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	Nicolae Ceausescu killer file (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-25)
		Meanwhile, Ceausescu's personality cult is increasingly boosted by the state-controlled media, which lionises him as the greatest genius of the age, the 'Genius of the Carpathians', the 'Danube of Thought', the "guarantor of the nation's progress and independence", the "visionary architect of the nation's future".
		Ceausescu attempts to blame the West for the predicament, accusing it of economic imperialism.
		Ceausescu makes a final attempt to address the crowd, but seeing that situation is now out of his control he flees the capital with his wife, boarding his personal helicopter from the roof of the party headquarters building.
	www.moreorless.au.com /killers/ceausescu.html (3412 words)

	History House: Caligula and Ceausescu
		Nicolai Ceausescu was the nutcase dictator of Romania from 1965 till his violent overthrow and execution in 1989.
		Ceausescu named the dog Corbu and became so enamored with the thing that Romanian citizens were soon calling it 'Comrade Corbu'.
		In a state where [banning typewriters is possible] it is not surprising to learn that suicide was the only form of self-expression permitted by the regime.
	www.historyhouse.com /in_history/ceausescu (1170 words)

	Romania - The Ceausescu Era
		Although Ceausescu was not able to gain full control of the Executive Committee immediately, in time the new body provided him the means to place his supporters in the leading PCR organs and to implement his own policies.
		Ceausescu proposed a number of reforms in the structure and functioning of the party and government, and he asserted the need to eliminate duplication.
		Ceausescu rejected the proposal in a brief speech, possibly because of the objections of Western communist delegates in attendance and the potential damage the appointment would cause to his international image.
	countrystudies.us /romania/72.htm (2795 words)

	Nicolae Ceausescu, 1918-1989 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-25)
		With the death of Gheorghiu-Dej in March 1965, Ceausescu succeeded to the leadership of Romania's Communist Party as first secretary (general secretary from July 1965); and with his assumption of the presidency of the State Council (December 1967), he became head of state as well.
		In the 1960s Ceausescu virtually ended Romania's active participation in the Warsaw Pact military alliance, and he condemned the invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact forces (1968) and the invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union (1979).
		Ceausescu also instituted an extensive personality cult and appointed his wife, Elena, and many members of his extended family to high posts in the government and party.
	www.historyguide.org /europe/ceausescu.html (539 words)

	Nicolae Ceausescu - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-25)
		Ceausescu moved to Bucharest at the age of 11 to become a shoemaker's apprentice.
		He joined the illegal Communist Party of Romania in early 1932 and was first arrested in 1933 for agitating during a strike.
		Ceausescu had made state visits to the People's Republic of China and North Korea in 1971.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Nicolae_Ceausescu (2898 words)

	Romania Introduction - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		Despite Ceausescu's growing international isolation, Romania's state-controlled media continued to lionize the "genius of the Carpathians." The period after 1965 was termed the "golden age of Ceausescu," an era when Romania purportedly had taken great strides toward its goal of becoming a multilaterally developed socialist state (see Glossary) by the year 2000.
		Ceausescu's son, Nicu, despite a playboy reputation, headed the Union of Communist Youth and was a candidate member of the Political Executive Committee.
		Ceausescu's obsessive drive to retire the foreign debt at virtually any cost was consistent with a centuries-old theme of Romanian history--a longing for national independence and economic self-sufficiency.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/romania/romania_history_introduction.html (6170 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| Romania's bloody revolution
		On 22 December 1989, Romania's communist leader Nicolae Ceausescu was overthrown in a violent revolution and fled from the capital, Bucharest.
		Ceausescu was away on a visit to Iran at the time, but when he heard of this open challenge to his power he is said to have gone into a blind rage.
		Ceausescu sought to restore his own authority on 21 December by stage-managing a show of support for his government, as he had often done before, in Bucharest's main square.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/574200.stm (916 words)

	Romanian court rejects request to dig up Ceausescu - Boston.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-25)
		Romania's late Stalinist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu will not be dug up to prove to his daughter her father is buried in the grave in a Bucharest cemetery, a court ruled on Friday.
		Zoe Ceausescu, 55, appealed to the authorities earlier this year to exhume the bodies of Ceausescu and his wife, Elena, to reveal what happened to them after their summary executions in 1989 after an anti-communist revolt in which 1,000 people died.
		Zoe Ceausescu said she wanted the bodies exhumed, their identities checked and if they were Nicolae and Elena, to provide them with Christian burials.
	www.boston.com /news/world/europe/articles/2005/09/30/romanian_court_rejects_request_to_dig_up_ceausescu (406 words)

