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	Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin: Astronomer and Astrophysicist
		Cecilia Payne was born on May 10, 1900, in Wendover, England to a family with genealogical and intellectual connections to the intelligentsia of England.
		Cecilia, in the audience, was captivated, and after the lecture expressed to him her desire to study astronomy at Harvard Observatory.
		When Cecilia Payne was five years old, she saw a meteor and immediately decided to become an astronomer: "I was seized with panic at the thought that everything might be found out before I was old enough to begin," wrote Payne-Gaposhkin at the end of her life.
	www.harvardsquarelibrary.org /unitarians/payne2.html (5561 words)

	Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900-1979) was a pioneer in the field of astronomy and one of the most eminent female astronomers of the twentieth century.
		Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin's revelation that hydrogen, the simplest of the known elements, was the most abundant substance in the universe has since become the basis for analysis of the cosmos.
		Cecilia Helena Payne was born on May 10, 1900, in Wendover, England, the eldest of three children born to Edward John and Emma Leonora Helena (Pertz) Payne of Coblenz, Prussia.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/cecilia-payne-gaposchkin (1245 words)

	ESSAYS ON SCIENCE AND SOCIETY: The Shoulders of Giants -- Horn 280 (5368): 1354 -- Science
		In a remarkably short time, Payne managed to quantify and classify the stellar spectra in the plate collection at the Observatory, arriving at the startling conclusion that stars are "amazingly uniform" in their composition, and that hydrogen is millions of times more abundant than any other element in the universe.
		By the end of these machinations, Payne, despite the data in her thesis, asserted in writing that the abundance of hydrogen that she had detected was "almost certainly not real" (p.
		Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin writes in her autobiography that she hopes to be remembered for what she considers her greatest discovery: "I have come to know that a problem does not belong to me, or to my team, or to my Observatory, or to my country; it belongs to the world" (p.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/280/5368/1354 (2139 words)

	Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (May 10, 1900 – December 7, 1979) was a British-American astronomer.
		She was born Cecilia Payne in England and studied botany, physics and chemistry at Cambridge University.
		On a tour through Europe in 1933, she met Russian-born Sergei I. Gaposchkin in Germany.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cecilia_Payne-Gaposchkin (379 words)

	Celia Payne-Gaposchkin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Cecilia decided that if she were to become a scientist, she would have to teach herself.
		Cecilia did well in other areas of study and earned a school prize at the end of the year, her prize was a book.
		Cecilia began working in stellar atmospheres and published her first paper in 1925 when she was only twenty-five years old.
	starryskies.com /Artshtml/dln/11-99/cecilia.html (703 words)

	Encyclopedia: Payne (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Cynthia Payne (December 24, 1932 in Bognor Regis, England) was a renowned British madam who made the headlines in the 1970s and 1980s for her brothel in Streatham, south-west London.
		Lewis Payne Lewis Payne, alias Lewis Powell, was an associate of Abraham Lincolns assassin, John Wilkes Booth, who made an attempt on Secretary of State William Sewards life on the same night, April 14, 1865, by breaking into his bedroom and stabbing him repeatedly.
		Payne, or more commonly known as Payne City, is a small city located in Bibb County, Georgia.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Payne (736 words)

	Bartoli Cecilia - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Bartoli, Cecilia, born in 1966, Italian mezzo-soprano, noted for her warm coloratura voice, lively characterizations, and down-home manner.
		Cecilia, Saint (?-230?), Christian martyr, who, since legend speaks of her singing to God in her heart, became known as the patron of music....
		Known for her study of variable stars, she was also the first...
	encarta.msn.com /Bartoli_Cecilia.html (104 words)

	The Biography of a True Hero 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Cecilia was the first person in history to receive a Ph.D. in astronomy awarded either by Radcliffe or Harvard, and she was first to receive another Ph.D. for work done at the Harvard Observatory.
		Cecilia illustrated that more than sixty percent of the known galactic novas in the Milky Way are concentrated in the quadrant containing the galactic center.
		Cecilia’s work at Harvard College Observatory was unofficial and unacknowledged until 1938 when she was granted the title of an Astronomer.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/robertalink/biograph.htm (473 words)

