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Topic: Caucasus Campaign

	Military revises death toll of 1914 Caucasus operation - Turkish Daily News Dec 28, 2007
		Ottoman losses during the World War I Caucasus campaign in 1914 was not 90,000 but 60,000, as opposed to 30,000 Russian dead, the Office of the Chief of General Staff said in a statement.
		The statement, released on the 93rd anniversary of the start of the campaign, revised the often-quoted figure of 90,000 dead, considered one of the worst disasters to befall the Turkish Army.
		The Ottoman Empire, allied with Germany, began its Caucasus campaign on Dec. 22, 1914 in the dead of winter, sending close to a 100,000 troops toward the Russian concentration to catch the Russians unprepared.
	www.turkishdailynews.com.tr /article.php?enewsid=92126 (477 words)

	The Caucasus Campaign: The German-Russian War in the Caucasus, 1942 \| BoardGameGeek
		The Caucasus Campaign: The German-Russian War in the Caucasus, 1942
		The ranks of the Soviet army in the Caucasus is filled with Armenians, Georgians, Azerbaijanis, Cossacks and Turkoman who have questionable loyalty.
		The Caucasus Campaign is a quick playing, moderately complex game with large hexes and easy-viewing 5/8 counters.
	www.boardgamegeek.com /game/33003 (359 words)

	Georgia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the contest for supremacy in the Caucasus, the advantage lay with Rome, whose armies defeated the Persians in a series of battles toward the end of the 3rd century.
		Thousands were captured and taken south during his various campaigns in the Caucasus between 1023/1614 and 1025/1616.
		Levan's son, Kay-kòosrow (Kosrow Khan) similarly briefly served as divanbegi in 1709 and was rewarded with the position of daruga of Isfahan for quelling a bread revolt, and in 1709 became sepahsalar and was also made wali of Georgia.
	rustaveli.tripod.com /cgi-bin/geoiran.htm (6664 words)

	Web Directory » Web Directory » Regional » Asia » Regions » Caucasus
		In particular, the campaign argues that public money should not be used to subsidise social and environmental problems in the interests of the private sector.
		Caucasus - A set of articles on the society, history, politics and religion of the region.
		Caucasus - A breakdown of the geography and the ethnic and political makeup of the region, maps, and links.
	www.dcpages.com /DC_ODP/?c=Regional/Asia/Regions/Caucasus (295 words)

	Caucasus: the privatisation generation, by Vicken Cheterian
		The presidential incumbent, Robert Kocharian, based his campaign on rebuilding the country and keeping stability, and was supported by the army (his campaign chief was Serge Sarkissian, minister of defence), the state administration, and the new rulers of the Armenian economy, the oligarchs.
		The only surprise of the elections was that he did not get the 50% vote he needed for a total victory, and had to go through a second round, where he was challenged by the leader of a united opposition, Stepan Demirchian, son of the Brezhnev-era ruler of Soviet Armenia.
		In the Caucasus since independence, elections have never brought a change in power; in Tbilisi it was fraud that precipitated the velvet revolution.
	mondediplo.com /2004/01/06Caucasus (2382 words)

	Caspian Sea
		The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region in Eurasia bordered on the south by Anatolia (Turkey) and Iran in Asia, on the west by the Black Sea, on the east by the Caspian Sea, and on the north by the European portion of Russia.
		The Caucasus Campaign was fought from 1914 until 1918 in the Caucasus during World War I between the Russian Empire a member of the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire a member of the Central Powers.
		The Republic of Armenia, or Armenia (Armenian: Հայաստան, Hayastan, Հայք, Hayq), is a landlocked country in the southern Caucasus, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, Azerbaijan to the east and Iran (Persia) and the Nakhichevan exclave of Azerbaijan to the south.
	www.experiencefestival.com /caspian_sea (2169 words)

	Brenda Shaffer: Measured U.S. Support Remains Key to Caucasus
		The leaders of many of the states of the Caucasus place great faith in Washington's declarations about its commitment to their sovereignty and to the region's overall independence.
		In fact, the best way for the West to strengthen the independence of the states in the south Caucasus is to assist in the resolution of the conflicts that afflict the region.
		For any peace arrangement to succeed in the new states of the south Caucasus, Russia must perceive that the deal minimally satisfies its interests and that it has a stake in preserving the agreement.
	www.ksg.harvard.edu /news/opeds/2000/shaffer_caucasus_lat.htm (887 words)

