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Topic: Cavendish experiment

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		The University of Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory was endowed by several of Henry Cavendish's later relatives, especially William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire (Chancellor of the University from 1861 to 1891).
		Cavendish is considered to be one of the so-called pneumatic chemists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, along with, for example, Joseph Priestley and Daniel Rutherford.
		In addition to his achievements in chemistry, Henry Cavendish is also known for the Cavendish experiment, the first to measure the force of gravity between masses in a laboratory and to produce an accurate value for the Earth's density.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Henry_Cavendish (1347 words)

	Cavendish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Henry Cavendish was English physicist and chemist who conducted experiments in diverse fields, discovering such phenomena as the composition of air, the nature and properties of hydrogen, the specific heat of certain substances, the composition of water, and various properties of electricity.
		Cavendish's experiments on air, described in 1784-85, led to the discovery that water is not an element but a compound and to the discovery of nitric acid.
		Cavendish discovered for himself that the force between a pair of electrical charges is inverse to the square of the distance between them, a basic law of electrostatics subsequently established by a French physicist, C.A. Coulomb, and known by his name.
	www.geocities.com /neveyaakov/electro_science/cavendish.html (1772 words)

	Cavendish experiment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In physics, the Cavendish experiment was the first experiment to accurately measure the gravitational constant by measuring the force of gravity between two masses in the laboratory.
		The experiment was originally proposed by John Michell, who constructed a torsion balance apparatus, but Michell died without completing the experiment.
		A description of Cavendish's experiment and a summary of several similar experiments are given by the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Torsion_bar_experiment (428 words)

	Henry Cavendish
		The soap-lees used in the foregoing experiments were made from salt of tartar, prepared without nitre; and were of such a strength as to yield 1/10 of their weight of nitre when saturated with nitrous acid.
		In the first experiment, the quantity of soap-lees used was 35 measures, each of which was equal in bulk to 1 grain of quicksilver; and that of the air absorbed was 416 such measures of phlogisticated air, and 914 of dephlogisticated.
		I therefore made an experiment to determine, whether the whole of a given portion of the phlogisticated air of the atmosphere could be reduced to nitrous acid, or whether there was not a part of a different nature from the rest, which would refuse to undergo that change.
	web.lemoyne.edu /~giunta/cavendish.html (1522 words)

	The Cavendish Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		He began his experiments to "weigh the world" in 1797 at the age of 67, and published his result in 1798 that the average density of the earth is 5.48 times that of water.
		Cavendish's extraordinary attention to detail and to the quantification of the errors in this experiment has lead C. Everitt to describe this experiment as the first modern physics experiment.
		Cavendish mounted a finely ruled scale near the end of the dumbbell, which he could read to one-hundredth of an inch resolution using a telescope.
	kossi.physics.hmc.edu /Courses/p23a/Experiments/Cavendish.html (1356 words)

	THE MICHELL-CAVENDISH EXPERIMENT
		However, his experiment is often referred to as having "weighed the earth" because from the knowledge of R, the earth's radius, and the gravitational field strength g at the surface of the earth, it is possible to determine the mass M of the earth.
		Cavendish also decided to place the whole apparatus in a room which remained constantly shut, moving the weights from the outside and observing the motion of the arm from the outside using a telescope, and this required some further changes in Michell's apparatus.
		Cavendish expresses the opinion that "it seems very unlikely that the density of the earth should differ from 5.48 by so much as 1/14 of the whole." Actually, his (corrected) average of 5.45 is only 1.3 % lower than the currently accepted value of the density of the earth.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~lhodges/Michell.htm (1720 words)

	Rare First Edition of The Discovery of Hydrogen by Cavendish
		In 1798, Cavendish, by means of a torsion balance, was able to measure the force of gravitational attraction between pairs of lead spheres, thus allowing for the calculation of the gravitational constant, G, in Newton's revolutionary law of universal gravitation.
		Cavendish calculated the force of attraction between the balls from the observed period of oscillation of the balance and deduced the density of the Earth from the force.
		Cavendish was the first to observe gravitational motions induced by comparatively minute portions of ordinary matter.
	www.theworldsgreatbooks.com /cavendish.htm (557 words)