	Portraits of Discovery
		Early in their careers, for example, neither Payne nor Cannon were allowed to use the telescope.
		Cecilia Payne, for example, a giant among astronomers, discovered that stellar bodies are made of hydrogen, a radical and important finding that was not accepted until 4 years later by the leading physicist Henry Norris Russell.
		One exception to the dropout was Cecilia Payne, who brought her 3 children to the laboratory where they played while she worked.
	www.smm.org /boghopper/Portraits_of_Discovery.html (1312 words)

	The Spectral Classification Sequence is a Temperature Sequence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Cecilia Payne determines that the Spectral Classification Sequence is a Temperature Sequence
		Cecilia Payne (1900-1979), or Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin after her 1934 marriage, took the data from the HD Catalougue and discovered its physical significance.
		Payne argued that the great variation in stellar absorption lines was due to differing amounts of ionization (differing temperatures), not different abundances of elements.
	astro.wku.edu /astr106/sequence.html (259 words)

	[60.05] Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, Henry Norris Russell Lecture: Fifty Years of Novae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This award had never before been available to women, otherwise Cecilia would, years earlier, have been honored for the many achievements in her lifetime of renowned astronomical research.
		Cecilia opened by comparing the experience of young and old scientists in achieving exciting results from their research, and then led us through the history of the discoveries of and about some famous novae.
		She recalled that she and Sergei Gaposchkin had hesitated between the names catastrophic and cataclysmic for the dwarf novae, and decided on the latter, from the dictionary definitions of those two terms: ``a cataclysm is a great and general flood" while a catastrophe ``is a final event".
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v31n3/aas194/57.htm (386 words)

	AAVSO Newsletter 25: The Starry Universe
		Cecilia Payne was born in Wendover, England, on May 20, 1900.
		In the thesis, Payne combined freshly minted atomic theory with spectroscopic observations to calculate the relative abundance of eighteen chemical elements commonly found in the atmospheres of stars.
		In any event, Payne received less than her due credit four years later when Russell convinced the astronomical community that hydrogen, indeed, is the overwhelmingly preponderant element in the universe.
	www.aavso.org /publications/newsletter/number25/cecilia.shtml (1091 words)

	Cecilia Payne and the Composition of the Stars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Cecilia Payne (1900–1979) was born in Wendover, England.
		Cecilia Payne, who studied the new science of quantum physics, knew that the pattern of features in the spectrum of any atom was determined by the configuration of its electrons.
		Payne began a long project to measure the absorption lines in stellar spectra, and within two years produced a thesis for her doctoral degree, the first awarded for work at Harvard College Observatory.
	www.amnh.org /education/resources/rfl/web/essaybooks/cosmic/p_payne.html (1345 words)

	Cecilia Payne
		Cecilia Payne was born in Wendover, England in 1900.
		Cecilia continued to publish and wrote several other books, some of them coauthored by her husband.
		Despite the fact that she lectured at the University, it was not until the 1950s that Payne received the title of Professor and eventually Chair of the Astronomy Department at Harvard.
	www.carleton.edu /departments/PHAS/Astro/pages/marga_michele/Cecilia_Payne.html (610 words)

	'Horizon' widens at Schlesinger
		Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (above) at a blink microscope, circa 1946.This photograph is part of the exhibit at the Schlesinger Library.
		In her autobiography, "The Dyer's Hand," astronomer Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, one of the first female tenured professors at Harvard, summed up the rewards of a career in science: "Do not undertake a scientific career in quest of fame or money.
		Like the subjects of Wasserman's book, Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin was forced to deal with the limitations of her department -- and her discipline -- at the time.
	www.hno.harvard.edu /gazette/2000/10.12/4-horizon.html (343 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin was an English-born astronomer who became an authority on variable stars (stars that change in brightness) and the structure of the Milky Way Galaxy.
		She was one of the first women to advance to the rank of professor at Harvard University and the first woman to head a department there.
		In 1934, Payne married the Russian-born Harvard astronomer Sergei Gaposchkin.
	www.worldbook.com /features/whm/html/cpayne.html (157 words)

