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	COLOMBIA - LoveToKnow Article on COLOMBIA
		The Pacific coast rivers are numerous, and discharge a very large volume of water into the ocean in proportion to the area of their drainage basins, because of the heavy rainfall on the western slopes of the Coast range.
		The remaining rivers of the Caribbean system, exclusive of the smaller ones rising in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, are the Zulia and Catatumbo, which rise in the mountains of northern Santander and flow across the low plains of the Venezuelan state of Zulia into Lake Maracaibo.
		The large rivers of Colombia and the lakes of the lowlands are filled with alligators, turtles, and fish, and several species- of fish are highly esteemed by the natives as food.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CO/COLOMBIA.htm (18986 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search Results - Cauca
		Cauca, river, Colombia, chief tributary of the Magdalena River.
		Cauca Valley, valley, western Colombia, north-western South America.
		Cali, city in western Colombia, capital of Valle del Cauca Department, on the Cali River.
	au.encarta.msn.com /Cauca.html (81 words)

	Colombia
		Farther to the south in the Cauca Valley, Colombia's richest farmland, is Cali.
		The principal centers of population are in the Magdalena and Cauca river valleys and in the Caribbean coastal region.
		The low regions along the coast and the deep Patía and Magdalena river valleys are torrid, with average annual temperatures of 24° to 27° C (75° to 80° F).
	micolombia.8m.com (1617 words)

	Valle del Cauca -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		department, western Colombia, rising from the Pacific lowlands across the Andean Cordillera Occidental to encompass the valley of the upper Cauca River.
		Founded in 1650, it is an agricultural centre in a coffee and cotton region on the Pan-American Highway and on a main highway between Bogotá and Buenaventura.
		Straddling the Cali River in the Cauca Valley of southwestern Colombia, Cali is the capital of the Valle del Cauca department.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9074726 (850 words)

	Cauca
		Cauca, river, c.800 mi (1,290 km) long, rising in the Cordillera Central, near Popayán, W Colombia.
		It flows north in a rift valley between the Cordillera Central and Cordillera Occidental to the Magdalena River.
		It is navigable in its lower course and drains a fertile valley; coffee is the chief crop.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0810906.html (227 words)

	worldsurface.com - sustainable tourism for backpackers and independent travellers
		From the Guaviare River northward the plains between the Andes and the Orinoco River are mostly grass-covered, forming the largest savanna complex in tropical America.
		In the central part of the plain, between the Guaviare and Caquetá rivers, the eroded rocks of the ancient Guiana Shield are exposed, producing a broken topography of low, isolated mountains, tablelands, and buttes with rapids in the streams.
		The Cauca River, which contributes a substantial part of its total flow, rises in the mountains south of Popayán and, after passing through the floor of the Cauca valley near Cali, occupies deep canyons in most of its passage through the departments of Caldas and Antioquia before emerging onto the floodplain of the lower Magdalena.
	www.worldsurface.com /browse/static.asp?staticpageid=566 (2306 words)

	ZenuZones - About Colombia! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The river has always been used as a natural means of transportation, first by the ancestors of the Chibcha Indians, then by the Caribbean Indians, and finally by the Spanish conquistadors and later settlers.
		The torrential rivers on the slopes of the mountains add their volume to the navigable rivers of the valleys, which can be harnessed for its large hydroelectric power potential.
		The Cordillera Occidental is separated from the Cordillera Central by the deep rift of the Cauca river valley, and is the highest of the ranges with no plateau or mountain passes under 3,300 meters and with snowcapped peaks such as the Nevado del Huila at 5,700 meters.
	www.zenuzones.com /zenu2005/catalog/about_col.php (2672 words)

	Zarahemla and Colombia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Magdalena or Sidon River valley and the central province of Zarahemla.
		Cauca River Valley and the Land of Ammonihah The parallel wide Cauca Valley to the west of the Magdalena Valley may have been the cause of lost efforts as explained before.
		Orinoco River and the Eastern Coast of Zarahemla To have the land of Colombia generally match the Land of Zarahemla of 2000 years ago, one major geographical concession must be made.
	www.xmission.com /~hunter/topology.htm (5802 words)

