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Topic: Caudal peduncle

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	The Caudal Fin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The power behind the caudal fin rests with a group of mussels in the base of the tail or "caudal peduncle".
		A caudal with a sharp cut in it, is characteristic of a fast, enthusiastic swimmer whereas a straight edged tail is indicative of a slow swimmer.
		Additionally, the less defined the caudal fin or the rounder in shape, the slower the fish to which it belongs.
	www.thatfishshop.com /ichthyology/caudal_fin.htm (93 words)

	Fish anatomy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The caudal peduncle is the narrow part of the fish's body to which the caudal or tail fin is attached.
		The hypural joint is the joint between the caudal fin and the last of the vertebrae.
		The caudal fin is the tail fin, located at the end of the caudal peduncle.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Caudal_fin (911 words)

	CORRECTION
		Among the various organs/tissues such as gonad, embryo, skin, scale, fin, gill, caudal peduncle, heart, liver, kidney and swim bladder that were screened, heart and caudal peduncle were found to be suitable in terms of attachment, growth and ability to undergo subcultivation.
		Heart and caudal peduncle were found to be better in terms of attachment, growth and ability to undergo subcultivation with low level contamination.
		Among the tissues evaluated, cells from the caudal peduncle of mrigal could be passaged 13 times while those from the heart of mrigal and catla could be passaged 10 times, indicating the potential of these two tissues to form cell lines.
	www.ias.ac.in /currsci/dec25/articles31.htm (1835 words)

	Anatomical terms of location - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The surface or side of the body normally oriented upwards, away from the pull of gravity, is the dorsal side; the opposite side, typically the one closest to the ground when walking on all legs, swimming or flying, is the ventral side.
		For example, whilst the pleura is a single structure, for convenience the term "visceral pleura" is used to refer to that part attached to the outer surface of the lung, and "parietal pleura" to refer to that part attached to the inside of the chest wall.
		In the limbs of most animals, the terms cranial and caudal are used in the regions proximal to the carpus (the wrist, in the forelimb) and the tarsus (the ankle in the hindlimb).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Caudal (1944 words)

	Locomotion in scombrid fishes: visualization of flow around the caudal peduncle and finlets of the chub mackerel ...
		the vicinity of the finlets and caudal peduncle of the chub
		surface of the peduncle as the caudal fin decelerates at the
		vicinity to the finlets and caudal peduncle (e.g.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/204/13/2251 (7894 words)

	Fishing For Words - Minnesota Conservation Volunteer: Minnesota DNR
		The caudal peduncle is the narrow, muscular part of a fish between its body and tail.
		Peduncle relates to a bundle of fibers that connect to the tail fin.
		A perfect time to slip caudal peduncle into a sentence is anytime your family is together and you spy a mounted fish.
	www.dnr.state.mn.us /volunteer/julaug06/fishing.html (687 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		The “caudal spot” is a dark brown to fl spot usually mid-lateral on the caudal peduncle at or near the caudal-fin base.
		Dark cheek mark linear; diffuse caudal spot on upper part of peduncle (spot distinct and midlateral in juveniles); upper and lower edges of caudal fin not flish or submarginally dusky...........
		Midlateral caudal spot large (diameter 1.6-2.9 in peduncle depth); small dark spot on dorsal (and sometimes on ventral) surface of peduncle at caudal-fin base.........................................................................
	www.bioline.org.br /request?sm03001 (15384 words)

	Just Bettas finnage
		Like the capital letter “D? The flared caudal fin is exactly 180 degrees, The caudal edges have to be straight.
		Especially the excessive branching and the overlapping rays in the caudal finnage results a "rose-like" appearance, which explains the choice of the name.
		5--Bends in the caudal peduncle are expressed to a varying degree in almost all doubletail bettas.
	justbettas.home.insightbb.com /finnage.html (1092 words)

	Fins
		The tail region itself consists of the caudal peduncle and the caudal fin.
		The caudal peduncle may have notches known as precaudal pits found just ahead of the caudal fin.
		The caudal fin has both an upper and lower lobe that can be of different sizes and the shape varies across species.
	www.marinebiodiversity.ca /shark/english/fins.htm (394 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Caudal vertebrae are low in number with 14 in all specimens vs 15 in C.
		The caudal peduncle is short and deep with a mean CPL/CPD ratio of 1.0 vs 1.3-1.5 in C.
		The membranes of the fins are pigmented brown to varying degrees with the darkest section being the anterior dorsal fin.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?sp02001 (3820 words)

	Corydoras habrosus
		Sometimes you can get species that have these markings merging into one band running the full length of the body from the start of the dorsal fin to the caudal peduncle, or even 2 bands (see photo), but the spot/blotch on the peduncle is always larger than the rest of these markings.
		In place of the large blotch in the caudal peduncle of C.habrosus, C.cochui has 2 smaller spots situated between the adipose fin and the caudal peduncle (where the tail meets the body).
		Caudal fin with four rows of light spots in the upper lobe and three in the bottom lobe.
	www.scotcat.com /factsheets/corydoras_habrosus.html (699 words)