	Archive of Astronomy Questions and Answers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		She IS known for having established that although hydrogen and helium are not strong lines in the spectra of stars, these are the most abundant elements in stars, and that all stars have very nearly the same compliment of hydrogen, helium and heavier elements.
		Prior to Payne's study, it was assumed that the elements you see in a star's spectrum have abundances related to the strength of their spectral lines.
		Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin was also a gifted popularizer who wrote several books, I believe, describing stellar astronomy and the early history of the field.
	www.tas.idv.tw /faq/q208.html (393 words)

	[No title]
		She was born Cecilia Payne in England, and in 1934 married Sergei Gaposchkin, thereafter also known as Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin.
		This result disagreed with earlier theories, and when she sent a draft of her paper to Dr. Henry Norris Russell, he replied that such a result was "clearly impossible." Russell had an earlier paper which argued that if the earth's crust were heated to the temperature of the sun the spectrum would look the same.
		Deferring to Russell's stature as an astronomer, Cecilia added the comment that her results were "almost certainly not real." Within a few short years most other astronomers had come around to believe that hydrogen was far more abundant in the sun than in earth.
	www.astr.ua.edu /4000WS/GAPOSCHKIN.html (453 words)

	Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia Helena (born Payne) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Her investigation of stellar atmospheres during the 1920s gave some of the first indications of the overwhelming abundance of the lightest elements (hydrogen and helium) in the Galaxy.
		Payne was born in Wendover, Buckinghamshire, and studied at Cambridge and at Harvard College Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, under US astronomer Harlow Shapley.
		In 1927 she was appointed an astronomer at the observatory, and in 1956 she became the first woman professor at Harvard.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/P/Payne-Gaposchkin/1.html (145 words)

	Portrait of a Pioneer (March-April 2002)
		On February 11, a portrait of astronomer Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin was scheduled to be unveiled on the wall of the Faculty Room in University Hall, where males greatly predominate.
		Cecilia Helena Payne was born in Wendover, England, in 1900.
		She received the B.A. degree from Newnham College, Cambridge, in 1923 and, believing that opportunity would be greater for a female astronomer in the New World, began work that year as the first graduate student in astronomy at the Harvard Observatory.
	www.harvardmagazine.com /on-line/030236.html (694 words)

	Newnham College Cambridge: Newnham Biographies
		In "Stellar Atmospheres" Payne applied the new theory of Quantum Mechanics to show that the spectra of the stars were determined entirely by their temperatures, and that the abundances of the different chemical elements were essentially constant throughout the Galaxy.
		Only when Russell himself arrived at the same conclusion via an entirely different argument was it eventually accepted, and although he acknowledged her earlier contribution in his short 1929 paper, the credit is generally given to him, rather than to her.
		In 1938 she was eventually given a proper faculty job, and in 1956 was made a full professor, and became Head of the Department, a position she held for ten years.
	www.newn.cam.ac.uk /about/bio_paynegaposchkin.shtml (378 words)

	Payne-Gaposchkin
		Cecilia Helena Payne is an astronomer born in Wendover, England on 10 of May in 1900.
		Seeking for better prospects for advanced studies, Cecilia Payne decided to leave England for the United States in1920.
		It is said that Cecilia Gaposchkin work's had broken some of the barriers for women in the field of astronomy.
	www.algana.co.uk /FamousNames/P/Payne-Gaposchkin.htm (228 words)

	Women in Astronomy: A Comprehensive Bibliography (Science Reference Services, Library of Congress)
		On the disbelief that greeted Cecilia Payne's discovery of hydrogen as the chief constituent of the stars, and the ensuing general failure to credit her with this finding.
		Kidwell, Peggy A. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin and stellar atmospheres.
		Whitney, Charles A. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, an astronomer's astronomer.
	www.loc.gov /rr/scitech/womenastro/womenastro-np.html (930 words)

	Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia Helena (1900-1979)
		Her Ph.D. dissertation, entitled “Stellar Atmospheres: A Contribution to the Observational Study of High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of Stars” (1925), was later acclaimed as the best in twentieth century astronomy.
		When she sent a draft of her paper to Henry Russell, he replied that such a result was “clearly impossible.” Russell had earlier written a paper in which he argued that if the Earth’s crust were heated to the temperature of the Sun its spectrum would look the same.
		Deferring to Russell’s stature as an astronomer, Payne added the comment that her results were “almost certainly not real.” Within a few years, however, her claim had been fully vindicated.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/P/Payne-Gaposchkin.html (286 words)

	Lake County Astronomical Society NightTimes
		Cecilia Helena Gaposchkin (ne Payne) was born in Wendover, Buckinghamshire, UK, on May 10, 1900.
		Payne persuaded Shapley to give the Russian astronomer a position at Harvard, thereby securing his safety and his career.
		In 1938 Payne Gaposchkin became Phillips Astronomer at Harvard.
	www.bpccs.com /lcas/Articles/gapos.htm (524 words)

	Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin
		Consecuentemente, Payne escribió en su tesis que los resultados eran improbable y posiblemente incorrectos.
		Cecilia Payne en su despacho junto a sus hijos Katherine y Edward y su esposo Sergei Gaposchkin, en 1946.
		En 1932 Payne realizó un viaje por Europa visitando varios observatorios del continente.
	www.astrogea.org /surveys/Cecilia_Payne.htm (877 words)

	Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia Helena (1900-1979)
		Her Ph.D. dissertation, entitled “Stellar Atmospheres: A Contribution to the Observational Study of High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of Stars” (1925), was later acclaimed as the best in twentieth century astronomy.
		When she sent a draft of her paper to Henry Russell, he replied that such a result was “clearly impossible.” Russell had earlier written a paper in which he argued that if the Earth’s crust were heated to the temperature of the Sun its spectrum would look the same.
		Deferring to Russell’s stature as an astronomer, Payne added the comment that her results were “almost certainly not real.” Within a few years, however, her claim had been fully vindicated.
	daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/P/Payne-Gaposchkin.html (292 words)

	Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin -- Astronomer and Astrophysicist
		When Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin was five years old, she saw a meteor and immediately decided to become an astronomer.
		In 1933 on a trip to Germany, she met the Russian astronomer Sergei Gaposchkin whose political beliefs made him an exile of his native land and whose Russian nationality made him unwelcome in Hitler's Germany.
		A many-sided personality known for her wit, literary knowledge and personal friendships with individual stars, Payne- Gaposchkin became the first woman in the history of Harvard University to be promoted to full professor and the first woman department chair in 1956.
	www.harvardsquarelibrary.org /unitarians/cpg.html (949 words)

	Pieces of Payne \| Dyads \| Albert Goldbarth
		She is having a few drinks with someone named Albert who may or may not be Goldbarth the author, who, indeed, may be another persona entirely, maybe John Barth or John Gold or Albert Finney or Jay Gould.
		The dyad, her mirror self, is one Cecilia Payne, who was born in England and fell in love with the stars around the turn of the century, before they even had women astronomers.
		She played the violin (Saint Cecilia is patroness of musicians.) "My father began my musical education when I was two weeks old." At eight, an Albert Hall performance of the Messia swept her to tears.
	www.ralphmag.org /CE/pieces-payne.html (991 words)

	Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin - Cambridge University Press
		Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin became acclaimed in her lifetime as the greatest woman astronomer of all time.
		Her own story of her professional life, work and scientific achievements is augmented by the personal recollections of her daughter, Katherine Haramundanis, as well as a scientific appreciation by Jesse Greenstein, a historical essay by Peggy Kidwell and, in this new edition, an introduction by Virginia Trimble.
		Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin: an Introduction Virginia Trimble; An introduction to The Dyer’s Hand Jesse L. Greenstein; A historical introduction to The Dyer’s Hand Peggy A. Kidwell; A personal recollection Katherine Haramundanis; The Dyer’s Hand: an autobiography Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin; Dedication; Foreword; Part I. The Vision Splendid: 1.
	books.cambridge.org /0521483905.htm (430 words)

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