	Henry Cavendish: Weighing the Earth
		His balance was constructed from a 6-foot wooden rod suspended by a metal fiber, with 2-inch-diameter lead spheres mounted on each end of the rod.
		He began his experiments to "weigh the world" in 1797 at the age of 67, and published his result in 1798 that the average density of the earth is 5.48 times that of water.
		Cavendish's extraordinary attention to detail and to the quantification of the errors in this experiment has lead many to describe this experiment as the first modern physics experiment.
	www.juliantrubin.com /bigten/cavendishg.html (1253 words)

	Oxford Physics Teaching - History Archive
		Cavendish used the balance in 1798 and measured the mean density of the earth at 5.48g/cm
		Cavendish used a pendulum beating seconds to measure time and this removes G from the calculations replacing it with the mass and radius of the Earth.
		Cavendish used 2" lead balls hanging on the end of a 73" beam which was suspended by a 40" long torsion wire of "copper silvered".
	www.physics.ox.ac.uk /history.asp?page=BigGHis (1154 words)

	Debunking Physics and Discovering Forever (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Later it was seen as the first experiment to determine the value of a factor which physics calls the gravitational constant.
		Cavendish discovered that "the arm moved backwards, in the same manner that it before move forward".
		He conducted the Cavendish Experiment and proclaimed that the value for the gravitational constant was within acceptable limits.
	members.westnet.com.au /paradigm (3701 words)

	Henry Cavendish - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cavendish is also credited with one of the earliest accurate calculations of the density of the earth.
		Cavendish made several remarkable discoveries in electrical science, but they cannot be described as significant because he did not bother to publish them.
		Some later relatives, especially William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire (Chancellor of the University from 1861 to 1891), donated money which was used to endow the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University in the 1870s.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Henry_Cavendish (866 words)

	wais:biography: henry cavendish
		John Gehl sends this bio of the English physicist and chemist Henry Cavendish (1731-1810), whose notable scientific discoveries included the composition of air, the nature and properties of hydrogen, the specific heat of certain substances, the composition of water, and various properties of electricity.
		When Cavendish turned 40, he inherited the fortune that made him, in the words of a contemporary French scientist, "the richest of all learned men, and very likely also the most learned of all the rich."Despite his wealth Cavendish lived frugally, spending his money mostly to build an extensive library of scientific equipment and books.
		Cavendish died in his 78th year and was buried in what is now Derby Cathedral, England.
	wais.stanford.edu /ztopics/week110104/bio_henrycavendish_110104.htm (684 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, The Last Sorcerers: The Path from Alchemy to the Periodic Table (2003)
		Some of Henry's experiments in physics and most of his chemical experiments were performed while he was still living under his father's roof At the age of 40, Henry inherited a fortune of more than a million pounds, though it is not known which of his relatives the money came from.
		However, Cavendish is credited with the discovery of the gas because he was the first to perform experi- ments for the purpose of determining its properties.
		Cavendish didn't realize that he had shown that water was a com- pound of hydrogen and oxygen and therefore not an element.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309089050/html/90.html (5972 words)

	Cavendish Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Henry Cavendish was able to devise an experiment to measure the force, and hence G.
		In 1798, one hundred and eleven years after Newton proposed his law of gravitation, Cavendish constructed a "torsion balance", in which he measured the small twist of a dumbbell hung from a fine fiber when two spheres are placed nearby.
		The various components of the experiment are: the torsion balance, the laser, and a ruler, which acts as the screen.
	physics.usask.ca /~kolb/p404/cavendish (678 words)