	Hydrodynamics of caudal fin locomotion by chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus (Scombridae) -- Nauen and Lauder 205 (12): ...
		Note that the caudal peduncle and fin blocked the light sheet as they moved through it (the arrow in B indicates the direction of fin movement), creating a shadow (seen, for example, in B).
		to a caudal peduncle with finlets and a forked (mackerel), semi-lunate
		the homocercal caudal fin is at an acute angle relative to the
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/205/12/1709 (8533 words)

	Guide to coral reef fish larvae: Microdesmidae: microdesmid larvae, larval microdesmids, wormfish
		The caudal fin has a distinct vertical row and three lateral rows of caudal fin neuromasts (sensory papillae) and there are 5-7 procurrent caudal fin rays (5-6 spindly).
		Melanophores line the proximal third of the lower central caudal fin rays and the mid- and distal portion of the several lowest segmented caudal fin rays.
		There are melanophores along the base of the last two dorsal fin rays (paired, off-center, and one per ray), and continuing along the dorsal caudal peduncle midline ending under the first upper procurrent caudal fin ray.
	www.coralreeffish.com /larvae/microdesmidae.htm (1135 words)

	Maldives Fish Watch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The dorsal fin extends to the height of the caudal peduncle.
		Typical of the species are the four light stripes running lengthwise, with the longest stripe running from the mouth to the caudal peduncle.
		The upper portion of the body and the caudal fin are yellow in colour.
	www.southtravels.com /de/maldives/fishwatch1.html (908 words)

	Identity Crisis – What’s My Name? Paracanthurus hepatus by Henry Schultz - Reefkeeping.com
		Extensive tests have been inconclusive in showing any sort of venom associated with this knife-like spine, but it is important to note that every fish cut with the caudal peduncle from members of the sub-family Prionurinae have died as a result of the wound (Baensch, 1994).
		In the sub-family Nasinae the caudal peduncle is fixed, and either one or even two of these daggers may be found on each side of the fish.
		The defensive mechanism of Palette tangs is the aforementioned caudal peduncle, which, like all members of the sub-family Acanthurinae, is kept tucked away until an 80-degree twist of the tail reveals the deadly weapon.
	www.reefkeeping.com /issues/2003-03/hcs3/index.php (2597 words)

	Cichlid Press eremnopyge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Apistogramm eremnopyge is the only Apistogramma species with a prominent dark blotch on the lower caudal peduncle, present in both males and females.
		It is further characterized by a narrow lateral band, absence of lateral spot, presence of caudal spot, four dentary lateralis openings, and two post-lachrymal infraorbital lateralis openings.
		Anal fin hyaline, caudal fin with indistinct dark midbasal blotch.
	www.cichlidpress.com /referenceservice/species_e/eremnopyge.htm (365 words)

	New Page 1
		The body is deepest at the head and gills, tapering to a narrow caudal peduncle and high, deeply forked caudal fin.
		There is a single dorsal fin, fl or blue-fl in color, that originates at the eye and extends to the caudal peduncle.
		The anal fin is also long, originating at mid-body and extending to the caudal peduncle.
	www.sms.si.edu /IRLFieldGuide/Coryphan_hippur.htm (268 words)

	ORBS Fish ID Glossary
		Caudal Keel: Horizontal ridge located at the base of the caudal fin (see diagram under heterocercal).
		Caudal Peduncle: The point at which the body of the fish narrows down and the caudal fin begins (also referred to as the wrist) (see diagram).
		Lunate: Used to describe the shape of a caudal fin that is crescent in outline.
	www.dfw.state.or.us /MRP/salmon/FishID/FishIDGlossary.htm (1122 words)

	The Three Rummy-Nose Tetras (page 2)
		spots at caudal peduncle: All three have a small fl spot at the top of the caudal peduncle (the thinnest part before the tail), but only the two Hemigrammus species have one on the bottom.
		The best scheme to differentiate the three species involves three features: the lower caudal peduncal mark, the extent of red, and the mid-body line leading into the center caudal bands.
		Their caudal markings perfectly match this species, but their posterior lines are too subdued to be classic examples.
	www.characin.com /carey/articles/98/three_rummynose_2.html (1317 words)

	Unicorns: More Than a Myth in Reef Aquariums; The Genus Naso by Henry C. Schultz III - Reefkeeping.com
		Ichthyologists use the caudal peduncle as a distinguishing characteristic to place each member into one of the three sub-families.
		The horn-like projection, which gives the genus its common name, is larger on males, the streamers found on some species' tails are longer in males, and the males' caudal peduncles are always larger and more pronounced.
		The blue spots surrounding the caudal peduncles undoubtedly gather attention from predators and divers alike and additionally have contributed to its common name - the Blue-spine Unicornfish.
	www.reefkeeping.com /issues/2005-07/hcs3/index.php (3345 words)