	The Romanian Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-25)
		It marked the brutal end of the Ceausescu regime's efforts to halt the wave of reforms breaking across Eastern Europe and the end of Romania's nightmare of paranoia and oppression.
		Nicolae Ceausescu, since he assumed ”de facto” power in 1965, treated Romania and its citizens as resources to be used in the furtherance of his dynasty.
		Ceausescu declared a national state of emergency and ordered the army to use force to disperse the demonstrators.
	www.phoenixcommand.com /hell4.htm (608 words)

	[No title]
		More-over, Ceausescu's call before the 14th RCP Congress in late November 1990 for Moscow to renounce the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact was an obvious call for the issue of sovereignty over Soviet Moldavia (former Romanian Bessarabia) to be raised again.98 Gorbachev and Ceausescu never got along well.
		Ceausescu was the last East European leader to pay his respects to Gorbachev after his election as general secretary in March 1985.
		Ceausescu is reported to have replied, 'Would otherwise, as in previous cases, Soviet tanks roll in?'102 Ceausescu consistently rejected the idea that Romania had much to learn from Moscow.
	www.timisoara.com /timisoara/rev/coup8.1 (1108 words)

	Romania - Demographic Policy
		By 1983 the birthrate had fallen to 14.3 per 1,000, the rate of annual increase in population had dipped to 3.7 per 1,000, and the number of abortions (421,386) again exceeded the number of live births (321,489).
		Ceausescu complained that only some 9 percent of the abortions performed had the necessary medical justification.
		In 1986 mass media campaigns were launched, extolling the virtues of the large families of the past and of family life in general.
	countrystudies.us /romania/37.htm (1420 words)

	Why Ceausescu Fell
		The answers must be found in the silent war Ceausescu waged against his subjects for the last seven years.
		Ceausescu's ruling clan continued to live like modern-day Roman emperors, awash in luxury and decadence.
		The anger resulting from Ceausescu's silent war must be properly channeled in order to avoid a long and ugly backlash.
	www.thomaspmbarnett.com /published/Ceausescu.htm (770 words)

	Central Europe Review - Ceausescu's Return
		In 1978, during Ceausescu's visit to Britain, Margaret Thatcher was quoted to say that she was "impressed by the personality of President Ceausescu" and "left with particular impressions about him as the leader of Romania, a country willing to develop her cooperation with other nations".
		Many of the props that aided the enhancement of Ceausescu's image were sold, including a Buick limousine presented to Ceausescu by the then President Nixon, and a wooden chess set given by the Russian chess champion Anatoly Karpov.
		One particular portrait depicted Elena Ceausescu in a dark blue academician robe basking in her image as a top Romanian scientist.
	www.ce-review.org /99/9/lovatt9.html (843 words)

	The Patrin Web Journal - Ceausescu's Master Race
		Ceausescu had specific plans for the Roma, which were grimly reminiscent of the centuries of Gypsy slavery in his country, not fully abolished until 1864.
		Ceausescu's fascination with Hitler's racial policies is no secret; "In the early 1970s, when Ceausescu learned that Romania had over 600,000 emigrés abroad, he became very interested in Hitler's Fifth Column.
		Because of the state of the Romanian economy, and the execution of Ceausescu in December, 1989, this bizarre plan was never to materialize, but it has left a legacy in the surplus children who languish in the Romanian orphanages and whose bodies fill the mass graves reported by Terre des Hommes.
	www.geocities.com /Paris/5121/robotwork.htm (1737 words)

	Ceausescu: 1967-1989
		Nicolae Andruta Ceausescu, was born in 1918 in the village of Scornicesti, Romania.
		The year after that, 1933, Ceausescu decided to become a member of the Union of Communist Youth, and that same year, he was elected to the Anti-Fascist Committee, a part of the Romanian Workers Party.
		Upon Gheorghiu-Dej's death in March 1965, Ceausescu succeeded him as first secretary of the party and the effective ruler of Romania.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/EastEurope/Ceausescu.CP.html (440 words)