	The Chechnya factor (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Caucasus campaign causes Russia to call for renewal of arms treaty
		The treaty is scheduled to be signed at the summit of the Organisation of Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in Istanbul on November 19.
		The breach of the treaty is in the meantime the final episode in the programme of efforts to control traditional weapons which began in 1973.
	iskran.iip.net /review/november/3fr.html (603 words)

	Maps and graphics for Caucasus, page 1 - Maps and Graphics at UNEP/GRID-Arendal
		Population migration and displacement in the Southern Caucasus, 1988-2004
		The Caucasus ecoregion, with the countries Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia and parts of Russia, Turkey and Iran represents a region in transition.
		The Caucasus region is important in terms of heavy industry.
	maps.grida.no /region/caucasus (623 words)

	EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight - The War on Terrorism: Implications for the Caucasus
		The still unfolding US campaign against global terrorism poses several significant changes to the traditional geopolitical landscape, ranging from a convergence of interests among the United States, Russia, Iran, and even China, to a focus on Central Asia as a region of newly-enhanced strategic importance.
		For the Caucasus, this means a shift in the traditional geopolitical balance of the regional powers -- Russia, Iran and Turkey.
		The shift of the geopolitical landscape, although global, is starkly evident in the Caucasus.
	www.eurasianet.org /departments/insight/articles/eav092901.shtml (893 words)

	Global Insight // Same-Day Analysis
		As a result, all of the field commanders across the north Caucasus liaise with Basayev (who had overall responsibility for military operations across the North Caucasus) and the Chechen rebel movement but are essentially autonomous and free to attack the local administrations throughout the region.
		For while the Russian government may be able to claim that the security situation in Chechnya itself has improved, the pro-Chechen rebel forces across the North Caucasus region have skilfully tapped into the population's frustrations with federal government's policy towards the region.
		If they skilfully manage their public relations campaign, this will allow the Chechen rebels to recapture the sympathy of the world's public, which was lost after Beslan.
	www.globalinsight.com /SDA/SDADetail6321.htm (1389 words)

	The Battle of Stalingrad: by Joe O'Donohoe
		In summer 1942, Hitler’s main target was the oil fields of the Caucasus, as its capture would deprive the Russians of their fuel supply.
		It could be said Hitler was outraged with Stalin’s order and ordered part of the forces that were to occupy the oil fields of the Caucasus to the siege of Stalingrad, maybe in the hope of humiliating Stalin with a quick and victorious battle.
		The third Soviet army drove west from Voronezh and, in the battle of Kursk reclaimed the Caucasus for the Soviet Union.
	www.angelfire.com /pe/riversdale/joe.html (1755 words)

	[Secret]
		Next year's campaigns were mapped at this conference, taking into consideration the points brought up at the conference of the various Prime Ministers and Foreign Ministers of Europe.
		He is now bent on completely wiping out that state and went on to announce that practically all of the main military objectives had been attained and that a greater part of the German troops would shortly be brought back to Germany.
		However, suppose that Germany is faced with the situation of having not only Great Britain as an actual enemy but also have all of those areas in which Britain has influence and those countries which have been aiding Britain as actual enemies as well.
	www.ibiblio.org /pha/timeline/411129b.html (1250 words)

	HISTORY OF IRANIAN-GEORGIAN RELATION - (CAIS) ©
		Married to a Persian princess, he guarded the northern passes through Kartli and participated in Persian campaigns against Byzantium between 455 and 458 and in India, probably in Pêrôz's wars against the Hephthalites in 474-76 (Dzhuansheriani, pp.
		During these campaigns Tahmâsb brought to Persia large numbers of Georgians, whose subsequent role in the army and civil administration led to significant changes in the character of Safavid society.
		Shah ´Abbâs I (996-1038/1587-1629) was determined to restore Persian predominance in the Caucasus.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/History/iranian_georgian_relation.htm (5226 words)

