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Topic: CcTLDs

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	Top-level domain
		The rules regarding who is entitled to domains in the ccTLD are developed by ccTLD managers, who are also responsible for the operation of the domain.
		There are a few ccTLDs which have been deleted after the corresponding 2-letter code was withdrawn from ISO_3166-1.
		TLD was added in the late 1980s by the NIC for the use of NATO, who felt that none of the then existing TLDs adequately reflected their status as an international organization.
	www.teachersparadise.com /ency/en/wikipedia/t/to/top_level_domain.html (1305 words)

	Top-level domain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Most ccTLDs correspond to the two-letter ISO 3166-1 country codes, but there are several differences, explained below.
		There are a few ccTLDs which have been deleted after the corresponding 2-letter code was withdrawn from ISO_3166-1.
		TLD was added in the late 1980s by the NIC for the use of NATO, who felt that none of the then existing TLDs adequately reflected their status as an international organization.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/t/to/top_level_domain.html (1405 words)

	IANA \| Country-Code Top-Level Domains
		Information about the delegation of existing ccTLDs appears in the IANA ccTLD Database, or it may be obtained at the IANA Whois service (port 43 access available at whois.iana.org).
		The IANA is responsible for receiving and acting on requests by the designated ccTLD managers to change information (name and IP address) about the ccTLD's nameservers in the root zone.
		The procedures followed by the IANA in handling these requests (effective 31 March 2003) are described in Procedures for Handling Requests by ccTLD Managers to Change Nameservers.
	www.iana.org /cctld (549 words)

	constmins.html - 19990525.berlin-cctld.html
		Point 4.1 stated "The ccTLD Constituency shall operate on the principle that decisions shall be made on the basis of consensus." Point 4.2 stated: "The consensus process shall be managed by the Management Council." These points were not contested, but the basis for recognising consensus was discussed at length without reaching a clear conclusion.
		The consensus was that the ccTLD should keep administration to a minimum, and that the groups making up the council will keep their own expenses but may contribute to cover costs for the general ccTLD maintenance when and if it arises.
		The ccTLD Constituency may share in the funding of the DNSO in a manner to be agreed by the Names Council and accepted by the ccTLD Constituency.
	www.ccwhois.org /aboutcctld/history/wwtld1999/minutes/constmins.html (2814 words)

	Internet Ontario - Encyclopedia
		Some examples are.us for the United States,.ca for Canada,.jp for Japan,.de for Germany, etc. ccTLDs are often contrasted to generic top level domains (gTLDs).
		ccTLDs often have more restrictive registration requirements including regional requirements whereas gTLDs tend to be open to all registrants around the world.
		The other type of TLD is the ccTLD (country code top level domains) which are assigned to all countries and their dependencies.
	www.intario.com /modules.php?name=Encyclopedia (2100 words)

	PRELIMINARY COMMENTS ON ICANNREFORM FROM THE
		Reference in the White Paper to the ccTLDs is limited, and to the effect that they were administered by their corresponding governments, which would continue to have authority to manage and establish policy for those ccTLDs.
		APTLD suggests that it is important to understand that the failure to reach agreements between ccTLDs and ICANN is not an indication of either lack of support for an ICANN constituted along White Paper principles, or that the continued stable global interoperability of the internet is not of critical importance to members.
		APTLD supports the principle that ccTLD funding should be used within ICANN primarily to fund the performance of the technical function identified as being a necessary service to the ccTLDs, namely the satisfactory maintenance of the IANA/ccTLD database.
	www.dnso.org /constituency/cctld/APTLD-on-ICANN-Reform.html (1569 words)

	CENTR: Comment on ICANN AXFR Requirement for ccTLDs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Mindful to ensure stability of the DNS, many ccTLDs took the step to remove their reliance on KPNQwest nameservers by either removing KPNQwest secondaries, or replacing them with those on another network.
		This insistence of opening zone transfers to ccTLDs had the opposite effect to the goals it sought to achieve.
		However, at this stage we are not convinced of any useful tests that could be conducted on ccTLD zones for "operational status" and "database accuracy," that weigh up against the drastic step to enable zone transfers from the authoritative name servers.
	www.centr.org /docs/2002/06/icannaxfr-comment.html (1135 words)

	Country Code Top Level Domains - Policies for Delegation of Managers, Management and Operation in Developing Countries ...
		This paper aims to contribute to the discussions on ccTLDs by identifying and discussing some of the issues that ought to be taken into consideration in formulating policies for delegation of managers and management of ccTLDs associated with developing countries.
		When delegating a ccTLD to a manager, IANA is interested in ensuring that the manager is an appropriate person to carry out the DNS functions in the ccTLD.
		ccTLD managers should not necessarily be required to have the law governing their contracts with their registrants be the law of the country associated with the ccTLD.
	www.jidaw.com /itsolutions/itnigeria3.html (7899 words)

