.
		The aqueducts were important for supplying water to large cities across the empire, and they set a high standard of engineering that was not surpassed for more than a thousand years.
		In recent years the building of the Lichfield Aqueduct prompted the UK government to pass legislation preventing a road being built in the path of a canal being renovated without providing a tunnel or aqueduct for it to pass.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Aqueduct (1375 words)

	Aqueduct Encyclopedia Article @ Gettin.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		An aqueduct is an artificial (man-made) channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another.
		Roman aqueducts were built in all parts of the Roman Empire, from Germany to Africa, and especially in the city of Rome itself, where they totaled over 260 miles (416 km).
		In modern times the largest aqueducts (also know like transvasements) of all have been built in the United States to supply that country's biggest cities.
	www.gettin.org /encyclopedia/Aqueduct (1511 words)

	THE WORLD'S GREATEST AQUEDUCT -- Catskill Water System
		In the Catskill scheme eight large impounding reservoirs are contemplated, of which the first to be constructed, and by far the greatest, is the Ashokan reservoir on the Esopus.
		This is the cut-and-cover, or open-cut, type of aqueduct, and is built along the hill slopes or across the flat lands wherever the topography permits a trench to be dug at the proper elevation.
		From the headworks to the divide of the Croton watershed sixty miles of Catskill aqueduct is under the care of the Northern Aqueduct Department, Robert Ridgway, Department Engineer, to whom falls the Hudson River crossing and the great siphons under the Rondout, Wallkill, and Moodna valleys.
	www.catskillarchive.com /rrextra/dnaque.Html (6137 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for aqueduct (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		aqueduct AQUEDUCT [aqueduct] [Latconveyor of water], channel or trough built to convey water, chiefly for providing a densely populated region with a supply of freshwater.
		The flow in aqueducts is ordinarily by means of gravity, although pumps are often used.
		It was one of the earliest modern aqueducts in the United States.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=aqueduct (600 words)

	aqueduct — FactMonster.com
		Aqueducts enable many cities in the United States to obtain water from a considerable distance.
		Typical of such use is the aqueduct system for Springfield, Mass., which generates power at the foot of Cobble Mt. in addition to supplying the city with water.
		Catskill Aqueduct - Catskill Aqueduct: see Ashokan Reservoir, N.Y. Croton Aqueduct - Croton Aqueduct, 38 mi (61 km) long, SE N.Y., carrying water from the Croton River basin to New...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0804452.html (335 words)

	The New York City Watershed
		Water from the Catskill System flows, via the Catskill Aqueduct, under the Hudson River and then to the Kensico Reservoir in Westchester County.
		The Catskill Aqueduct transports water under the Hudson River and then to the Kensico Reservoir, a journey of 92 miles.
		The Esopus Valley in the Catskills was chosen mainly because test borings showed the presence of solid bedrock, necessary to prevent loss of water underground.
	www.catskillcenter.org /programs/edu/csp/H20/Lesson4/lesson4.htm (4328 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Catskill Aqueduct is the system that supplies water to NYC and its near 7 million inhabitants and businesses.
		The Catskill Aqueduct is two times larger than the largest Roman Aqueduct, three times longer than the Panama Canal and "involved problems unheard of in the [Panama] canal's construction" (Kunz 1917).
		Before the construction of the Catskill Aqueduct the people of New York City needed to get their water from springs, ponds, nearby streams or wells if they were lucky enough to have one.
	www3.bae.ncsu.edu /bae472/perspectives/1995/gcmiller.html (417 words)

	Aqueduct (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The city of Rome itself had the largest concentration of aqueducts, with water being supplied by eleven aqueducts constructed over a period of 500 years, with a combined length of nearly 260 miles (350 km).
		The [[Central Arizona Project Aqueduct, the largest and most expensive Aqueduct system ever constructed in the United States.]] Much of the expertise of the Roman engineers was lost in the Dark Ages and in Europe the construction of aqueducts largely ceased until the 19th century.
		Water channel of the [[Nanzenji aqueduct, Kyoto, Japan]] Historically, Many agricultural societies have constructed aqueducts to irrigate crops.
	aqueduct.iqnaut.net (1174 words)