	Ceausescu Exhibition Opens in Bucharest (SETimes.com)
		Seeking to shed light on a dark period in Romania's history, a Bucharest museum is displaying dozens of paintings of the country's former communist leader Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife, Elena.
		Ceausescu came to power in March 1965, following the death of Gheorghe Gheorgiu-Dej, and handed out important government positions to Elena and other members of his family.
		While the country was experiencing severe shortages and rationing during the 1980s, television was restricted to a two-hour programme a day, largely devoted to coverage of Ceausescu's speeches or visits to places where he was met by organised crowds of cheering people.
	www.setimes.com /cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2005/03/28/feature-03 (515 words)

	The New York Review of Books: CEAUSESCU'S WAY
		After all, Ceausescu did not emerge out of the blue: his rise to prominence can be understood only against the background of the Romanian communist political culture, with its unrepentant Stalinist features: the cult of the leader, a conspiratorial mentality, fanaticism and anti-intellectualism, and, more than anything else, an endemic deficit of legitimacy.
		In the absence of such a framework, a reader who is not aware of the post-war history of Romania might come to the conclusion that the Ceausescu phenomenon was an aberration, a tragic accident, or, metaphorically speaking, the successful highjacking of a society by a ruthless individual and his small clique of henchmen.
		Paradoxically, even though Ceausescu became famous in the West as an anti-Soviet maverick, his horrendous regime was in fact protected, particularly during the Brezhnev years, but also thereafter, by the possibility of a Soviet intervention.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/3657 (1315 words)

	Romania’s Ceausescu-era artwork on show (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-25)
		BUCHAREST (Reuters) - Nicolae Ceausescu poses amid dead bears, waves to adoring crowds and clinks glasses with a mediaeval saint in paintings on show for the first time since the 1989 revolution toppled the loathed Romanian dictator.
		Ceausescu’s 25-year rule, which ended with his death by firing squad, will be remembered for the terror and the poverty the little-educated shoemaker imposed on a nation of 22 million that had prospered between the two world wars.
		Ceausescu and his powerful wife Elena were summarily tried by a hastily assembled military court, sentenced to death and executed by firing squad on Christmas Day 1989.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /cgi-bin/news/newswire.cgi/news/reuters/2005/03/28/world/romaniarsquosceausescu-eraartworkonshow.html&template=/news/templates/newswire/news_story_reuters.html (789 words)

	Telegraph \| News \| Ceausescu finally gets attention he craved
		Fifteen years after he was toppled from power and executed, Nicolae Ceausescu, Romania's reviled and vainglorious dictator, has become the popular icon he always dreamed of being.
		Romanians were once traumatised by Ceausescu's personality cult, with the dictator staging rallies in his name while many starved, but now they are voluntarily lining up to goggle at the trappings of a tyrant.
		In a country where crowds of mourners still gather every year at Ceausescu's grave on his Jan 26 birthday, not all visitors have been pleased with the exhibition, with some describing it as an insult to Ceausescu's memory.
	news.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/03/30/wceau30.xml (472 words)

	Ceausescu's Trial - transcript Romanian Revolution December 1989 Timisoara Romania
		Ceausescu answers: As I said before, the people are fighting for their freedom and against this putsch, against this usurpation.
		Ceausescu claims that the putsch was organized from abroad.
		The prosecutor asks the counsel for the defense to ask Ceausescu whether he knows that he is no longer president of the country, that Elena Ceausescu has also lost all her official state functions and that the government has been dissolved.
	www.timisoara.com /timisoara/rev/trialscript.html (1776 words)

	Life under Ceausescu
		The state controlled media including the daily newspaper of the party, "Scinteia" reported in great detail on Ceausescu, glorifying him and heaping praise on his wife, continuously reporting on the great advances the country was making in all fields of industry, agriculture, science and international relations.
		Television was restricted to a two hour programme, the bulk of which showed Ceausescu on his various visits receiving praise from crowds of people lining the roads or attending his speeches.
		The arrest of the Iron Guard leader, Antonescu, and the switch of alliance from the axis to the allies by King Michael on 23 August 1944 became a glorious communist uprising against imperialist and fascist forces.
	www.enzia.com /Pages/Rev4.html (1692 words)