	Domain Name Essentials \| Understanding Country Code Top Level Domains (ccTLDs)
		Always research any restrictions that may be placed on potential ccTLD purchases; otherwise, you may not be able to buy the domain you want.
		ccTLDs, on the other hand, are available to a limited pool of buyers; this significantly increases the chances that the domain name you want is available.
		With the increasingly widespread use of ccTLDs, it is no longer necessary to settle for a mediocre TLD when better ones are available using a different suffix.
	www.sysox.com /articles/domain-names/cc-tld.htm (504 words)

	ICANN \| GAC Statements Concerning ccTLDs
		Where the delegate of a ccTLD does not have the support of the relevant community, in the context of the ISO 3166 Code, and of the relevant public authority or government, that, upon request, ICANN exercise its authority with the utmost promptness to reassign the delegation.
		Thereafter, the GAC encourages that any future contracts between ICANN and ccTLD administrators should reflect the administrators’ commitment to be bound by the GAC Principles (as they are implemented by the relevant government or public authority) and minimize the liability of ICANN for implementing a redelegation according to these principles.
		Meanwhile, should ICANN and the ccTLD administrator envisage entering into bilateral (“legacy”) agreements, such agreements should be provisional and interim in nature, pending appropriate expression by the relevant government or public authority for participation in a tri-partite regime.
	www.icann.org /cctlds/gac-statements-concerning-cctlds-16dec01.htm (1848 words)

	GigaLaw.com: Country-Code Domain Names and Trademark Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		ccTLDs are owned by individual countries and administered by governmental bodies within those countries or organizations designated by the government of each country.
		Although ".us," the United States ccTLD, is not yet available for commercial use, many other nations encourage business use of their country codes.
		While the ccTLD system can be a boon for owner-nations and Internet companies, it also has the potential to cause huge headaches for trademark holders.
	www.gigalaw.com /articles/2002-all/wood-2002-05-all.html (1279 words)

	Anti-ICANN sentiment from the ccTLDs
		Alternatively, the ccTLDs registries may be required to demonstrate certain measures of financial stability in order to continue operating as ccTLDs.
		Policy threats: ICANN may set policies for ccTLDs that are opposed to their current mode of operation.
		The ccTLD registries are slotted in as one of seven proposed constituencies falling under the DNSO.
	tbtf.com /resource/brooks-ccTLD.html (589 words)

	Funding Working Group (ICANN, Secretariat)
		The version 2 00weightcctld2.html gives a mathematical indication of fair contribution for each and every ccTLD based in its its weight in number of hosts related to domain names.
		Therefore the ccTLD situation is not adapted to a funding model based on level of fees, the specta being very large.
		I suggest the scheme based on level of fees for very small to medium ccTLDs, and proportional fees for 23 biger ccTLD registries (to be revised on an annual basis).
	www.wwtld.org /ongoing/funding/00weightcctld.html (447 words)

	Understanding Country Code Top Level Domains (ccTLDs) Articles / Domain Registration India UK USA
		Always research any restrictions that may be placed on potential ccTLD purchases; otherwise, you may not be able to buy the domain you want.
		ccTLDs, on the other hand, are available to a limited pool of buyers; this significantly increases the chances that the domain name registration want is available.
		With the increasingly widespread use of ccTLDs, it is no longer necessary to settle for a mediocre TLD when better ones are available using a different suffix.
	www.brainpulse.com /articles/domain-registration/understanding-country-code-top-level-domains-cctlds.html (595 words)

	CENTR: Principles for a Contract for Services between ICANN and ccTLDs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Designated Managers of the existing ccTLDs are those recorded managers of an ISO 3166-1 country code top level domain registry in the register maintained by IANA/ICANN as of [date].
		ccTLDs act together to define policies, regulations and procedures and practices as may be agreed and required, hereinafter referred to as The ccTLDs, Collectively.
		ICANN will generate authoritative primary and secondary zone files from the register database and ensure that the root servers are operated in stable and secure manner by appropriate organisations, under contract, in a geographically and topologically diverse configuration, offering a collective availability of xx (currently 13 (thirteen)) file servers.
	www.centr.net /docs/1999/10/icann-contract-principles.html (1070 words)

	ccTLDs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		ccTLDs are run by local administrators in each country.
		Although ccTLDs were originally envisioned as being limited to domestic use, the registration policies of various ccTLDs have evolved differently.
		A fairly comprehensive, although possibly outdated, source of information on the registration policies of various ccTLDs is available.
	cyber.law.harvard.edu /property/domain/ccTLDs.html (195 words)

	Country-code_top-level_domain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is a top-level domain used and reserved for a country or a dependent territory.
		The codes EH and KP, although theoretically available as ccTLDs for Western Sahara and North Korea, have never been assigned and do not exist in DNS.
		Other ccTLDs corresponding to obsolete ISO 3166-1 have not yet been deleted; in some cases they may never be deleted due to the amount of disruption this would cause for a heavily used ccTLD.
	www.apawn.com /search.php?title=Country_code_top-level_domain (638 words)

