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Topic: Causewayed enclosure

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Hambledon Hill

Fortification

Cattle

Settlement

	Bath Enclosure
		A mortuary enclosure is a term given in archaeology and anthropology to an area, surrounded by a wood, stone or earthwork barrier, in which dead bodies are placed for excarnation and to await secondary and/or collective burial.
		The mortuary enclosures of the British Neolithic were sub-rectangular banks with external ditches and raised platforms of stone or wood within them, thought to be used for the exposure of corpses prior to burial elsewhere.
		Causewayed enclosures are a type of large prehistoric earthworks common to the early Neolithic in southern Britain.
	www.breadlike.com /pages7/8/bath-enclosure.html (734 words)

	Combe Hill Causewayed Enclosure
		A further 11 metre wide causeway on the south side may be a second entrance, though disturbances in the ground may be evidence of backfilling of the ditch at some point in time.
		The enclosure is roughly in the centre of this elongated hill, with one of the suggested 'entrances' (Oswald & Field 1995 p.9) point towards the east, where a lower spur connects the hill with the neighbouring hill of Cold Crouch.
		Being on a saddle of land, the layout of the enclosure is not flat.
	www2.prestel.co.uk /aspen/sussex/combehill.html (2574 words)

	New Page 1
		Since both these factors stem from the ways in which causewayed enclosures were built and the kinds and quantities of material that were deposited in them, it was clear from the Hambledon experience that other monuments of the same class would repay similar treatment.
		Causewayed enclosures are the most complex of the monuments which characterise the first part of the Neolithic in southern Britain.
		Where human remains occur in causewayed enclosures they tend to be demographically balanced, which is not always the case with those in long barrows, so that there is a higher chance of their representing the whole population.
	www.cf.ac.uk /hisar/people/archaeology/fh/Enclosures.htm (1403 words)

	Home > Yigo, Guam, GU, 96929, Yigo Real Estate, Yigo Yellow Pages, Yigo Classifieds, Yigo News, Yigo Events, Yigo ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Causewayed enclosure is preferred to the older term causewayed camp as it has been demonstrated that the sites did not necessarily serve as occupation sites.
		Causewayed enclosures are often located on hilltop sites, encircled by one to four segmented concentric ditches, with an internal bank that is also segmented.
		Most causewayed enclosures have been ploughed away in the intervening millennia and are recognised through aerial archaeology.
	yigo.guamus.com /topic/Causewayed_enclosure (909 words)

	Southampton Archaeology - Research - Anglesey Archaeological Landscape Project Third Interim Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The ditch of the causewayed enclosure was detected east of Trench E by means of a series of test pits, and on this basis Trench G was laid out so as to investigate the character of one or more segments in the eastern part of the circuit.
		Trench H was located in the north-west part of the enclosure, north from Trench B, in order to test the preservation of ditch and bank in an area which appeared to have been greatly disturbed in medieval or later times.
		In this connection, it may be significant that at the late and atypical causewayed enclosure of Flagstones House, in Dorset, the large slabs of stone found in the ditches (Woodward 1988) may originally have formed parts of an earlier monument, since potential stone sockets were located (information Frances Healy).
	www.arch.soton.ac.uk /Research/Anglesey/Anglesey3.html (6804 words)

	Chanctonbury Ring
		It is a large hill-top enclosure, which has far ranging views from the north edge of the South Downs across the Weald to the North Downs.
		Causewayed enclosures have been excavated to find evidence of their original purpose such as defence, communal gatherings, fairs or markets, settlement, ritual, or animal enclosure.
		The use of causewayed enclosures in later times may be unrelated to their original function and at Chanctonbury this includes two Roman-style temples or shrines and four World War II gun emplacements.
	www.steyningmuseum.org.uk /chanctonbury.htm (519 words)