	Railroads South America - A Railway In The Air
		This town is situated in a valley through which the Cauca River flows between two ranges of the northern Andes, but although this river communicates with the Atlantic Ocean it is not serviceable for transportation.
		The main highway for commerce from the coast to the interior is the Magdalena River, to the east of the Cauca and flowing between the east-ern and central mountain ranges.
		Presently steamboats were introduced on the Magdalena River, a great improvement in the handling of traffic, although the boats could not go as far south as Honda, on account of rapids and difficult reaches of water.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles25/railroads-35.shtml (1351 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Cauca
		Cauca Valley, fertile valley in Colombia, located between the central and western Andes Mountains.
		The Cauca Valley lies between Popayán (capital of...
		The principal river of Colombia, the Magdalena, flows north between the Cordillera Oriental and the Cordillera Central.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Cauca.html (90 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, The Eruption of Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano Colombia, South America, November 13, 1985 (1991)
		Below this elevation the slope becomes flatter (approximately 10 degrees) and extends almost symmetrically to the floodplains of the north-bound Magdalena River on the east and the Cauca River on the west (Figure 1.2).
		These cities are Ambalema, located at the junction of the Recio and the Magdalena rivers, approximately 63 km southeast of the volcano, and Honda, at the junction of the Gualí and Magdalena rivers, approximately 75 km northeast of the volcano.
		The waters of the Magdalena River were muddied by the introduction of mudflows from the Lagunillas and Gualí rivers.
	books.nap.edu /books/0309044774/html/5.html (2359 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Cauca Valley dry forests (NT0207)
		A narrow strip of dry forest is situate in a dry valley of the Cauca River in northwestern Colombia, this ecoregion is one of the most degraded in area.
		This ecoregion consists of a narrow, elongate, north-south strip of dry forest habitat along the Cauca River in the Valley and Risaralda departments.
		Linework for the ecoregion follows an elevational contour (1000 m) around the valley of the upper Cauca River which is distinct floristically and faunistically from the montane forests which encompass it.
	www.worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt0207_full.html (656 words)

	Genesis Gems / Pre-Colombian History
		In the flat plain of the middle Cauca valley, one of the most fertile regions of the country, remains have recently been found of a culture contemporary with Yotoco and the great flowering of the southwest.
		Around AD 1000 the age of the great gold objects had passed in the southwest, and the valley of the river Cauca was occupied by warrior groups with a different tradition.
		The valley of the river Magdalena, the principal fluvial artery of Colombia, was an important interface zone in population movement and commercial exchange, reflected in the influence among the southern, central and northern cultures.
	www.genesisny.net /GGems/PreHistory.html (1945 words)

	Cali - Iridis Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It is the second largest city in the country, with an estimated 2003 population of 2,264,256 (See Cities of Colombia by size).
		Cali is located between the western and center ranges of the valley of the Cauca river.
		Initially, the city was established near the center of the Cauca valley, though it was moved to its current location a year after its foundation.
	www.iridis.com /Cali (298 words)

	Pre- Hispanic Goldwork in the British Museum: Some Recent Technological Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A few of the fish hooks were acquired some thirty years earlier and, according to the object records, are said to have been 'found in ancient river gravel in the coastal belt between Tumaco and Buenaventura', south west of the Cauca region.
		This chance fusion appears to have occurred while in the Cauca river, probably as a result of mercury pollution released into the river by the amalgamation process (patio process) which has been used since the sixteenth century after its introduction to Latin America (Flores, 1994).
		The importance of this discovery is that we have alluvial gold grains from the Cauca river in direct association with local pre-Hispanic fish hooks that probably originated from similar alluvial gold many years earlier.
	www.banrep.gov.co /blaavirtual/bolmuseo/1998/endi4445/endi03g.htm (944 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Cauca Valley montane forests (NT0109)
		The montane forests of the Cauca Valley in southwestern Colombia are highly diverse and are an important center of endemism of plants and animals.
		The biological diversity of the montane forests of the Cauca Valley is the result of complex patterns of biological diversification, related to the ecoregion’s geological history, and present topographic and climatic diversity.
		The montane forests of the Cauca Valley are strongly fragmented, especially at the lower elevations.
	www.worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt0109_full.html (1463 words)

	Página Obras Públicas de Antioquia
		STAGE 1 : INDIRECT CONNECTION * : Upgrading of the navigation of the Atrato River from the Uraba Gulf to the city of Quibdo.
		In this area two of the most beatifull rivers in the world springs, the Samana and the Claro rivers.
		The samana river by the high discharge and the Rio Claro that runs over a green marble river bed.
	quimbaya.udea.edu.co /ooppdd/engindex.html (724 words)

	Coupling between Annual and ENSO Timescales in the Malaria-Climate Association in Colombia
		Malaria in Caucasia exhibits high negative seasonal simultaneous correlations with river discharges of the Cauca river from January to October, but the strongest correlation is observed at lags of 2-4 bimonths (Table 1).
		Results suggest that the increase in the number of malaria cases is associated with an increase in air temperature and a decrease in rainfall and river discharges.
		This association with a decrease in river discharges is common for localities along wide river floodplains.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/2001/109p489-493poveda/poveda-full.html (3353 words)

	CEP Technical Report No. 35 1995 Chapter 2. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Manatee habitat in Colombia is characterized by and including areas of swamps, coastal lagoons and creeks and turbid, sluggish rivers with abundant floating meadows (INDERENA 1993 unpbl report).
		Manatee habitat in Colombia is under continuous degradation due to increasing human settlement in coastal areas, transformation of certain areas into agricultural and cattle-raising land, contamination and eutrophication, drainage and rerouting of water bodies and subsequent sedimentation of creeks and rivers, which impairs natural migration of the aquatic species in the area.
		The Colombian government has set aside a number of sanctuaries and parks for the protection of its wildlife, and in a number of them the manatee is being protected.
	www.cep.unep.org /pubs/Techreports/tr35en/ct35nsco.htm (694 words)