	News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Continuing to use the free-surface Catskill Aqueduct requires its 2.5-mile Kensico-Eastview section to be rehabilitated to withstand an additional pressure of over 40 feet.
		Otherwise, this aqueduct section would have to be abandoned, reducing delivery capacity to the UV facility, and increasing water system vulnerability, with the Delaware Aqueduct as sole source of supply.
		Since the Catskill Aqueduct is the largest free-surface aqueduct to be pressurized (in terms of cross-section and capacity), and with few precedents for this type of work, design of rehabilitation measures required careful planning, applying innovative technologies and cost-saving methods.
	www.hazenandsawyer.com /news/news.htm (741 words)

	Westchester County (NYC Water Rate) - Decision April 7, 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Backflows occur when the Catskill Aqueduct, the Delaware Aqueduct, or the 48-inch line between the Kensico and Hillview Reservoirs is shutdown.
		Exhibit HE-2 is a schematic diagram that shows the relative locations of the Kensico and Hillview Reservoirs, the Catskill and Delaware Aqueducts, the 48-inch diameter transmission line (the 48-inch line), as well as the points where the upstate communities in southern Westchester County connect to the aqueducts and the 48-inch line.
		Except for when the aqueducts or the 48-inch line are shutdown, water flows south from the Kensico Reservoir to the Hillview Reservoir via the Catskill and Delaware Aqueducts, and the 48-inch line.
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/ohms/decis/westcod2.htm (7046 words)

	NYC24: Water Ways (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		he Catskill system, built between 1911 and 1927, was intended to stem the rising tide of demand from a city reeling from explosive population growth.
		The Catskill Aqueduct was built to provide the city with water from its newest source.
		Running its 92-mile course from Ashokan down to the city’s distribution system, the Catskill Aqueduct plunges 1,114 feet into solid bedrock as it crosses the Hudson River between Storm King and Breakneck Mountains.
	nyc24.jrn.columbia.edu /2001/issue02/story01/page2b.html (610 words)

	Water Treatment Plant Info
		Raw Water is drawn by gravity from the primary source, the Catskill Aqueduct, through a siphon connection constructed through the top of the aqueduct.
		There is a standby connection to the Croton Aqueduct in the event of a Catskill Aqueduct shutdown.
		The new Catskill Aqueduct connection is designed as the primary supply with the existing Croton Aqueduct supply as the standby source.
	www.newcastle-ny.org /Wtplant.html (990 words)

	Catskill Water Discovery Center
		The story of New York City’s water system — and the Catskill Watershed in particular — is both global and local.
		Land was seized by eminent domain, churches were moved, graveyards relocated, hundreds of workers died as they literally tore away mountains and built new ones to capture the precious, clean, abundant water.
		The Catskill Water Discovery Center tells this story, and it reaches farther — to examine the water issues that are shaping our world today.
	www.catskillwaterdiscoverycenter.org (155 words)

	06.04.04: Aqueduct Architecture: Moving Water to the Masses in Ancient Rome
		Introducing a slide show of modern aqueducts such as those in use in California today will allow students to see that the notion of the aqueduct is still very viable in providing water delivery or flood/wastewater control in certain environments.
		It is the longest of the aqueducts and with many restorations it was used into the 10th century.
		While nothing remains of the original aqueduct, the waters are still known to be warm (60 degrees F.) Agrippa stopped using the channel and directed its waters to the Aqua Julia.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/2006/4/06.04.04.x.html (6444 words)

	DEP admits putting mercury into Rondout Reservoir
		He said the U.S. attorney's office and the federal Environmental Protection Agency launched investigations after Riverkeeper turned over evidence that the DEP "is a major criminal violator of environmental laws." The DEP pleaded guilty yesterday to a felony violation of the Clean Water Act and a misdemeanor violation of the Toxic Substances Control Act.
		The releases, which the city admitted in court yesterday it had known were illegal, went into the Delaware aqueduct, which supplies the Town of Newburgh in Orange County and the Town of Marlborough in Ulster County.
		The other branch of the city's Catskill mountain rainwater collecting network on the west shore of the Hudson River — the Catskill aqueduct — was not part of the Rondout contamination.
	www.recordonline.com /archive/2001/08/30/whaquedu.htm (479 words)