	5- Conspicuous evidence for Early Farmers in the Landscape
		The causewayed enclosures (earlier known as causewayed camps) have greatly increased in numbers in recent years due, in the main, to aerial photography.
		These are clearly ritual deposits and have been discovered in other causewayed enclosures like Crickley Hill in Gloucestershire and Hambledon Hill where successive deposits were found in the ditches and at Etton (Cambridgeshire), which was almost completely excavated, and where there were deposits in the ditches and in the interior of the enclosure.
		This has prompted the suggestion that the megalithic 'suite' or the mortuary enclosure underneath the earthen barrow was aligned to face the point on the horizon where the sun would rise on a particular day of the year.
	www.btinternet.com /~ron.wilcox/onlinetexts/onlinetexts-chap5.htm (5802 words)

	Southampton Archaeology - Research - Anglesey Archaeological Landscape Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		From the morphology of the ditch and the character of its filling it was inferred that it might represent part of a causewayed enclosure.
		However, the assumption remained that those enclosures which were known were prototypical of the class, and that their morphology had been stable through time.
		It is, in any case, unwise to leap from the recognition that the monument fits loosely into a class designated 'causewayed enclosures' to the assumption that it must necessarily share a function or set of functions with other members of that class.
	www.arch.soton.ac.uk /Research/Anglesey/Anglesey2.html (5153 words)

	Maiden Bower: Portal to the Neolithic
		The enclosures are generally circular in plan and are bounded by one or more (up to four) steep sided ditch rings.
		Causewayed enclosures and fortified central sites were being built across the region.
		Causewayed enclosures are found throughout the TRB settlement area and have been interpreted in differing ways.
	www.earthtransition.com /maidenbower.htm (6264 words)

	Mavesyn
		It is believed that the corpses of the tribe were exposed within the enclosures to the weather and scavenging birds, until the cleaned bones were interred communally in long barrows.
		Two Bronze Age round barrows are located near the causewayed enclosure and show that this area of the Trent continued to be an important ritual site for a long time.
		The Mavesyn Ridware causewayed enclosure is significant because it is one of the most northern examples of this type of monument.
	www.kmaone.com /rhs/Mavesyn.htm (920 words)

	Causewayed enclosures, the oldest roads, the first wagon tracks, and the development of megalithic tombs in southern ...
		Causewayed enclosures, the oldest roads, the first wagon tracks, and the development of megalithic tombs in southern Scandinavia and Central Europe.
		Tomb alignments indicate roads, converging on causewayed camps by 3500±100 cal. BC.
		Early megalithic architecture is a replacement for wood in areas where large timbers become a precious commodity, being diverted to the construction of wheeled vehicles, palisaded enclosures, boats, increasingly large houses and perhaps firewood for copper and gold production.
	www.comp-archaeology.org /AbstractsWeb_Causewayed_enclosures__the_.htm (135 words)

	Saxon Gamlingay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A large part of the eastern and northern arms of the enclosure were present within the excavated area.
		The western arm of the large causewayed enclosure may well be represented by a ditch with the longer axis roughly NNE/SSW, and causewayed entrances present at regular intervals.
		Interestingly, the alignment of the enclosure seems to roughly respect the modem alignment of Station Road (and presumably a predecessor to the north) and the adjacent field boundaries, suggesting that these are of greater antiquity than traditionally thought.
	www.roderick.starksfield.btinternet.co.uk /saxgam/ph1-2.html (458 words)