	Gravity
		Cavendish brought a third mass close to one of the masses on the torsion balance.
		Through careful measurement of the angular deflection of the beam of light, Cavendish was able to determine the extent to which the known mass was attracted to the introduced mass.
		Cavendish cleverly referred to his research as “Measuring the Mass of Earth.” Since he had determined the value of G, he could do some simple calculations to determine the mass of the Earth.
	www.visionlearning.com /library/module_viewer.php?mid=118&l=&c3= (1948 words)

	Gregg Grist's Cavendish Experiment: Conclusion
		Also, let us not forget the human factor; measuring the masses and distances by eye with a small scale, calls for some estimation.
		All in all, this was a good experiment with many aspects to consider.
		Our results are not perfect, except as to be perfectly acceptable given all aspects of the experiment.
	www.physics.sfsu.edu /~ggrist/490/Conc/conc.html (202 words)

	Lord Rayleigh
		However, that obvious point being borne in mind, it was proved by experiment that the gas did not change in weight by standing for eight months--a result tending to show that the abnormal lightness was not the consequence of dissociation.
		He found, after days and weeks of protracted experiment, that, for the most part, the nitrogen of the atmosphere was absorbed in this manner, and converted into nitrous acid; but that there was a small residue remaining after prolonged treatment with sparks, and a final absorption of the residual oxygen.
		When the experiment was first tried, I had hoped that it might be possible, by the aid of electricity, to start the action so effectively that the magnesium would continue to burn independently under its own developed heat in the atmosphere of nitrogen.
	web.lemoyne.edu /~giunta/rayleigh.html (5909 words)

	neurodiversity.com \| henry cavendish
		Cavendish discovered nitric acid (HNO3), and proved that water was not an element but made up of gases.
		Cavendish did not stand aloof from other men in a proud or supercilious spirit, refusing to count them his fellows.
		In his experiments, he measured the strength of a current by shocking himself and estimating the magnitude of the pain.
	www.neurodiversity.com /bio_cavendish.html (867 words)

	GRAVITATION CONSTANT A... - Online Information article about GRAVITATION CONSTANT A...
		Let 2a be the length of the torsion rod, m the mass of a ball, M the mass of a large sphere, d the distance between the centres, supposed the same on each side.
		Cornu and J. Baille commenced an experiment by the Cavendish method which was never definitely completed, though valuable studies of the behaviour of the torsion apparatus were made.
		The experiment was only as it were a by-product in the course of exceedingly ingenious work on the local variation in gravity for which the original paper should be consulted.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /GRA_GUI/GRAVITATION_CONSTANT_AND_MEAN_D.html (6773 words)

	Determination of the gravitational constant G by means of a beam balance
		These experiments were originally performed with the aim to improve the accuracy of G, since even before increasing its uncertainty the gravitational constant had a very large uncertainty compared to that of other fundamental constants.
		The device most often used for measuring G is the torsion balance of Cavendish in one of its various forms, and 1998 was the 200 anniversary of the publication of his paper entitled “Experiments to determine the density of the Earth”.
		For the puposes of the experiment, the resolution of the balance was improved from 1mg to 0.1mg.
	www.europhysicsnews.com /full/04/article6/article6.html (1827 words)

	Jacket 20 - Kate Price: Experiment magazine, 1928-31
		The ethical burden of literary experiment was first aired by Bronowski in his analytic essay on ‘Symbolism’, in which he argued that a work may take on moral significance in two ways: by means of imagery or symbolism.
		The theme of death pervades the second number of Experiment, while resurrection creeps into the third number, indicating the effect of autumn and spring on the writers and serving as a reminder of the immediacy with which the magazine was assembled.
		Experiment contributed thirty-two pages of material to a special issue of transition in June 1930, and in Spring the following year the magazine was relaunched as The New Experiment, distributed by William Heinemann, with a new cover design and a price increase from one and six to two shillings.
	jacketmagazine.com /20/price-expe.html (6177 words)