	Water Supply and Distribution Timeline - Greatest Engineering Achievements of the Twentieth Century
		The Los Angeles–Owens River Aqueduct is completed, bringing water 238 miles from the Owens Valley of the Sierra Nevada Mountains into the Los Angeles basin.
		The 92-mile-long aqueduct joins the Old Croton Aqueduct system and brings mountain water from west of the Hudson River to the water distribution system of Manhattan.
		The deep, gravityflow construction of the aqueduct allows water to flow from Rondout Reservoir in Sullivan County into New York City’s water system at Hillview Reservoir in Westchester County, supplying more than half the city’s water.
	www.greatachievements.org /?id=3610 (1306 words)

	KJ's (water) pipe dreams
		Water demand in the Hasidic community, where the average family size is nearly six, has climbed steadily as the population rose 77 percent in the last decade, to 13,138 from 7,437.
		Whenever an aqueduct connection is made, all expenses are paid by the village or other entity that's drawing water, not by the city.
		The newest link to the city water system is likely to be made by a water district being established in the Ulster County hamlet of High Falls, where groundwater contamination from a factory has forced residents to abandon their wells.
	www.recordonline.com /archive/2002/09/01/camkjwat.htm (943 words)

	Printable Version
		One pipeline is physical - a 13-mile stretch of pipe from the aqueduct tap in New Windsor to the village.
		Donnery, legislator Frank Fornario of Chester and several local officials said at a press conference last week that "the aqueduct tap is not a done deal." They met with officials of New York City's Department of Environmental Protection on Nov. 8 to discuss the village's plan to draw water from the aqueduct.
		During the year that the Delaware Aqueduct is closed, the city is looking at a shortfall of some 400,000 gallons per day.
	www.strausnews.com /articles/2004/11/21/photo_news/news/kj.prt (1228 words)

	Catskill Aqueduct - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Catskill Aqueduct begins at the Ashokan Reservoir in Olivebridge, New York, in Ulster County.
		The aqueduct transports water from Ashokan as well as the Schoharie Reservoir, which feeds into Ashokan.
		The Catskill Aqueduct has an operational capacity of about 580 million gallons (219,240 m³) per day.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Catskill_Aqueduct (204 words)

	Water for NYC
		This book, written in 1917, is a 300 year history of the water needs of New York City and the successes (and failures!) of the attempts to provide an adequate water supply for a burgeoning international business center with a population in the millions.
		Edward Hagaman Hall published his study of the Catskill Aqueduct, from which this volume is excerpted, in 1917.
		But it is the Catskill Aqueduct project, completed shortly before his study, that is most absorbing.
	www.hopefarm.com /ctytn1.htm (1138 words)

	Welcome to the Catskill Archive
		The June, 2004 issue of "The Conservationist", published by the NY DEC, has an article on the the 100th anniversary of the Catskill Forest Preserve, featuring historic photos from the Catskill Archive and other sources.
		The Catskill Mountains And The Region Around by Rev. Charles Rockwell (1867)
		At The Gateway of The Catskills (Harper's 1877)
	www.catskillarchive.com (153 words)

	1914: Walking to Flatbush
		New York finally started importing its water, first by aqueduct from Westchester, and later, when the immigrant population explosion had taxed that supply to its limit, from dams in the faraway Catskill Mountains.
		To dip the aqueduct under it a shaft was sunk 593 feet.
		The aqueduct makes a sheer drop of more than 500 feet to dip under the valley of the Rondout, rising on the opposite side to penetrate Bonticou [sic] Crag and thence to continue on its city-ward way.
	home.att.net /~storytellers/longwalk.html (823 words)