	Caucasus Campaign information - Search.com
		The Caucasus Campaign was fought from 1914 until 1918 in the Caucasus during World War I between the Russian Empire a member of the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire a member of the Central Powers.
		The Russians had the best of it in the Caucasus but the Russian Revolution forced them to halt their military operations.
		General Yudenich's Caucasus army moved in two directions from Erzurum, part went north and captured the ancient port city of Trebizond in April.
	www.search.com /reference/Caucasus_Campaign (1828 words)

	RFE/RL - Full Report
		Even before the campaign officially began, police in Yerevan were forced to intervene on March 15 to end a brawl between supporters of the HHK and of the Prosperous Armenia (Bargavach Hayastan) party founded in late 2005 by wealthy businessman Gagik Tsarukian.
		With ideological differences between the various parties almost totally eclipsed by their avowed determination to win, or hold on to, parliament seats, opposition politicians are apprehensive that some impoverished voters will avail themselves of the material benefits offered by Prosperous Armenia in return for a promise to vote for that party's candidate.
		The countries of the South Caucasus correctly see themselves as independent countries and are building relationships with the West, with Washington.
	www.rferl.org /reports/FullReport.aspx?report=567&id=2007/04/567-10-12 (3349 words)

	Hypocrisy and Russian Terrorism
		Moscow has continued to this day to wage its terror campaign in the Caucasus, a campaign that represents one of the bloodiest wars of ethnic cleansing in Europe, approaching, according to Anne Applebaum in the Washington Post, "the level of Cambodian deaths under the Khmer Rouge."
		Now it has been established, however, that the Federal Security Bureau was behind the atrocity, which apparently had been mounted to galvanize public opinion in support of a second war on Chechnya, and which in turn made Putin, founder of the FSB, an overnight hero and a leading candidate for the Russian presidency.
		Moscow's brutal campaign in Chechnya is nothing new — as far back as 2001, concerned by the discovery of a mass grave in the Chechen countryside filled with mutilated bodies, human rights organizations have detailed Russian human rights violations there, including torture and widespread detentions at the hands of Russian troops.
	www.benadorassociates.com /pf.php?id=5740 (637 words)

	The campaign â“Caucasus Without Violence \| "All Different - All Equal"
		The campaign –Caucasus without Violence is to wake up the people and to make a voice against everyday violence.
		The campaign is running to empower young people to be actors in preventing the forms of violence and to promote empathy and the self-confidence.
		Together with the local people we are designing posters, organizing out door exhibition, face painting, performing national games, concerts, we are shooting photos and short films during the whole campaign, we are distributing booklets, flipcharts and different material.
	alldifferent-allequal.info /?q=node/172 (233 words)

	Battle of Stalingrad
		The offensive began on 28 June 1942 and a swift break-through was made in the Kursk-Kharkov area with General Hermann Hoth's 4th Panzer Army advancing east to Voronezh, then southeast along the south bank of the Don River and General Ewald von Kleist's 1st Panzer Army sweeping along the north bank of the Donetz River.
		The Soviets' resistance crumbled under the impact of Operation Blue, and the German armoured thrusts met little opposition in the early stages of this drive, the exception being around Voronezh, a city on the Don that was the target for the 4th Panzer Army and the 2nd Army.
		Fortunately for the Soviets, Hitler split his effort between the Caucasus and Stalingrad, formerly Tsaritsyn, on the Volga, gateway to the north and the Urals.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/battles_stalingrad.html (2715 words)

	Three militants have been killed in a 14-hour police operation that ended Thursday in Dagestan in Russia's North ...
		Although the active phase of the North Caucasus antiterrorism campaign officially ended in 2001, periodic bombings and clashes between gunmen and federal troops still disrupt Chechnya and nearby regions, including Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, and Karachayevo-Circassia.
		The commander of Russia's Joint Forces in the North Caucasus, Colonel-General Yevgeny Baryayev, earlier said about 700 gunmen continue to operate in Chechnya and neighboring regions.
		A law granting amnesty to militants and servicemen guilty of offenses during the North Caucasus antiterrorism campaign came into force in late September 2006.
	www.russiansabroad.com /News/news.asp?id=50306&date=undefined&nTopicId=23 (356 words)

