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Topic: Cavalry warfare

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	Medieval warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Medieval warfare is the warfare of the European Middle Ages.
		Warfare centred on small cadres of elite, and very expensive, mounted fighters: this was both a product of and a contributing factor to the social order of the Middle Ages.
		In the Mediterranean, naval warfare in the medieval period resembled that of the ancient period: fleets of galleys rowed by slaves would attempt to ram each other, or come alongside for marines to fight on deck.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Medieval_warfare (3765 words)

	History of warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		What might be described as ancient warfare is still practiced in a number of parts of the world.
		Ancient warfare, primarily infantry warfare in the era before the stirrup.
		Medieval warfare, cavalry predominates in the period between the introduction of the stirrup but is displaced because of increasing numbers of english longbowmen and, finally, the development of gunpowder.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_warfare (233 words)

	The History Vault · A store of knowledge
		Furthermore, as warfare was the defining activity of the upper class, it was also the defining cultural and economic activity of the period.
		Because warfare defined mediaeval society, changes in warfare had an enormous impact on societal values, especially the values of the aristocracy whose self-image was defined by their role as the military elite.
		The cavalry role was so ingrained to the military milieu that even with their increasing vulnerability on the battlefield, they were still considered to be the most important feature of an army.
	www.freewebs.com /thehistoryvault/mediaevalwarvalues.htm (2832 words)

	Nathan Bedford Forrest - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		He was one of the war's most innovative and successful generals; his innovative tactics of mobile warfare are still studied by modern soldiers.
		He quickly recovered from the injury and was back in the saddle that summer, in command of a new brigade of green cavalry regiments.
		Forrest was one of the first men, if not the first, to grasp the doctrines of "mobile warfare" that became prevalent in the 20th century.
	www.bucyrus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest (2034 words)

	The Age of Cavalry and Arthurian Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Warfare during the fifth and sixth centuries can be described as being mobile and open, characterized by battles between small armies of British cavalry and Saxon infantry.
		However, cavalry charges against a massed body of infantry were not as effective, and as the Saxons brought more men across the channel, the effectiveness of the charge decreased.
		The knights of the late middle ages served as the cavalry of the army, the offensive punch of the army, and the pursuit force of the army.
	www.georgetown.edu /users/kammerb/cavalry.htm (2969 words)

	Forums at the Society - The Big Myth? The End of Cavalry 1920-1945
		The Cavalry in "classical" sense died at Isbushenskij in august 1942 with the charge of the Savoia Cavalleria, but the Cavalry (I mean mounted) can (or could) still accomplish a wide range of tasks even today.
		This plan failed because the cavalry was stationed too far in the rear and by the time the order had been delivered to them [I believe on horseback] and they moved up, the Germans had closed the gap.
		U.S. Cavalry had come up in the days when the West was completely open, but that was no longer true when Patton was in West Point, obviously, and recent wars had seen the beginnings of what would lead to static warfare in WWI.
	www.militaryhorse.org /forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=2702 (7380 words)

	Normans
		From then on until the mid-11th century, the history of the Normans in Normandy was marked by a line of ruthless and forceful rulers calling themselves counts, or dukes, of Normandy and struggling to establish political hegemony over the indigenous Frankish population of the region.
		These little fortifications, which were complementary to the warfare conducted in open country by small units of cavalry, became the hallmark of Norman penetration and conquest.
		The role of the Normans in Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries may be summarized in saying that by their fierce energy and enterprise, they extended the practice of centralized authoritarian rule, feudalism, cavalry warfare, and religious reform.
	www.orbilat.com /Encyclopaedia/N/Normans.html (1329 words)

	Weapons and Warfare - Cavalry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Cavalry consisted of warriors on mounts, such as horses and camels.
		There were two main types of cavalry in the Middle Ages, and these were differentiated by the amount of armor the soldier wore.
		The heavy cavalry was often used as a shock absorber against the opposing forces, taking the full blow of the enemies' attacks.
	panthers.moundsparkacademy.org /~mwineman07/weaponsandwarfare/cavalry.html (185 words)

	Structure and Command of Cavalry
		Cavalry are superior troops, and they also tend to feel and act much superior.
		All cavalry commanders carry gonfalons on their lances, while non-ranking noble cavalrymen carry pennants on theirs, only serjeants (cavalry of Status 1) have bare lances.
		A squadron, which is the cavalry equal of a company, is composed of 4 to 8 lances, averaging about six lances with 130 cavalrymen altogether.
	www.gwarv.com /manticora/warfare/cavalry.shtml (514 words)

	The Japanese curved sword
		To begin with, it's premised on an inflated dichotomy between the style of warfare favored by the bushi of the late tenth and eleventh centuries, and those of their forebears.
		Cavalry didn't suddenly become fashionable during the mid-10th century; court military policy had been increasing its tactical focus on mounted warriors--and trimming back the infantry component of its armed forces--since the 700s.
		Clearly then, cavalry warfare couldn't have been the impetus behind the transition from straight to curved swords during the middle Heian period.
	ejmas.com /tin/tinart_friday_0903.html (2004 words)