	ICANN \| Principles for Delegation and Administration of ccTLDs Presented by Governmental Advisory Committee
		The delegee for a ccTLD may be the relevant government or public authority itself or an oversight body designated by the relevant government or public authority, inasmuch as the administrative and management functions for a ccTLD may be contracted out by the delegee to another party and hence not performed by the delegee itself.
		4.1 The delegee of a ccTLD is a trustee for the delegated domain, and has a duty to serve the residents of the relevant country or territory in the context of ISO 3166-1, as well as the global Internet community (as that term is interpreted in the Preamble to this document).
		In so far as ccTLD registration policies allow or encourage registrations from entities or individuals resident outside the relevant territory, then the delegee concerned should implement dispute resolution policies that ensure that the interests of all registrants, and of third parties, including those outside their territory and in other jurisdictions, are taken into account.
	www.icann.org /committees/gac/gac-cctldprinciples-23feb00.htm (2301 words)

	[ifwp] Re: ccTLDs vs gTLDs
		This begins to weaken the case for the > > ccTLDs and > >>> RFC1591, or so it appears.
		ccTLDs > >>never claimed the USG as their source of authority and RFC1591 is not a USG > >>policy document.
		Can you please try and explain how any of this is relevent, > >>as I am having a real hard time understanding the point you are trying to > >>make > >>here.
	www.mail-archive.com /list@ifwp.org/msg00543.html (557 words)

	Epinions.com - Non-Standard Domains (ccTLDs) [Pt. 4 in a series]
		In the last several years many small countries have begun to realize that their unique ccTLD is a national resource and have sought ways to profit from them.
		Each ccTLD is administered by a group, organization or company selected by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) and the country the code represents.
		Many ccTLDs are limited to residents of the represented country, or others having a 'presence' there of some sort.
	www.epinions.com /content_945856644 (670 words)

	von Arx and Hagen, Volume IX Issue 1, Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
		In spite of the fact that ccTLDs are subdomains of the root domain, countries are increasingly associating their ccTLD with their respective country.
		In its communiqué, “[t]he GAC also reaffirmed that the delegation of a ccTLD Registry is subject to the ultimate authority of the relevant public authority or government.
		U.S. government over ccTLDs stems from the fact that, historically, the DNS was a service of a private network controlled by the U.S. Department of Defense.
	www.law.richmond.edu /jolt/v9i1/article4.html (5469 words)

	SIDN - A dedicated Supporting Organisation for ccTLDs within ICANN?
		ICANN policy regarding the ccTLD Constituency is currently in the hands of the DNSO.
		The proposal would entail the formation of a ccSO to focus international policy directly on the ccTLDs.
		The specific interests of the ccTLDs and their Local Internet Communities are not being properly addressed within the context of the DNSO as it is presently structured.
	www.nic.nl /sidn_english/flat/news/News_items/A_dedicated_Supporting_Organisation_for_ccTLDs_within_ICANN_/index.html (251 words)

	Cybertelecom :: DNS
		ccTLDs are under the authority of the Internet Corporation of Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and are delegated to nations for administration.
		Some countries, such as Tuvalu, have sought to exploit their ccTLDs in the market;.tv is marketed as the TLD for television.
		Historically, because of the casual manner of administration of ccTLDs, it was not uncommon that a ccTLD was administered by an entity that had no direct ties to the related country.
	www.cybertelecom.org /dns/cctlds.htm (461 words)

	Registrations in Open ccTLDs
		These domains are often referred to as "open ccTLDs" as distinguished from those "closed" ccTLDs that limit restriction to citizens or firms of their respective countries.
		Second, registrations in open ccTLDs are less often put to use in distributing web content than are registrations in gTLDs, again by a ratio of approximately one to three.
		This may reflect that ccTLD registrations are, in general, somewhat more expensive than the competitive.COM,.NET, and.ORG space; alternatively, this may reflect that such names are thought to be less desirable by subsequent purchasers and are therefore less often purchased by speculators and warehousers.
	cyber.law.harvard.edu /people/edelman/open-cctlds (3787 words)

	Demys \| Domain news service \| ccTLDs strike back (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The running of the domain name system is essentially divided into two major functions - one concerned with policy and governance and the other dealing in technical matters such as maintaining administrative contacts, updating name servers and other administrative tasks - this is the IANA function mentioned by Nominet.
		The ccTLDs are … disappointed that ICANN has attempted to withhold performing essential services such as management of changes to addresses, name servers etc in an attempt to enforce the party concerned into a contractual relationship which is unacceptable to almost all ccTLDs.
		For example, while the ccTLD operators have been asked to contribute a third of the budget for the running of the US Corporation, much of the expenditure is devoted to gTLD issues and dealing with internal US politics.
	www.demys.net /news/2002/11/02_nov_27_nominet.htm (522 words)

	Domains Profile: Administration
		The delegee of a ccTLD is a trustee for the delegated domain, and has a duty to serve the residents of the relevant country or territory.
		Despite repeated requests by ccTLD owners themselves, it is ICANN that insists on calling the process of changing the name of the administrative or technical owners of a particular ccTLD "delegation".
		For example, we have heard concerns by governments and managers of traditional, "public service", in-country, ccTLDs about excessive ICANN interference and fears of being forced to conform to internationally-set policies for dispute resolution when their domestic ones are considered more appropriate.
	www.caslon.com.au /domainsprofile7.htm (3134 words)

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