	Kayaking in Colombia
		Hola hermano, a couple of pictures from last Saturday on the way to the river, this is what we call a "bus de escalera" ladder bus, is all in wood, hand painted and the typical bus in the Andes towns for cargo and passengers, even in the roof you see people, animals, cargo.....
		Last time I went to the river (last Saturday) it was high and very dirty, muddy, by the half of the run my other two friends got stuck in the same hole at the same time and both swam.
		This is the Same river but all the way at the end of that canyon, around half mile to the confluence to the Cauca river in since the night before rain hard the river is high and brown, but I have seen it and it's normal color is totally clear.
	www.oregonkayaking.net /tales/colombia2/colombia2.html (1141 words)

	Valle del Cauca - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Over $80,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August.
		Valle del Cauca is a department of Colombia.
		The valley is geographically limited by the Central and Western mountain ranges and is 'bathed' by numerous rivers which empty into the Cauca River.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Valle_del_Cauca (303 words)

	Birding in Colombia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This is one of the last remaining wetland's in the Cauca Valley and is therefore very important for many formally common species in this region.The reserve is owned and managed by the Corporación Autonoma Regional del Valle del Cauca (CVC).
		The right fork follows the River Cauca and is excellent from September to April because it along here most migrant waders can be found.
		Anhinga is best seen soaring high over the river but it can also be seen sat at the edge of the lake.
	www.birding-colombia.com /guides/sites.asp?SiteID=20 (419 words)

	Search Results for Cauca - Encyclopædia Britannica
		river, western and northwestern Colombia, rising in the Andes near Popayán and flowing northward between the Cordilleras (mountains) Occidental and Oriental for 838 mi (1,349 km) to join the Río...
		Founded in 1650, it is an agricultural centre in a coffee and cotton region on the Pan-American Highway and on a main...
		In Colombia's rugged terrain the rivers have been historically important as routes of transportation and settlement.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Cauca&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (362 words)

	IHE Delft - Water Engineering Department (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This drain discharges freely in the Cauca River during low stages and excess water is pumped during the river's high stages.
		Parallel to the dike is the main irrigation canal, which is served by three pumping stations with a total capacity of 14.7 m3/s.
		The simulations showed that for one meter difference in the water level in the Cauca River, the discharge at the outlet structure is reduced by almost 60%, thus it is evident that the flap gate is important in the behavior of the main drain.
	www.unesco-ihe.org /we/msc/msche129.htm (779 words)

	Ch21
		When contact with Europeans took place, accounts indicate that it was the main crop and sustenance of the indigenous population of the humid tropics of Costa Rica.
		Rivers and their tributaries as well as certain other areas.
		This dependence is still seen nowadays in some communities, such as the Sanema Yanoama of Venezuela, the Shuars or Jivaros of Ecuador and the Yuracarés of Bolivia.
	www.fao.org /docrep/t0646e/T0646E0l.htm (3881 words)

	Colombia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Central Cordillera has a towering chain of volcanoes (e.g., Tolima) and is the divide between the valleys of the Magdalena and the Cauca rivers.
		Leticia is the country’s southernmost town, and its only port on the Amazon River.
		The small (less than 5%) fl population is concentrated along the coasts and in the Magdalena and Cauca valleys.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/Colombia.html (2825 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Cauca Valley dry forests (NT0207) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The vegetation in this area was historically deciduous dry forest, mixed with arid scrubland and evergreen dry forest along the river and its tributaries.
		In a dry deciduous forest overlooking the Cauca River, a three-toed sloth moves slowly through the crown of a Cecropia tree as it munches on the tree’s large, frilled leaves.
		A large fl antbird picks through the understory as it searches for ants and small insects, an endemic Cauca guan scratches at the dirt and leaves for its insect prey, and a spot-breasted woodpecker taps on a hollow tree, echoing a rhythmic tune that will attract mates and warn other males of its territorial boundaries.
	nationalgeographic.com /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt0207.html (547 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Endangered and Threatened Species of the Platte River (2004)
		RIVER ECOLOGY W. Carter Johnson is professor of ecology at South Dakota State University in Brookings.
		His research interests include river regulation and riparian forest ecology, climate change and prairie wetlands, seed dispersal in fragmented landscapes, and paleoecology (climate reconstruction using tree rings and Holocene seed dispersal and plant migration).
		He has investigated behavior of numerous rivers, including the Nile in Egypt for the United Nations, the Cauca River in Colombia for the World Bank, and the Mississippi in the United States.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309092302/html/277.html (3396 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In the south, a western Cordillera Occidental and a central Cordillera Central are separated by a rift valley enclosing the Cauca River.
		The basin of the Magdalena River (including the Cauca River, the major tributary of the Magdalena) is wholly within Colombia.
		There are reserves of the precious metals, principally gold, platinum (nearly all of it panned from the country's western rivers), and silver, and also of iron ore, nickel, molybdenum, and uranium.
	www.fuchsias-in-focus.co.uk /colombia2.htm (2150 words)

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