	Medieval Warfare
		Warfare was a way of life in Medieval Europe.
		The form of warfare in Medieval Europe was that which developed out of the military traditions and practices of the German tribes that overran the Roman empire in the 4th, 5th, and 6th centuries.
		The English had an advantage in sieges for most of the war (until the French developed superior cannon) because their yeomen were more effective at siege warfare.
	www.hyw.com /Books/History/Medi0000.htm (3917 words)

	HELLAS:NET - History
		Warfare has been a recurring phenomenon in the history of civilization and unfortunately continues to plague the world today.
		Spearmen and foot archers made up the first dominant armies, but they were replaced by chariot archers who dominated the battlefield from 2700 to 1200 BC when they were made obsolote by new tactics for the infantry.
		The phalanx had proved itself to be a superior tactic in their eyes, and for long they did not see the need to expand the army with lighter troops, archers, or cavalry.
	monolith.dnsalias.org /~marsares/warfare (778 words)

	Medieval Warfare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Warfare technology is a constantly changing field, Developments of arms make older ones obsolete and developments in armour make attacks by older weapons a mere nusiance.
		On the late medieval battlefield the use of crossbows and polearms has reduced the effectiveness of the cavalry, hence the cavalry are usually removed from the main battle.
		As mentioned the cavalry are now removed from the main battle, they are usually lightly armoured and use spears, lances or something similar.
	www.medieval-warfare.co.uk /MedievalWarfare.htm (1164 words)

	The stirrup and its effect on chinese military history
		The light cavalry sent a heavy volume of arrows onto the massed Romans while the threat of a charge by the heavy cavalry prevented the Romans from opening ranks."" One may see depictions of Parthian armored cavalry of this period in the friezes from Khalchayan (Fig.
		Cavalry apparently gained in importance during the Han, but the uses to which it was put perhaps did not change very much.
		Two columns, one of ten thousand cavalry from the north and the other of thirty thousand cavalry from the south, joined the Turks in an attack, but the action was ultimately unsuccessful.87 The next effort, in 564, was a general mobilization of the state.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/stirrup.shtml (6088 words)

	From Heroes to Legions: Warriors of the Xenaverse in History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Cavalry were therefore often placed on the wings of the phalanx to guard against outflanking movements.
		The Ch'in were among the leading exponents of cavalry warfare and were particularly unpopular due to their employment of savage Hu tribesmen.
		Cavalry were often armed with bows, but could also be equipped for hand-to-hand fighting with swords, spears, or even halberds.
	www.whoosh.org /issue51/shaughnessy2.html (4719 words)

	All Empires - Medieval Tactics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Once the cavalry had charged into action, it would often retreat and prepare for a subsequent charge, until the enemy was sufficiently weakened.
		Cavalry was susceptible to the attacks of archers with longbows, or to crossbowmen, and the charge could be seriously impeded by infantry bearing pikes.
		When firearms were developed to the point of usefulness in warfare, they could penetrate a knight's armor easily and be used by a less skilled infantry than the bow.
	yiannis95.brinkster.net /articles/text/medieval_tactics.htm (3655 words)

	Tactics in Medieval Warfare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Large cavalry armies can use its preponderance of mounted units to pin and enemy army and attempt to smash one or both of the enemy flanks before turning on the enemy center.
		Cavalry in wedge get to fight two ranks deep, whereas Conrois fight a rank and a half and cavalry in neither of these formations only fights with a front rank.
		No matter what your cavalry is armed with besides missiles, once the enemy is disordered, you have a tactical advantage when you charge into him and engage in close combat.
	www.saga-publishing.com /tactics.htm (4550 words)

	Medieval Warfare
		On the late medieval battlefield, the use of crossbows and polearms reduced the effectiveness of the cavalry; as a result, cavalry was removed from the main battle.
		Their armor is somewhere between an archer's and a knight's, being fairly light but covering the essential areas of the body (head, chest and the tops of the legs).
		Without the defense of the pole arms of the infantry against cavalry and without the archers to cut holes in the opposing force, the soldiers would break their lines and start to retreat.
	www.mountbromo.com /ethshar/medieval-warfare.html (1167 words)

	Greek Warfare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		First Armored Infantry and Cavalry - 479 BC to 378 AD Sparta and Athens were the two most powerful city-states in Greece and fought each other for years in what has been known as the Peloponnesian Wars which were won by Sparta.
		The Spartans had their phalanx in a single line with cavalry and light infantry on the sides.
		Sparta had their best troops on the right flank which was where Epaminondas tripled his forces (phalanx at this loction had 48 rows) and took command against the Spartan right flank.
	www.geocities.com /aetna264/GreekWarfare.htm (504 words)