	Cavendish Experiment
		One dumbbell is suspended from a quartz fiber and is free to rotate by twisting the fiber; the amount of twist measured by the position of a reflected light spot from a mirror attached to the fiber.
		The second dumbbell can be swiveled so that each of its spheres is in close proximity to one of the spheres of the other dumbbell; the gravitational attraction between two sets of spheres twists the fiber, and it is the measure of this twist that allows the magnitude of the gravitational force to be calculated.
		It was modified by Henry Cavendish in 1798 to measure G and subsequently by Coulomb to measure electrical and magnetic attraction and repulsion.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~scdiroff/lds/NewtonianMechanics/CavendishExperiment/CavendishExperiment.html (879 words)

	VC Physics 201 - Experiments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Reproduce Robert A. Millikan's famous experiment to determine the magnitude of the fundamental quantum of electric charge, using several different methods.
		Reproduce Cavendish's famous experiment to determine Newtons' gravitational constant by measuring the small attraction between two lead balls using a torsion balance.
		Reproduce the famous Franck-Hertz experiment, an early demonstration of the quantum nature of atomic physics.
	noether.vassar.edu /~myers/201/Experiments.html (326 words)

	PIRA 1L10.00 UNIV. GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Cavendish balance is driven into resonance by swinging the external mass.
		Modify the Leybold Cavendish balance with a electromagnetic servosystem of damping that reduces the settling time to a few minutes.
		The reflected laser light from the Cavendish balance falls on a two-element photodiode mounted on a strip chart recorder with appropriate electronics to keep the spot centered on the diode.
	www.physics.ncsu.edu /pira/1mech/1L10.html (250 words)

	AllRefer.com - Henry Cavendish Information
		The Cavendish experiment (1798) enabled him to discover the mass and density of the Earth.
		Cavendish demonstrated in 1784 that water is produced when hydrogen burns in air, thus proving that water is a compound and not an element.
		Cavendish was born in Nice, France, and left Cambridge without a degree.
	www.allrefer.com /henry-cavendish (332 words)

	wais:topics:henry cavendish
		Much of Cavendish's unpublished research became a treasure trove of valuable information for later scientists.
		Despite his passionate commitment to science, Cavendish left his considerable inherited wealth to his relatives, and nothing to science.
		Cavendish descended from aristocratic families on both sides.
	www.stanford.edu /group/wais/ztopics/week101504/henrycavendish101504.htm (437 words)

	``Bicentenary of the Cavendish Experiment" Conference
		Thus the celebration of the 200th anniversary of Cavendish's G measurement with a conference in London last November, sponsored by IOP and organized by Terry Quinn of the BIPM and Clive Speake, drew a lively crowd of G measurers to Cavendish's turf.
		Heedful of Kuroda's caution about the perils of anelasticity, all but two of the experiments either avoid the use of a torsion fiber or use a fiber in a mode such that its internal strains are negligible.
		The New Zealand MSL lab compares the torque on a torsion pendulum with that due to an electrostatic force which is in turn calibrated in terms of the angular acceleration it produces on the pendulum in a separate experiment.
	www.phys.lsu.edu /mog/mog13/node11.html (794 words)

	Freedom of Science
		Not only the Cavendish experiment but each and every canonical physics experiment needs to be under continuous examination by physicists. Unless canonical experiments are actively questioned by hostile physicists they will remain sacred laws of physics obeyed by Newton’s disciples but ignored by Nature.
		I assumed that 20 divisions, as mentioned by Cavendish, is where the neutral position of the arm is. Edward Ruden calculated it from the two extreme points (18.01 and 24.02 divisions) but I used 21.5 divisions because the first three measurements of the experiment were 21.6, 21.5 and 21.5 divisions.
		Since the given period was selected to give the known value of G their experiment could not have given any other value but the known value of G. Since when such definitions with a gadget are called an experiment? The papers entered physics literature on the authority of the physicists who published these papers.
	globalpioneering.com /wp02 (2044 words)

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