	Green How : Green How : North West Region : Local Investigations : Landscape Detectives : Archaeology & Buildings : ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Causewayed enclosures were built in the late Stone Age between about 3,700 BC and 3,400 BC, probably to serve as arenas for periodic communal gatherings; they are among the oldest and rarest field monuments known in the British Isles.
		The characteristic causeways - short gaps - at irregular intervals around both the bank and ditch are immediately apparent: on the aerial photograph, six or seven main segments can be seen in the circuit of the bank.
		Despite the lack of firm dating evidence, the form of the enclosure and the slight, degraded appearance of the remains strongly suggest that it can be interpreted with confidence as a Neolithic causewayed enclosure.
	www.english-heritage.org.uk /server/show/conWebDoc.4005 (517 words)

	jungsteinSITE - Calden: Das Erdwerk (1)
		Access was possible at seven points (causeways), each of which was controlled by a wooden building of a similar ground plan, which would allow only one person at a time pass through into the inner range.
		The façade (front) of the enclosure faces towards south-west; a direct connection to a long distance track from the Hellweg zone to the Kassel basin, leading by in the direct vicinity, is highly probable.
		Several features underline the role of the enclosure as a place where ritual and mortuary activities were carried out in a context of representation, territoriality and communication towards the outer sphere.
	www.jungsteinsite.uni-kiel.de /1999_calden/ca_ew1/ca_ew1.htm (1119 words)

	Neolithic activity in South Essex, UK.
		By far the largest and most impressive of the Neolithic monuments in south Essex is a causewayed enclosure at Orsett which shows very clearly on aerial photographs.
		On the aerial photograph the ditches of the causewayed enclosure show as three concentric curving lines of dark marks.
		The recovery of Beaker pottery and a barbed and tanged arrowhead from the Orsett causewayed enclosure are indications of this.
	finestprospect.org.uk /Neolithic/Neolithic.htm (963 words)

	Archaeology Review 1996 - 97 : 4.20.23 Hambledon Hill, near Blandford Forum in Dorset
		A fragment of vine (Vitis vinifera) charcoal from the main causewayed enclosure ditch may reflect vine cultivation, especially in the light of a grape pip radiocarbon dated to 4660 from a pit on the southern spur.
		The pip was identified in the course of analysis of the charred plant remains, which include a deposit of thousands of spikelets of emmer wheat in a pit outside the Stepleton enclosure, as well as a predictable general scatter of hazelnut shells and odd cereal grains.
		This is reinforced by changes in the balance of pottery fabrics between these layers and earlier ones, including the chalk rubble which fills most of each ditch, by an increase in the frequency of decorated vessels in the later layers, and by the presence in them of articulated animal bone.
	www.eng-h.gov.uk /ArchRev/rev96_7/hamhill.htm (784 words)

	Henge - Stone Circle - Crystalinks
		Given the defensive impracticalities of an enclosure with an external bank and internal ditch (rather than vice versa), henges are considered to have served a ritual purpose, perhaps built with intention of shielding what went on inside the enclosure from the outside world.
		Although still with a multiply-causewayed ditch and entrances at cardinal points, the roundels are described by John Hodgson as not being positioned with defensive aims in mind and the largest, at Kothingeichendorf, appeared to be "midway between a henge and a causewayed enclosure".
		Unlike earlier enclosure monuments they were not built on hilltops but on low-lying ground often close to watercourses and good agricultural land.
	www.crystalinks.com /henge.html (2162 words)

	Untitled
		Causewayed enclosures, the oldest roads, the first wagon tracks, and the development of megalithic tombs in southern Scandinavia and Central Europe.©;
		A short distance from the enclosure a long section of the dirt road is deeply sunken into the ridge, attesting to its great antiquity.
		At Lønt, near the Haderslev Fjord, a causewayed enclosure is accompanied by tomb alignments, which even today are partly aligned with the modern road (Fig.
	www.comp-archaeology.org /SAA_1998_Roads.htm (5146 words)

	Neolithic Enclosures and Landscapes in the West Midlands
		The recognition of causewayed enclosures in the 1920s and the invention of henges in the early 1930s prompted a major revision of perceptions of the Neolithic as well as a search for additional comparable constructions across the country.
		Most of the Neolithic enclosures, whether definite or possible, listed in the region’s SMRs and in the NMR are located on the better-drained soils of the major river valleys and their tributaries, i.e.
		Almost all of the definite or possible Neolithic enclosures - causewayed enclosures, cursus monuments, henges - recognised in the West Midlands remain unexcavated and are therefore identified on their degree of resemblance to the main recognised categories of Neolithic enclosure.
	www.iaa.bham.ac.uk /research/fieldwork_research_themes/projects/wmrrfa/barber.htm (2311 words)