	[No title]
		Analysts who know the culture of the Caucasus, however, point out that 1) such bombings are strictly not the Chechens' style because these Islamic warriors don't usually target civilians, and 2) the Chechens, who have done quite enough kidnapping and murder, always take credit for terrorist acts, and they took no credit for these.
		Third, as Putin's new "draft military doctrine" takes form in Moscow -- one that is stridently anti-West and trumpets a "multipolar world" with weakened American leadership -- the West will eventually have to face the fact that it is indirectly funding these serial Chechnyas with IMF and other loans.
		But Washington, even while it has lobbed some criticism at Moscow for its Caucasus campaign, is still not facing reality squarely.
	www.uexpress.com /printable/print.html?uc_full_date=19991112&uc_comic=gg (777 words)

	Axis History Factbook: 1. Gebirgs-Divison
		It fougth in the Polish campaign as a part of Heeresgruppe Süd and distignguished itself during the fighting in the Carpathians.
		It later took part in the French campaign and was then posted to take part in the planned operations against United Kingdom and Gibraltar but both operations were cancelled.
		After the Caucasus campaign the division were posted in Greece and later Serbia were it took part in antipartisan operations.
	www.axishistory.com /index.php?id=1044 (284 words)

	Worldandnation: Russia combs Caucasus city for militants
		The fighting in the Kabardino-Balkariya republic near Chechnya has raised fears that Islamic militants who have been fighting Russian forces for most of the past decade were opening a new front in the troubled Caucasus region.
		The Nalchik attacks came amid a long-running regional campaign aimed at undermining nascent Islamic extremism.
		Human rights lawyers say the campaign has also affected innocent, peaceful young Muslims, alienating and offending them as they rediscover their Muslim heritage.
	www.sptimes.com /2005/10/15/Worldandnation/Russia_combs_Caucasus.shtml (562 words)

	Joel Hayward Joel Hayward : Joel Hayward Articles
		The Luftwaffe's primary function in the southern sector ceased to be support of the armies in the Caucasus (where they would be available for raids against oilfields), and instead became "flying artillery" in support of Sixth Army as it struggled to take Stalingrad.
		After Hitler divided his main campaign into two simultaneous offensives in July, Richthofen possessed nowhere near enough aircraft to provide adequate support for both army groups and was soon no longer able, as a result, to create major Schwerpunkte (points of main effort).
		Most forward airfields in the central Caucasus had been badly damaged by Soviet air forces (which were then far stronger), placing Baku well outside the range of bombers operating from even the closest secure German airfields.
	www.freewebs.com /joelhayward2/luftwaffeversussovietoilf.htm (8608 words)

	[No title]
		Campaign Stalingrad Clarifications and Errata September 1992 Clarifications: 1.
		Conclusion of 9/92 errata Campaign to Stalingrad Official Rules Changes December 1992 These are in addition to the 9/92 changes.
		The Caucasus Campaign: Rule 34.9: There is no provision to handle the possibility on the Caucasus Off Map boxes.
	grognard.com /errata/cts.txt (3103 words)

	ATMG - Australian Turkish Media Group - Armenians during Ottoman empire
		He aimed to cut the Russian lines of communications from the Caucasus to their main base at Kars and to reoccupy it along with Ardahan and Batum as the first step toward an invasion of the Caucasus.
		While the local Armenian leaders tried to restrain their followers, knowing they would suffer in any prolonged communal conflict with the Muslim majority, they were overwhelmed by the agitators from the north, who promised Russian military assistance if only they showed their loyalty to the Czar by helping to drive the Muslims out.
		The Russian Army of the Caucasus also began an offensive toward Van with the help of a large force of Armenian volunteers recruited from among refugees from Anatolia as well as local Caucasus residents.
	www.atmg.org /ArmeniansOttomans.html (2206 words)

	Iranica.com - GEORGIA ii.
		Married to a Persian princess, he guarded the northern passes through Kartli and participated in Persian campaigns against Byzantium between 455 and 458 and in India, probably in Pe@ro@z's wars against the Hephthalites in 474-76 (Dzhuansheriani, pp.
		Shah T®ahma@sb I (930-84/1524-76), who launched four campaigns against Georgia between 1540 and 1554, inaugurated the systematic extension of his dynasty's control over Georgia.
		During these campaigns T®ahma@sb brought to Persia large numbers of Georgians, whose subsequent role in the army and civil administration led to significant changes in the character of Safavid society.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v10f5/v10f504b.html (5174 words)

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