	Boston.com / A&E / Theater/Arts / Paintings of Ceausescu shown in Romania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-25)
		Art from the Ceausescu years went on display Wednesday at the National Museum of Contemporary Art in an exhibition designed to illuminate one of the most somber periods in Romania's history.
		In another work from the 1980s, Ceausescu is depicted as a handsome, youthful revolutionary although he was in his 60s at the time.
		There are portraits of the Ceausescus created from glimmering beads, and idyllic paintings of the pair reading books, Ceausescu hunting bears and the couple taking blissful walks through the forest.
	www.boston.com /ae/theater_arts/articles/2005/03/16/paintings_of_ceausescu_shown_in_romania (538 words)

	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 25 \| 1989: Romania's 'first couple' executed
		Deposed Romanian president Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife Elena have been shot by a firing squad after a secret military tribunal found them both guilty of crimes against the state.
		Demonstrators stormed Ceausescu's palace and he and his wife tried to flee Bucharest but they were captured by military forces who had turned against them.
		Two days after the death of Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife, Elena, video pictures of their summary trial and execution were shown on television in Romania and around the world.
	news.bbc.co.uk /onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/25/newsid_2542000/2542623.stm (426 words)

	Ceausescu, Nicu -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Romanian public figure and playboy who was the youngest son of dictator Nicolae Ceausescu; he had a long history of dissolute behaviour and had been imprisoned for his part in the deaths of scores of demonstrators during the 1989 revolution that toppled his parents and led to their execution (b.
		After Ceausescu's overthrow and execution (1989), Verdet declared himself head of a provisional government...
		Although no genuine political liberalization took place and there was no retreat from the fundamentals of the Stalinist economic model, the intrusiveness of the regime in individual lives was curtailed.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9113100?tocId=9113100 (559 words)

	Elena Ceausescu: The negative role model
		The execution of the Ceausescus in 1989 destroyed the image of Elena as the female ideal, but no one has ever really taken her place.
		This is partly due to the lack of a strong female leader and partly due to the structure of society.
		Elena Ceausescu's failures in her school days and her position as wife of the leader resulted in an inferiority complex.
	www.ce-review.org /99/3/women_lovatt3.html (953 words)

	-Background
		Ceausescu held a variety of positions in the Communist Party until he became the General Secretary of Gheorghiu-Dej.
		When Gheorghiu-Dej died in March 1965, Ceausescu succeeded to the leadership of Romania's Communist Party and became the Communist head of state.
		The tanks sent to destroy the protesters turned on Ceausescu and he was executed by firing squad on Christmas 1989.
	www.csuchico.edu /engl/faculty/engl1Tom/Background.html (196 words)

	The December Revolt and the Coup D'Etat - 1989: Romanian Security And Intelligence Organizations
		Indeed, the very fact that it was unable to prevent a coup against Ceausescu suggests that it was neither as powerful nor isolated from the rest of society as many believed up to December 1989.
		The Guard and Order Directorate (Fifth Directorate), which was Ceausescu's personal bodyguard, and the Fourth Directorate (responsible for military counter-intelligence and disinformation) reportedly consisted of approximately 1,600 officers and non-commissioned officers combined - 1,1 of whom would be relieved of their duties following the December revolt.
		In the event of large-scale protests and rioting, Ceausescu was, therefore, pre-disposed to rely on the one group that, in 1989, he could not be certain would back him unconditionally.
	www.ceausescu.com /ceausescu_texts/revolution/december_revolt_organizatii.htm (885 words)

	AllRefer.com - Romania - The Ceausescu Succession \| Romanian Information Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-25)
		After Draghici's removal, Ceausescu began accumulating various party and government positions, including state council president and supreme military commander, so that by the Tenth Party Congress in 1969, Ceausescu controlled the Central Committee and had surrounded himself with loyal subordinates.
		By 1966 Ceausescu had ceased extolling the Soviet Union's "liberation" of Romania and recharacterized the Red Army's wartime action there as "weakening fascism" and "animating" the Romanians to liberate the country from fascist dominance.
		In 1973 Ceausescu's wife, Elena, became a member of the Politburo, and in 1974 voters "elected" Ceausescu president of the republic.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/romania/romania42.html (915 words)

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