	Water Resources - Glossary
		Currently, it consists of 13 interconnected reservoirs, three controlled lakes, and the Croton Aqueduct.
		A "branched" pattern is the most common, and found throughout the Catskills.
		in the Catskills) area of land that collects and stores water for the City to use.
	www.catskillcenter.org /programs/edu/csp/H20/glossary1.htm (1065 words)

	Hiking Tibbets Brook Park
		The aqueduct descends 46.3 feet at the rate of 13.25 inches per mile and travels 32 miles to its terminal point at 173rd Street in upper Manhattan.
		But it was soon obsolete and a new Croton Aqueduct system with three times the capacity, was constructed between 1884 and 1893 (no trail was included in that project).
		This in turn was supplemented by the Catskill Aqueduct system, built between 1907 and 1917.
	nynjctbotany.org /lgtofc/nytibbet.html (737 words)

	DAF and Ozone Eliminate Quality Woes, Meet New Regs
		The new pumping station, along with an additional connection to the Catskill Aqueduct, went into service early in 1992, and the water treatment plant was started up in August of 1993.
		One effect of the lower flow is to cause large quantities of air to become entrained at the numerous inverted siphons along the course of the aqueduct.
		Raw water from the aqueduct is fed into rapid-mix basins where high-intensity dispersion of a variety of chemicals can be accomplished.
	www.wqpmag.com /wqp/index.cfm/powergrid/rfah=\|cfap=/CFID/1468785/CFTOKEN/15880721/fuseaction/showArticle/articleID/172 (1897 words)

	Review of Liquid Assets - Purple Mountain Press
		Galusha, the editor of Catskill Mountain News in Margaretville for seven years until 1996, was witness to the evolution of the latest chapter of the city's water saga.
		In a marvel of engineering, the Croton Aqueduct carried fresh water 42 miles south mustered the political clout to stop the city's plans to expand into their neighborhood.
		During the construction of the Catskill Aqueduct built between 1907 and 1917, 283 men died.
	www.catskill.net /purple/review01.htm (2669 words)

	Gerard T. Koeppel
		As the vast Catskill and Delaware Aqueduct systems came into service during the twentieth century, the 'Old Crotonî was cut back and closed in 1955; it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1992.
		The creation of Greater New York in 1898, expanding the city to its current five boroughs and nearly doubling its population, prompted the building of an aqueduct from the Catskill Mountains, one hundred miles northwest of the city and west of the Hudson River.
		At the opening of the 21st century, the Delaware Aqueduct supplied 50%, the Catskill Aqueduct 40%, and the New Croton Aqueduct 10% of the city's water.
	home.earthlink.net /~gkoeppel/entries.html (2848 words)

	NYPL Digital Gallery \| Metropolis: New York City Water and Transit Infrastructure in Photographs
		The digital collection includes mass transit proposals and projects, dating from 1867; the multi-county Catskill Aqueduct system that still supplies the city's water; and the pioneering Holland Tunnel for vehicular traffic under the Hudson River.
		This ambitious project involved the waters of the Esopus Creek, one of the four watersheds in the Catskills, and expanded to the Ashokan Reservoir and the Catskill Aqueduct.
		The bequest of the papers of William Williams (1862-1947) to the Library is the probable source of the 310 photographs relating to the Catskill water system presented here, although that provenance is not conclusive.
	digitalgallery.nypl.org /nypldigital/explore/dgexplore.cfm?col_id=186 (764 words)

	Hudson Valley Reservoirs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Catskill and Delaware systems (Schoharie, Cannonsville, Pepacton, Ashokan, Neversink, and Rondout Reservoirs) lie west of the Hudson River, covering an area of approximately 5200 square kilometers (2000 square miles).
		This aqueduct, known today as the Old Croton Aqueduct, had a capacity of about 90 million gallons per day (mgd) and was placed in service in 1842.
		The blended waters reach the city’s distribution system through the 92-mile-long Catskill Aqueduct which consists of deep-rock tunnels, steel pipe siphons and buried conduits snaking beneath mountains, valleys and rivers.
	www.bearsystems.com /Reservoirs/reservoirs.html (1337 words)

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