	Causewayed enclosure - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Longitudinal sections excavated along the ditches by archaeologists suggest that they were repeatedly dug and redug by the builders who during each event would deliberately deposit pottery and human and animal bones in a what is considered to have been a regular ritual.
		Generally, it appears that the ditches were permitted to silt up, even while the camps were in use, and then re-excavated episodically and it is unlikely that they had a strong defensive purpose.
		Some tor enclosures such as that at Carn Brea are believed to have served a similar purpose in south western Britain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Causewayed_enclosure (755 words)

	ULAS - Archaeological Services, University of Leicester (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The trees would have been part of the natural landscape before the woodland was cleared and the causewayed enclosure was constructed.
		The work to date at Husbands Bosworth has shown that the causewayed enclosure was a focus of activity during the prehistoric period, with evidence of seasonal occupation, the construction of a circular monument — perhaps a local variation of a ‘henge’ — and burials, during the Neolithic.
		It is uncertain when the causewayed enclosure ceased to be visible as a feature in the landscape.
	www.le.ac.uk /ulas/annualreports/ar2001/husbos/husbos.html (1263 words)

	channel4.com - Time Team - Northborough, Peterborough - text only
		When we were excavating the causewayed enclosure at Etton in the 1980s, some fragments of wooden bowls were found.
		The main wood found in the ditch of the causewayed enclosure at Etton was alder; and in one particular segment the bases of alders that had been growing in the Neolithic were found.
		Causewayed enclosures are among the oldest of our ancient monuments.
	www.channel4.com /history/timeteam/2005_north_t.html (2561 words)

	Sunderland City Council
		Sections of the ditches of both the cursus and causewayed enclosure were excavated by the Department of Archaeology, University of Durham in 1980.
		The causewayed enclosure lies 10m north west of the northern terminus of the cursus.
		One of the round barrows, which is 9m in diameter, is on the eastern perimeter of the enclosure.
	www.sunderland.gov.uk /public/editable/themes/environment/scheduled-monuments/hastingshill-cursor.asp (236 words)

	Projects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Drewett, P. The Excavation of a Neolithic Causewayed Enclosure on Offham Hill, East Sussex, 1976, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 43: 201-41.
		Enclosure and Burial in the Earliest Neolithic of the Aisne Valley, in M. Edmonds and C. Richards (ed.), Understanding the Neolithic of north-western Europe: 127-40.
		The excavation of a late Neolithic henge-type enclosure at Balfarg, Markinch, Fife, Scotland, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries Scotland 111: 63-171.
	acl.arts.usyd.edu.au /projects/externalprojects/mking_lwtd/references.html (9550 words)

	Salmonsbury Camp Cotswold Archaeology
		These included new information on a Neolithic causewayed enclosure, and the identification of a rare 18th-century cow barn.
		The survey, which was carried out by GSB Prospection, revealed the lines of now-vanished ditches of the Iron Age hillfort, including the layout of possible defences around the northern entrance.
		The most interesting features visible on the geophysical survey plot are several ditches that appear to represent a Neolithic causewayed enclosure.
	www.cotswoldarch.org.uk /annual_review_15/salmonsbury.htm (441 words)

	Enclosure (archaeology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Enclosures served numerous practical purposes including acting to delineate settlement areas, to create defensive positions or to be used as animal pens.
		They were also widely adopted in ritual and burial practices however and seem to demonstrate a fundamental human desire to make physical boundaries around spaces.
		Enclosures created from ditches and banks or walling can often be identified in the field through aerial photography or ground survey.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Enclosure_(archaeology) (174 words)

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