	HELLAS:NET - Warfare
		The right wing of his army, the cavalry, attempts to break through the enemy formation as usual and this way the pressure on the center of the Macedonian increases.
		His cavalry seriously outnumbered and is having a really hard time to stop the attack of the Persian cavalry.
		The Macedonian cavalry on the left is still in the same position as at the start of the battle, and the Persian cavalry is almost encircled by Macedonian light troops because of the sudden advancement of the phalanx.
	monolith.dnsalias.org /~marsares/warfare/battle/issus.html (1433 words)

	Medieval Warfare
		This period in history was dominated by the heavy cavalry and “this preponderance, dating from the barbarian invasions of the forth century, may be ascribed largely to the excellence of their equipment, which incorporated several technical innovations” (Verbruggen 23).
		The three key aspects of this revolution are “the supplanting of heavily armored cavalry by infantry as the most effective component of armies in battle,” “the introduction of gunpowder weapons,” and “the rise in the size of armies” (Ayton and Price 2).
		Although the cavalry did dominate warfare, it was eventually replaced and even made impotent by the strength of the infantry.
	www.english.ucsb.edu /faculty/cpaster/courses/fc/aleman.htm (1692 words)

	Articles - Nathan Bedford Forrest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In December 1862, Forrest's veteran troopers were reassigned by Bragg to another officer, against his protest, and he was forced to recruit a new brigade, this one composed of about 2,000 inexperienced recruits, most of whom lacked even weapons with which to fight.
		Forrest was one of the first men to grasp the doctrines of "mobile warfare" that became prevalent in the 20th century.
		Many students of warfare have come to appreciate Forrest's somewhat novel approach to cavalry deployment and quick hit-and-run tactics, and how this may have affected mobile tactics in the modern mechanized era.
	gaple.com /articles/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest?... (2663 words)

	Art of Warfare
		The transformation of the feudal knight (a high quality, but erratic and independent warrior) into cavalry (a tactical body used for its mobility and massed force) was another significant change, both socially and technologically.
		All the social privileges of the nobility were based on the assumption that they owed the service of arms to the king in exchange for the land (and its tenants) that supported them.
		Armed with 18-foot pikes, in a square formation, pikes could stop a cavalry charge cold and could steamroller their opposition when they got up the momentum.
	www.lepg.org /warfare.htm (3933 words)

	Cavalry Warfare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The British, French and German armies all considered their cavalry to be an elite force and had considerable influence over the tactics used during battles.
		The reconnaissance function of the cavalry during the First World War was rendered obsolete by the use of aircraft such as the Farman MF-II, Avro 504 and the BE-2.
		When the cavalry were used on the Western Front it was found to be completely ineffective against machine gun fire.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /FWWcavalry.htm (688 words)

	Electronic Antiquities Volume III, Number 1
		Therefore cavalry must have had a military value in ancient Greek warfare.
		Chapter 3, "Cavalry Warfare, c.450-300", gives a good account of what cavalry did actually achieve in a world in which battles were actually decided by heavy infantry.
		In "Supporting Operations" (pp.140-162) we are shown that cavalry was used to screen infantry on the march, reconnoitre, pursue a broken enemy and protect its own infantry in retreat.
	scholar.lib.vt.edu /ejournals/ElAnt/V3N1/anderson.html (1201 words)

	Neo's Referral Notes (Private) - Alleria
		While the concept of logistics as a part of warfare is relatively recent, the practice is observable in the middle ages because supply is a necessary requirement for military operations.
		Medieval warfare was often characterised as a succession of sieges accompanied by skirmishers and devastation, with major battles being rare events.
		Three of the main problems of medieval warfare were the vulnerability of small forces that were not organised, the weakness of the pursuit of defeated forces, and the importance of a reserve force.
	www.alleria.com /forums/showthread.php?postid=470610 (11699 words)

	Feudal-era Miniatures Rules
		This allows the petty battles common to the period to be played out, with a few hundred men on each side, and still have an interesting number of figures.
		Missile figures may be mixed in with non-missile figures, but foot and cavalry figures may not be in the same unit.
		Cavalry should be mounted 20-25mm wide per figure.
	www.angelfire.com /wa/rogerswhome/FeudalWarfare.html (3303 words)

	Gans's Soc.History.Medieval Archives
		Unfortunately, the original English translation (_The Art of Warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages: From the Eighth Century to 1340_), which came out only in 1977, was flawed, leaving out one of the major campaigns discussed by Verbruggen and also leaving out many of his examples.
		In particular Verbruggen showed that the cavalry was trained to fight as a unit and that they were skilled in battlefield tactics and the use of the complex medieval weaponry of the battlefield.
		They were trained in obedience to commands, to listen to the trumpet calls used for command, and in complex maneuvers such as the feigned retreat in which cavalry pretended to be routed to entice the enemy to follow -- and then to suddenly regroup and turn on their followers whose formations were now broken.
	scholar.chem.nyu.edu /~gans/kelly01.html (1161 words)

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