	TABS Species Account TN00226 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The belly is silvery white, and the caudal and dorsal fins are slate colored in life.
		The breeding female is lightly tuberculate on the head, lower caudal fin and anal fin.
		The lower caudal peduncle and anal area have thickened skin 1200,4205.
	fwie.fw.vt.edu /TN/TN00226h.htm (613 words)

	Whitemargin Unicornfish, Naso annulatus
		The body of the Whitemargin Unicornfish tapers to a narrow caudal peduncle.
		There are two scutes (glossary) on the caudal peduncle, each bearing a strong keel.
		The caudal fin margin and membranes of adults are white.
	www.amonline.net.au /fishes/fishfacts/fish/nannulatus.htm (239 words)

	Noturus stigmosus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The caudal fin has one dark crescent-shaped band in the middle extending forward across the upper and lower caudal rays to the caudal peduncle and another band near the clear edge.
		The caudal fin is straight or slightly rounded and nearly free from the adipose fin.
		The Mountain Madtom, Noturus eleutherus, has a dark brown bar at the base of the caudal fin, no dark crescent-shaped band in the middle of the caudal fin, no light spots in front of the dorsal fin, and no dark band near the edge of the dorsal fin.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /fish/freshwater/ictaluridae/northernmadtom.htm (360 words)

	Medical Neurosciences
		This peduncle is formed by axons that arise from certain deep cerebellar nuclei.
		2) The superior cerebellar peduncle is the principal efferent bundle of the cerebellum, unlike the other two peduncles (inferior or restiform body; middle or brachium pontis) that are conveying information to the cerebellum.
		4) The fibers cross (in the caudal midbrain) at the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum).
	www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu /virtualbrain/BrainStem/18Peduncle.html (446 words)

	Jacks and mackerels
		Jacks have a narrow caudal peduncle and two free spines preceding the anal fin; the tunas and mackerels have two or three keels on the caudal peduncle, a lunate caudal Fm, and a series of finlets behind second dorsal and anal fins.
		Body small, a pair of stripes (light blue and dark) runs along the base of the dorsal fin across the caudal peduncle into the lower lobe of the caudal fin.
		Six or seven fl bars on a silvery white background (the bars can fade under the fish's control), long lateral keel on the caudal peduncle, snout blunt, upper jaw narrow.
	www.graysreef.nos.noaa.gov /fishguide/Group5/Group5.html (730 words)

	NAS - Species FactSheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Acanthurids are generally disc-shaped, laterally compressed fishes with one or more spines or keeled bony plates on each side of the caudal peduncle.
		The caudal fin is lunate; adult males develop a long filament from the tip of each lobe.
		The plates along the caudal peduncle may inflict a venomous sting (Froese and Pauly 2005).
	nas.er.usgs.gov /queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=2553 (417 words)

	The Emergence of Whales, Chp. 11
		Vertebral column census for Delphinus delphis (a dolphin, of course): 7 cervical, 13 thoracic, 22 lumbar, and 31 caudal vertebrae.
		Posterior thoracics, lumbars and anterior caudals are extensively and uniformly elongated.
		Small peduncle and fluke means that the undulation of the torso provided most of the power.
	www.tiac.net /~cri/2001/acker11.html (1865 words)

	Species: Solenostomus cyanopterus
		Elongate tail, short caudal peduncle especially in the larger females.
		is the longer tail with a shorter tail peduncle.
		Considering the size of tail and caudal peduncle, we think that it is another Solenostomus cyanopterus.
	www.edge-of-reef.com /solenostomidi/SOLSolenostomuscyanopterusen.htm (140 words)

	SHORTFIN MAKO (Isurus oxyrinchus) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Caudal fin lunate with single keel on caudal peduncle
		Porbeagle has secondary keels on caudal fin, teeth with lateral cusplets; prefers colder water.
		Blue shark lacks lunate caudal fin, caudal keels, sharply pointed snout.
	na.nefsc.noaa.gov /sharks/species/mako.html (132 words)

	LIMNOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Caudal peduncle: The narrow posterior part of the fish’s body between anal and caudal fin.
		Hard rays: a number of soft rays united solidly to form hard rays, which are rigid and sharply pointed.
		The outermost caudal fin ray called the principal ray is also a hard ray.
	ces.iisc.ernet.in /energy/monograph1/Methpage2.html (942 words)

	FIGIS - FAO/SIDP Species Identification Sheet: Acipenser fulvescens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Tip of caudal fin reaching only to anterior edge of caudal fulcral plate.
		Scutes prominent, sharp and adjacent in very young and separated and more rounded or inconspicuous in larger individuals: 9-17 dorsal scutes; 29-42 lateral scutes; 7-12 ventral scutes.
		Juveniles less than 30 cm, with two large fl blotches on upper surface of snout and between dorsal and lateral scutes and covered with small fl spots with fl saddle markings on head, back, sides and caudal peduncle.
	www.fao.org /figis/servlet/species?fid=10179 (626 words)

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